Objective : To verify that for two sets A and B, n(A x B) = pq and the total number of relations from A to B is 2P%, where n(A) = p and n(B) = g. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of sets and relations is required. Materials required : Paper, different coloured pencils.procedure : Let Ay = . 4. Let A; = {a;} and B, = {b,, b,} be related to each other as below: LG 2. Let A, = = et Az = {8;, a} and B, = {b,, bp, b,} be related to each other as below: 3. Let Ay = {a;, a, a3} and B, = {b,, bp, bs} be related to each other as below: Observations 4. Cartesian product A, * By = {(2y, 5,), (2, bo} nA, * By) = 2 = 1 * 2 = nlAy) * A(B;) «. total number of relations from A, to By is 2% (: total number of relations from A, to B, is the total number of subsets of A, * B,). 2. Ay % By = {(24, By), (8yy Bods (24s Bs): (2s 4) (Bp, Ba), (py bs)} nA, * By) = 6 = 2 * 3 = n(A,) * (Bp) . total number of relations from A, to B, is 2°. 3. Ag % By = {(04. By), (24s Bods (24s Bs) (Ap, By), (2 Ba) (Bey Bas (2p by)s (@gy Bp), (8s Bg)} (Ag * By) = 9 = 3 x 3 = (Ay) * (By) «. total number of relations from A; to B, is 2°. 2 ji§i EETAg * By = (2p, By) (By Pgh (Ap Bg), (24. Ba)s 24» Bs)s (2px By)s 8p» By): (Bs b3)s (A+ by), (Ay, b) (25, By)s (By Bp), (2, Bad (Bg, Ba) (Bax Bg) (Bay B1)s (2gy Ba): (Bar Bah (84, Ba) (@ay Be) . nly * By) = 20 = 4 x 5 = (Ay) * n(B,) “=: total number of relations from A, to B, is 2°. 4. Application: Useful to find total number of relations from set A to another set B.Objective : To represent set theoretic operations using Venn diagrams. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of sets, operations on sets and Venn diagrams. Materials required : Cardboard, white thick sheet of paper, pencils, colours, scissors, adhesive. Procedure : 4. Cut rectangles from a sheet of paper and fix them on a cardboard. 2. Name these rectangles as universal set, U in left/right top corner of each rectangle. 3. Draw circles A and B inside each of the rectangles and shade or colour different areas, as shown in the figures below. EE ¢opservations 4, Each rectangle in the figures represents universal set, U. .. Subsets of the uni 2. Universal set U are represented by the circles A and B, as shown in the figure below. A 5 3, The complements of the sets A and B are denoted by A’ and B’ respectively and they are shown in the figures below. shaded portion B' haded portion 4, The union of the sets A and B, AUB is shown in the figure below. u AUB = shaded portion 5. The intersection of the sets A and B, ANB is shown in the figure below. u AnB = shaded portion 6. The complement of ANB, ie., (AMBY’ is shown in the following diagram. u (An By = shaded portion 5 zi7. The following diagram describes (AUBY’. \) (AuBy = shaded portion 8. The following diagram represents A’B = B — A. A’ B=B-Az= shaded portion 9. The following diagram represents AB’ = U -B. ) A- B = AnB’ = shaded portion 10. The following diagram describes u ANB = ¢. In this case A and B are called disjoint sets. G) 11. The following diagram describes ACB ant set theoretic op Application: Useful in solving practical problems on set theory LL :Objective : To prepare a model to illustrate the values of sine function and cosine function for different angles which are multiples of 3 and x. Pre-requisite knowledge : Basic knowledge of trigonometric ratios and qu: Materials required : A stand fitted with 0°-360° prot fadrant system. tractor and a circular plastic sheet with handle which can rotate at the centre of the protractor. Procedure : 1. 2: Ss On a plane surface, place a stand fitted with 0°-360° protractor. ‘Suppose protractor is a unit circle, hence radius of the unit circle is 1. Draw two perpendicular axes, say X’OX by joining the line 0° — 180° and YOY" by joining the line 90° - 270° respectively. On the axis XOX, write the ordered pair as A(1,0) at 0° and B(-1, 0) at 180°. Similarly, on the axis YOY’, write the ordered pair C(0,1) at 90° and D(0,—1) at 270°, as shown in fig 9.16. Now take a plastic plate and indicate its radi f the radius (see fig. 9.1), "scale lis radius by an arrow and fix a handle at the outer edge o 7, Rotate the circular plate in anti-clockwise direction to make angles like 0, =, x, 2n, etc, 8. Record the values of sine and cosi ti it the Coie ae cosine functions from these angles and their multiples from the Observations 4. When radius line is on 0° and indicating the point A, in that case: cos 0° = 1 and sin 0° = 0 2, When radius line is on 90° and indicating the point C, in that case : cos F = Oand sin 5 = 3. When radius line is on 180° and indicating the point B, in that case: cos x = —1 and sin x = 0 4. When radius line is on 270° and indicating the point D, in that case : cos x = 0 and sin 3 5. When radius line is on 360° and again it is indicating the point A, in that case : cos 2 = 1 and sin 2x = 0. 6 Now by using a model, find the values of some angles and complete the Table 9.1 given below: Tablet Trigonometic |, | x on Te on Function : ait) eee ee eS sind cos E Application: Useful in the field of science and technology, architecture.Objective : To interpret geometrically the meaning of i=-1 and its integral pene : Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of co-ordinate geometry, complex number iota, () and its properties Materials required : Cardboard, chart paper, sketch pen, ruler, compasses, adhesive, nails, thread, Procedure : x 1. Take a cardboard of a suitable size and paste a chart paper on it. 2. Draw two mutually perpendicular lines X’OX and YOY’ representing the coordinate axes. 3. Take a thread of one unit length and fix one end of the thread at O and the other end at P along OX, as shown in the figure. 4. Loose the other end of the thread at P and rotate the thread through the angles of 90°, 180°, 270° and 360° and mark the free end of the thread in different cases as P,, P;, Py and P,, respectively, as shown in the figure. Observations Fig. HL In the argand plane, 1. P denotes the complex numbers 1, i4, i8, i12, i16, 2. P, denotes the complex numbers i, i§, i, i, j17, . 3. P, denotes the complex numbers -1, 12, i8, j1, ;14, ;18, 4. Py denotes the complex numbers 5. OP = 1, OP, =i,7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Application: Useful while solving problems of geometry in complex analysis. Each time, rotation of OP by 90° clockwise is equivalent to multiplying by / therefore, / is referred to as the multiplying factor for a rotation of 90°. On rotation of OP through 90°, we get OP, = 1x iFi. On rotation of OP through 180° (2 right angles), we get OP, = 1x /*/ On rotation of OP through 270° (3 right angles), we get OP; = 1x ix ix i= i= On rotation of OP through 360° (4 right angles), we get OP, = 1x ix i xi* On rotation of OP through n-right angles, we get OP, =1xixixixix... x n times =TO construct a Pascal's Triangle and to write binomial expansion for a given positive integra ite knowledge : Knowledge of Pascal's Triangle, binomial expansion for positive integral exponen, Materials required : Drawing board, white paper, matchsticks, adhesive. Procedure : 1. Take a drawing board and paste a white Paper on it. 2. Take some matchsticks and arrange them, the first and last entry in each row is 1 and each other entry Is the sum of the two entries directly above it. wv, \/\/\, rows © Vf \L\ a ome ASA, 3. The above figure looks like a triangle and referred to as Pascal's Triangle, 4. To write binomial expansion of (x + y)?. &+yP= 1 &+y)is x ae aay. (+ yes ey ¥ (x + yy eo aly oye + (c+ yj = eee ae CORY Se oe ey cre ioaa 10x2y3 + Bxy4 Compare the coefficients in these polynomials to the numbers in Pascal's triangle. Observations + S 1. Numbers in fifth row are 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1, which are coefficients of the binomial expansion of (x + y)°, 2. Numbers in seventh row are 1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1, which are coefficients of the binomial expansion of (x + y)?. (x # y) = x3 + Bx%y + Sxy? + y2 4 (x + YP = x8 + Bxly + 28x8y2 + 56x5y3 + 7Ox4ys + 56x3y5 + 28x2y8 + Bxy7 + yo 2 EE 2. Eecan write the binon Application: The activity can be used to write binomial expansion for (x + y), where n is a positive integer. eeTo demonstrate that the Arithmetic mean of two different positive numbers is always greater than the Geometric mean. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of arithmetic mean and geometric mean. Materials required : Coloured chart sheet, ruler, scale, sketch pens, cutter, squared paper. Procedure : Let us find the relation for the Arithmetic mean and Geometric mean of two different positive numbers, i.e., a = 3 cm and b = 2 om. 1, Take a squared paper of size 5 x 5 squares and paste it on a card sheet. pe— 3em >< 20m 0 2. Arrange the four rectangular pieces from squared paper of size 5 x 5 as shown in figure. 3m 3. Here, square PORS is of side (3 + 2 = § cm), and square ABCD is of side (3 - 2 = 1 cm). Sem Observations 4. Area of PORS = (3 + 2)? = 5? = 25 sq. om. 2. Area of four rectangular pieces = 4 x (3 x 2) = 24 sq. cm. 3. Area of ABCD = (3 - 2)? = 12 = 1 sq. cm. 4. Area of PQRS = Sum of areas of four rectangular pieces + area of square ABCD. :. Area of PQRS > Sum of areas of four rectangular pieces ie., 25 > 24 =» 52> 4 x (3 x 2) = (3 + 2h > (4x3 x 2) 5. We have taken two positive numbers, ie., a = 3 and b = 2. cs (a + b> 4 * (ab) or (7) > ab : 2° lab ie, AM. > G.M. Alternative approach: For a, b > 0, consider (Ja~v/b) >0 =a+b-2Jab>0 = 222, Jab, Le AM.> GM. ent positive number: Application: Useful in solving questions related to the topic inequalities. i 09Objective : To verify that the equation of a line passing through the point of intersection of two lines 0 and a, x + byy + Cy = 0 is of the form (a,x + by + ¢,) + A (2, X * Bay + Ga) = 0 : Knowledge of general equation of a line and graphing the equation of a line. Materials required : Drawing board, sketch pen, white paper, adhesive, pencil, ruler. Procedure : T Bi 4. Take a drawing board of convenient size and 1 paste a graph paper on it. 2. On the graph paper, draw axes X'OX and YOY’, as shown in figure 20.1. 3. Let the equations of lines be 3x — y - 4 = 0 and 2x + 3y-10=0. 4, The point of intersection of these lines is (2, 2), as shown in the graph. 5. Equation of the line passing through the point of intersection (2, 2) of these lines is (x - y - 4) +2 (2x + By - 10) = 0 Observations Lt 4. Now, take % = 1, -1, 2, -2. Res 2. For 2. = 1, equation of line passing through the point of intersection is (3x - y — 4) + 1 (2x + By - 10) = 0, ie, 5x + 2y ~ 14 = 0, which is satisfied by the point of intersection (2, 2) je,5%2+2%2-14=0. 3. For 2, = —1, equation of line passing through the point of intersection is — 4) -1 (2x + 3y - 10) = 0, ie., x - 4y + 6 = 0, which is satisfied by the point of intersection 2-4%246=0. La 8) 3For 2 = 2, equation of line passing through the point of intersection is (x -y—4) +2 (2x + Sy - 10) = 0, ie., 7x + Sy ~ 24 = 0, which Is satisfied by the point of Intersection (2, 2), ie, 7% 2+5x2-24=0. | . For i = 3, the equation of the line passing through the point of intersection of the lines is ] (8x - y - 4) + 3 (2x + 3y- 10) = 0 ie., 9x + By — 34; which is satisfied by the point (2, 2). For 2 = 4, the equation of the line passing through the point of intersection of the lines is | (Bx - y = 4) + 4 (2x + 3y — 10) =0 : Le., 11x + ty - 44, which is satisfied by the point (2, 2). For 2 = 5, the equation of the line passing through the point of intersection of the lines is (8x - y - 4) + 5 (2x + 3y - 10) =0 ie., 13x + 14y — 54, which is satisfied by the point of intersection (2, 2) of the lines.Objective : To construct an ellipse when two fixed points are given. Pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of conic sections. Materials required : Rectangular cardboard, coloured chart paper, nails, strings, pen, pencil Procedure : 1. Take a cardboard of size 30 cm x 20 cm and paste a chart paper on it. 2. Draw a straight line on the chart paper and mark two fixed points F, and F, on it such that the distance between them is 8 om. Fix two nails at the points F, and F,. 3. Fix the two ends of a string of length 12 cm (more than the distance F,F;) to the nails at F, and F,. 4. With a pencil, stretch the string in the loop without slack and mark at least 10 points P,, Pp, Py -.. etc., on both sides of the line segment FF. 5. Join all the points P, i= 1, 2, 3, form an ellipse. nS -- 20 toObservations 1. PYF, + P,F, = P2F, + PaF, = PF, + P5F, 2. PYF, + PF, = PaF, + Psy = PaF, + PoFy 3. PAF, + P,F, = PgF, + PyF, = PoF, + Po, = 12 om. Piaf, + ProFa = PraFy + PraFe 161 + PreFe = 12 cm. ‘Sum of the distances of each of the points P,, P,, P ....« from the points F, and F, is 12 om, Therefore the curve obtained is an ellipse. 2 om. 4. si 6. Application: This activity is useful to explain the property satisfied by any point lying on the ellipse. eeeobjective : To find analytically tim r(x) xe pre-requisite knowledge : Knowledge of limits is required. Materials required : Pencil, white paper, calculator, procedure : 4. Let us consider the function f given by f(x) = 2. In this case ¢ = 4 and the function is not defined at x = 4. 3. Take some values of ¢ less than 4 and some other values of more than 4. 4, Inall cases, the values to be taken have to be very close to 4. 5. We calculate the corresponding values of f(x) at each of the values of c that are taken close to 4. Observations 1. We note the values of f(x) at some values of c less than 4 as below. x 39 3.99 3.999 3.9999 | 3.99999 | 3.999999 | 3.s990900 fx) 79 7.99 7.999 7.9999 7.99999 | 7.999999 | 7.999999 2. We note the values of f(x) at some the values of c greater than 4 as below. x 44 4.01 4.001 4.0001 | 4.00001 | 4.000001 | 4.0000001 fx) a4 8.01 8.001 8.0001 | 8.00001 | 8.000001 | 8.000001 lim_f(%) Application: Useful to explain the concept of continuity and derivatives.imi eet , three times, four proequisite knowledge : Knowledge of sample space, total number of outcomes, number of elements and faces of a coin, terials required : An unbiased coin and a record book. procedure : 1, Flip 2 coin once. It can have two outcomes ~ Head or Tal. Outcomes 2. Draw a tree diagram to represent the two branches of a tree, as shown in Fig fy 33:4, in your record book. Flip @ coin! 3, Write a sample space for flipping a coin once. y 4. Now fip a coin twice. It can have four outcomes. Fig, 39.1 5, Draw a tree diagram to represent the outcomes, as shown in Fig 33.2, in your record book. Outcomes Fig. 382 Fig. 33.3 Fig. 334 6. Repeat the same activity by flipping a coin three times, four times .... n times, as shown in fig 33.3 and fig, 33.4 respectively and write their sample spaces in your record book, (8 aObservations 1, 2 & If a coin is flipped once, the sample space is : S = {HT} Number of elements in S = 2 = 2! When a coin is flipped twice, the sample space is : S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} Number of elements in S = 4 = 27 When a coin is flipped three times, the sample space is : S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT} — Number of elements in S = 8 = 2° When a coin is flipped four times, the sample space is : {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHT, HTHH, HTHT, HTTH, HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTH, THTT, TTHH, THT, TTTH, Number of elements in S = 16 = 24 and so on. pplication: Useful to calculate probability.