Unit 5 - Pentium microprocessors Introduction To Pentium Microprocessors Bir ewes es cul Cache Memory aM O ANCL aces Nae ences) Cemented eae eure eater erases ere ne) Bie teens renee Intel Core i3/i5/i7Introduction To Pentium Microprocessors The architectural representation of the Pentium processor is considered to be an advancement of 80386 and 80486 microprocessors. Basically, Pentium has included modifications related to cache structure, the width of the data bus, numeric coprocessor with faster speed along with providing dual integer processor. In the case of a Pentium processor, there are two caches, one for caching data while another for caching information and each one is of 8K size. By using a dual integer processor, two instructions can be executed in each clock cycle. The data bus width in Pentium is 64-bit which was 32-bit in 80386 and the numeric coprocessor exhibits quite a faster speed than that of 80486.‘The Memory system Amemory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. Memory is primarily of three types — Cache Memory Primary Memory/Main Memory ‘Secondary MemoryCache Memory e Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. e tacts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. e The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can access them. Characteristics e Cache memory is faster than main memory. It consumes less access time as compared to main memory. It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time. It stores data for temporary use. Cache memory has limited capacity. Itis very expensive.Primary Memory Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when poweris switched off. The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the main memory. Itis divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM. These are semiconductor memories. Itis known as the main memory. Usually volatile memory. Data is lost in case power is switched off. Itis the working memory of the computer. Faster than secondary memories. A computer cannot run without the primary memory.Secondary Memory © This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. Itis slower than the main memory. * These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. ‘* The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc. © Itis known as the backup memory. © Itisanon-volatile memory. * Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off. © Its used for storage of data in a computer. * Computer may run without the secondary memory Slower than primary memories.Pentium Registers © Aprocessor registeris a quickly accessible location available to a computer's processor. Registers usually consist of a small amount of fast storage, although some registers have specific hardware functions, and may be read-only or write-only. In computer architecture, registers are typically addressed by mechanisms other than main memory, but may in some cases be assigned a memory address ¢ Almost all computers, whether load/store architecture or not, load data from a larger memory into registers where it is used for arithmetic operations and is manipulated or tested by machine instructions. Manipulated data is then often stored back to main memory, either by the same instruction or by a subsequent one. Modem processors use either static or dynamic RAM as main memory, with the latter usually accessed via one or more cache levels. © Processor registers are normally at the top of the memory hierarchy, and provide the fastest way to access data, The term normally refers only to the group of registers that are dire an instruction, as defined by the instruction set. However, modern high-performance CPUs often have duplicates of these,Pentium Memory Management ¢ The memory system for Pentium microprocessor is 4G bytes in size just as in 80386DX and 80486 microprocessors. Pentium uses a 64-bit data bus to address memory organized in eight banks that each contains 512M bytes of data. Most microprocessors including Pentium also supports virtual memory concept with the help of memory management unit. Virtual memory is used to manage the resource of physical memory. © Itgives an application the illusion of a very large amount of memory, typically much larger than what is actually available. It supports the execution of processes partially resident in memory. Only the most recently used portions of a process's address space actually occupy physical memory-the rest of the address space is stored on disk until needed. © The Intel Pentium microprocessor supports both segmentation paging.Pentium Memory Management... cont'd Another important feature supported by Pentium processors is the memory protection. This mechanism helps in limiting access to certain segments or pages based on privilege levels and thus protect critical data if kept in a privilege level with highest priority from different attacks. Intel's Pentium processor also supports cache, translation look aside buffers, (TLBs), and a store buffer for temporary on-chip (and external) storage of instructions and data. Another major issue resolved by MMU is the fragmentation of memory. Sometimes, the size of largest contiguous free memory is much smaller than the total available memory because of the fragmentation issue. With virtual memory, a contiguous range of virtual addresses can be mapped to several non- contiguous blocks of physical memory.Pentium Pro Microprocessor @ The Pentium Pro microprocessor belongs to the C/SC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) machines. Processor of Pentium Pro family are mostly present in majority of personal computers. The term ‘Pentium processor refers to an Intel x86 family of microprocessors that share a common architecture and instruction set. Features of Pentium Pro Architecture: © 64bit data bus © 8 bytes of data information can be transferred to and from memory in a single bus cycle © Supports burst read and burst write back cycles © Supports pipelining © Instruction cachePentium Pro Architecture Memory: Pentium Pro microprocessor have 8-bit byte memory. Two consecutive bytes form a word, four consecutive bytes form a double word. All the address in the memory are of byte formats. Programmers usually view Pentium Pro (x86) memory as a collection of segments. Register: There are 8 general-purpose registers present in the Pentium Pro architecture. Each register is 32-bit long, First four register are used for data manipulation and next four register are used to hold address. There are some special-purpose registers in the x86 architecture such as Segment register, FLAGS register and EP register. Data Formats: Integers are stored as 8-, 16-, 32-bit Binary numbers. Characters are represented using 8-bit ASCII codes. Floating points are represented using three different formats namely single-precision format, ‘double-precision format, extended-precision format.Pentium Pro Architecture. cont'd 4. Instruction Formats: All the Pentium Pro instruction uses basic format. The basic format for Pentium Pro Instructions is: Prefix: A Prefix specifies the operation of an instruction. Suffix: A Suffix specifies the data type of the operands. Modifier: A modifier specifies the number of operand involved. ‘The Opcode is the only element that is present in every instruction. Other elements may or may not present or may be of different lengths depending on the operations of instructions,Pentium Pro Architecture.. cont'd 5. Addressing Modes: Pentium Pro Architecture have a very large number of Addressing modes. Operands value is specified either by using Immediate mode or by using register mode. Operands stored in memory are specified using variation of the Target address (TA) calculation: TA = (base register) + (index register) * (scale factor) + displacement Base register: Any general-purpose register may be used as a base register. Index register: Any general-purpose register except ESP can be used as an index register. Scale Factor: Scale factor may have values 1, 2, 4 or 8. Displacement: Displacement may have 8-, 18-, or 32-bit values.Pentium Pro Architecture. cont'd 6. Instruction Set: Pentium Pro Architecture has a large and complex instruction set having more than 400 different machine instructions. An instruction may have zero, one, two, or three operands. There are Register-to-Register instructions, Register-to-Memory instructions and Memory-to-Memory instructions. In Pentium Pro Architecture there are some special-purpose registers to perform operations required in the high-level programming languages. 7. Input and Outp Input instruction transfer one byte, word or doubleword at a time from an I/O port into register EAX. Output instruction transfer one byte, word or doubleword from EAX to an I/O port. Entire string can be transferred using single operation.The Pentium 4 e Pentium is a series of single-core CPUs for desktops, laptops and entry-level servers manufactured by Intel. The processors were shipped from November 20, 2000 until August 8, 2008. The production of Netburst processors was active from 2000 until May 21, 2010. e AllPentium 4 CPUs are based on the NetBurst microarchitecture. The Pentium 4 Willamette (180 nm) introduced SSE2, while the Prescott (90 nm) introduced SSE3. Later versions intr -Threading Technology (HTT).The Pentium 4.. cont'd The first Pentium 4-branded processor to implement 64-bit was the Prescott (20 nm) (February 2004), but this feature was not enabled. Intel subsequently began selling 64-bit Pentium 4s using the "0" revision of the Prescotts, being sold on the OEM market as the Pentium 4, model F. The EO revision also adds eXecute Disable (XD) (Intel's name for the NX bit) to Intel 64. Intel's official launch of Intel 64 (under the name EM64T at that time) in mainstream desktop processors was the NO stepping Prescott-2M. Intel also marketed a version of their low-end Celeron processors based on the NetBurst microarchitecture (often referred to as Celeron 4), and a high-end derivative, Xeon, intended for multi-socket servers and workstations. In 2005, the Pentium 4 was complemented by the dual-core-brands Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition.Intel Core 2 Intel Core 2 is the processor family encompassing a range of |ntel's consumer 64-bit x86-64 single, dual, and quad-core microprocessors based on the Core microarchitecture. The single- and dual-core models are single-ie, whereas the quad-core models comprise two dies, each containing two cores, packaged in a multi-chip module. The Core 2 range was the last flagship range of Intel desktop processors to use a front-side bus. The introduction of Core 2 relegated the Pentium brand to the mid-range market, and reunified laptop and desktop CPU lines for marketing purposes under the same product name, which were formerly divided into the Pentium 4, Pentium D, and Pentium M brands.Intel Core 2... cont'd The Core 2 processor line was introduced on July 27, 2006, comprising the Duo (dual-core) and Extreme (dual- or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts), and in 2007, the Quad (quad-core) and Solo (single-core) sub-brands. Intel Core 2 processors with vPro technology (designed for businesses) include the dual-core and quad-core branches. Although Woodcrest processors are also based on the Core architecture, they are available under the Xeon brand From December 2006, all Core 2 Duo processors were manufactured from 300 millimeter plates at Fab 12 factory in Arizona and at Fab 24-2 in County Kildare, Ireland.Intel Core 2 processor family Deskto} Lay cs — Pp iptop Code-name Cores Date released Code-name Cores _—Date released @ F Conroe Dual (65 nm) August 2006 lerom Dual (65 nm) ay Allendale Dual (65nm) — January 2007 ‘ pany ao Penryn | Dual (45 nm) én oe Sn fvokaie | baal ac om | lamar 2006 fenryn | Dual (45m) January 2008 (ate) Conroe XE Dual (65 nm) July 2008 | Merom XE Dual (65.nm) July 2007 Si Kentsfield XE Quad (65m) November 2006 | Penryn XE) Dual (4Snm) | January 2008 Yorklield XE Quad (45nm) November 2007 Penryn XE Quad (45 nm) August 2008 Kentstield Quad (65 nm) January 2007 Yorkfield Quad (45 nm) March 2008 a ed ae oe) as Oe) Meron | Single (85 nm) | September 2007 Desktop version net available ane Pentyn-L | Single (45 nm) May 2008, List of intel Core 2 microprocessors aNIntel Pentium vs Intel Core Despite being based on an older architecture, the Core 2 Duos are still far ahead of the Pentiums in terms of performance due to having two cores and being optimized to take advantage of those two cores. Summary: e Pentium is a line of microprocessors that followed the 486 line while Core 2 is the successor to the Core line. Pentiums are either single core or dual core while Core 2 Duo are dual core processors. Core 2 Duos have a lower clock speed than the fastest Pentiums Core 2 Duos and Pentiums do not share the same architecture Core 2 Duos provide significant performance advantage over PentiuIntel Core i3 . Developed and manufactured by Intel, and first introduced and released in 2010, the Core i3 is a dual-core ‘computer processor, available for use in both desktop and laptop computers. itis one of three types of processors in the "i" series (also called the Intel Core family of processors). The Core i3 processor is available in multiple speeds, ranging from 1.30 GHz up to 3.50 GHz, and features, either 3 MB or 4 MB of cache. It utilizes either the LGA 1150 or LGA 1155 socket on a motherboard. Core i3 processors are most often found as dual-core, having two cores. However, a select few high-end Core 13 processors are quad-core, featuring four cores.Intel Core i3.. cont'd The most common type of RAM used with a Core i3 processor is DDR3 1333 or DDR3 1600. Power usage varies for the Core i3 processors: Slower speeds (1.30 GHz to 1.80 GHz) use 11.5 W, 15 W or 25 W of power Medium speeds (2.00 GHz to 2.50 GHz) use 28 W, 35 W or 37 W of power Faster speeds (2.90 GHz to 3.50 GHz) use 35 W, 37 W or 54 W of power Core i3 processors are often used in laptop computers, due to their lower heat generation and conservative battery usage. Some laptops can be us} six hours on a single battery charge when running a Core i3 proIntel Core iS, Developed and manufactured by Intel, the Core iS is a computer processor, available as dual-core or quad-core. It can be used in both desktop and laptop computers, and is one of four types of processors in the "i" (Intel Core family) series. The first i5 processor was released in September 2009 and new generations of the iS continue to be released (2020) The Core is processors available in multiple speeds, ranging from 1.90 GHz up to 3.80 GHz, and it features 3 MB, 4 MB or 6 MB of cache. It utilizes either the LGA 1150 or LGA 1155 socket on a motherboard. Core iS processors are most often found as quad-core, having four cores. However, a select few high-end Core iS processors feature six cores.Intel Core i6.. Cont'd ~The most common type of RAM used with a Core i5 processor is DDR3 1333 or DDR3 1600. However, higher performance RAM can be used as well if it's supported by the motherboard. © Power usage varies for the Core i5 processors: Slower speeds (1.90 GHz to 2.30 GHz) use 11.5 W of power Medium speeds (2.60 GHz to 3.10 GHz) use 15 W, 25 W, 28 W or 37 W of power « Faster speeds (3.20 GHz to 3.80 GHz) use 35 W, 37 W, 45 W, 47 W, 65 W or 84 W of power © Core iS processors are commonly found in desktop computers for some higher performance needs.Intel Core i7 Intel Core i7 is a line of Intel CPUs which span eight generations of Intel chipsets. They feature either four or six cores, with stock frequencies between 2.6 and 3.7 GHz The first i7 processors were released in November 2008 and new generations of the i7 continue to be released (2020). Variations of the i7 processor are manufactured for a variety of personal computing devices. Some high-performance i7 processors for desktop computers, such as the i7-8700K, are unlocked for overclocking. High-efficiency i7 processors (which conserve energy as much as possible, at the expense of some performance) are manufactured for desktop computers, laptops, and mobile devices.Intel Core i7.. Cont'd The i7 processor is marketed primarily to gaming enthusiasts, and digital artists such as filmmakers and animators. In June 2018, intel announced a limited edition i7 processor, the i7-8086K, to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the 8086 CPU. ‘Only 8086 of these processors were produced. It is the first Intel processor to reach speeds of 5 GHz without overclocking (using Intel Turbo Boost technology).