Student Registration Number: E/21/……….

Du date: Monday 11th September 2023

Laboratory 01: Marcet’s Boiler

Questions

1) What is a boiler?
2) What are the products that produced by a boiler?
3) What is saturated water, saturated steam and superheated steam?
4) Read the following properties from a steam table.

Psat (Bar) Tsat (°C) vf (m3/kg) vg (m3/kg) hf (kJ/kg) hg (kJ/kg)

1
2
133.6
143.6
5
6
7
170.4
175.4
179.9

5) Calculate the change in specific volume compared to its initial value when 1 kg of
saturated liquid water converted to 1 kg of saturated water vapor at pressures 1 to 10
bars (Table Q4).
6) Calculate the amount of energy required to convert 1 kg of saturated liquid water to 1
kg of saturated water vapor at pressures 1 to 10 bars (Table Q4).
7) What are the safety measures that are taken in operation in industrial boilers?
8) What are the accidents that can happen in boiler operations?
9) Explain with figures, a shell type (fire-tube) boiler. What are its specific applications in
industry?
10) Explain with figures, a water tube boiler. What are its applications in industry?
11) Which boiler can operates at higher pressures (shell-type or water-tube)? Explain
why.
12) Steam is widely used for heating applications in industry. Give few reasons for that.
13) What is the theoretical and most efficient power cycle?
14) What is the name of the steam power cycle that used to produce steam power?
15) What is “evaporation” and “condensation”?
 Laboratory 02: Valve timing and port timing diagrams

16) Name the parts indicated in the following diagram (spark ignition engine).

17) What are the 4 stokes that comprise in a 4-stroke engine?

18) What is the difference between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engine?
19) Explain how the 4-stoke spark ignition (gasoline) engine and diesel engines works.
20) Explain how the 2-stroke gasoline engine works.
21) What are the differences between two and 4-stroke cycles?
22) What are the differences between gasoline and diesel engines?
23) Gasoline or diesel engine is more suitable for passenger vehicles?
24) How the intake and exhaust valve in an engine is recognized?
25) Why inlet valve open few crank degrees before piston reach to TDC and closes after
few crank degrees after piston reaches BDC?
26) Why exhaust valve opens few crank degrees before piston reaching BDC and closes
few crank degrees after piston reaches TDC?
27) What is “valve lead”, “valve lag” and “valve overlap”?
28) What is the function of piston rings? How many piston rings are attached to the in the
piston?
29) Why the clearance volume of a engine is important?
30) Gasoline or diesel engines are more efficient?
 Laboratory 03: Redwood’s Viscometer
31) What is viscosity?
32) Draw the typical velocity profile in the boundary layer indicating shear stress and
velocity gradient.
33) Represent viscosity (dynamic viscosity) mathematically and its units.
34) Define kinematic viscosity and its units.
35) What is Stoke (or cSt)?
36) What is poise (or centipoise)?
37) What is SAE number in oils?
38) What is SAE 10W-30?
39) What is the SAE number is recommended for the automobiles in Sri Lanka?
40) What is a Newtonian fluid? Is water a Newtonian fluid?
41) Consider two identical small glass balls dropped into two identical containers, one
filled with water and the other with oil. Which ball will reach the bottom of the
container first? Why?
42) How does the dynamic viscosity of (a) liquids and (b) gases vary with temperature?
43) A 50-cm X30-cm X 20-cm block weighing 150 N is to be moved at a constant velocity
of 0.8 m/s on an inclined surface with a friction coefficient of 0.27. (a) Determine the
force F that needs to be applied in the horizontal direction. b) If a 0.4-mm-thick oil
film with a dynamic viscosity of 0.012 Pa.s is applied between the block and inclined
surface, determine the percent reduction in the required force.

44) The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a viscometer constructed of two 75-cm-

long concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the inner cylinder is 15 cm, and the
gap between the two cylinders is 0.12 cm. The inner cylinder is rotated at 200 rpm,
and the torque is measured to be 0.8 N · m. Determine the viscosity of the fluid.
45) Consider a 30-cm-long journal bearing that is lubricated with oil whose viscosity is 0.1
kg/m.s at 20°C at the beginning of operation and 0.008 kg/m. s at the anticipated
steady operating temperature of 80°C. The diameter of the shaft is 8 cm, and the
average gap between the shaft and the journal is 0.08 cm. Determine the torque
needed to overcome the bearing friction initially and during steady operation when
the shaft is rotated at 500 rpm.

Laboratory 04: Heat exchangers

46) What is a heat exchanger?

47) Classify the Heat exchangers according to heat transfer mechanisms, construction,
flow arrangement, surface compactness and transfer process.
48) Explain the modes of heat transfer with examples.
49) Draw the temperature profiles of hot and cold fluids in a parallel flow and counter
flow heat exchanger.
50) What is the meaning of mechanical equivalent of heat?
51) What is meant by the fouling factor of a heat exchanger?
52) What is the difference between diffusion and radiation heat transfer?
53) How is natural convection different from forced convection?
54) Define overall heat transfer coefficient?
55) What is an example of natural convection?
56) How does forced convection work?
57) Does any of the energy of the sun reach the earth by conduction or convection?
58) Where does a heat exchanger come into play?
59) What are the best materials for a heat exchanger?
60) How are heat exchangers maintained?