Brakes

The primary purpose of a braking system is to absorb kinetic energy (by slowing or
stopping some dynamic system) and dissipating the energy as heat. Therefore the
analysis of the braking device takes into account the following:-

.1) Actuating force

.2) Pressure distribution between the mating elements

.3) Coefficient of friction

.4) Torque transmitted

.5) Energy conversion

There are various brake types but will focus on the following classes namely band brakes
and shoe brakes.

Internal-expanding long shoe

Assuming pressure to be zero in line with the pivot, then the pressure distribution
function on the periphery of the long internal-expanding shoe is as follows (see Shigley):-
p pa
=
sin θ sin θa

• If the shoe distribution is < 900 , the largest pressure pa on the shoe will occur at
the toe θa = θ2 .

• If the shoe distribution is ≥ 900 ,the largest pressure pa on the shoe will occur at
θa = 900 .

The differential radial force on the rim thus becomes:-

pa br sin θ dθ
dN = pbr dθ =
sin θa
This force dN has both the vertical and horizontal components dN cos θ and dN sin θ,
respectively.The frictional force µ dN also has the vertical component µ dN sin θ and
horizontal components µ dN cos θ.

1
 Y
Toe

Actuating force Heel

Internal shoe
Rotation

X
us Hinge−pin
di
Ra

Drum

Clockwise rotation

Summing moments due to frictional forces at the hinge-pin:-

µ pa br θ2
Z Z
Mµ = µ dN (r − a cos θ) = sin θ(r − a cos θ)dθ
sin θa θ1

Summing moments due to normal forces at the hinge-pin:-

pa bra θ2 2
Z Z
MN = dN (a sin θ) = sin θdθ
sin θa θ1

Assuming equilibrium at the hinge-pin the sum of moments becomes:-

MN − Mµ
Fa =
c

• If MN = Mµ , no actuating force is required then the system is self-locking.

2
 Y as
in
θ
µ dN cos θ dN
θ µ dN dN sin θ
θ
Fx
µ dN sin θ dN cos θ
Fa Fy
θ2
θ
Rotation

θ1 X

θ
Rx
c

os
Ry

ac
r
a

r−
The torque applied to the drum by the brake shoe:-
µ pa br2 θ2 µ pa br2 (cos θ1 − cos θ2 )
Z Z
T = µ r dN = sin θ dθ =
sin θa θ1 sin θa
Hinge-pin reactions are found as follows:-

• Summing all horizontal forces

Z Z
Rx = dN cos θ − µdN sin θ − Fx
!
θ2 θ2
pa br
Z Z
= sin θ cos θ dθ − µ sin2 θ dθ − Fx
sin θa θ1 θ1

• Summing all vertical forces

Z Z
Ry = dN sin θ + µdN cos θ − Fy
!
θ2 θ2
pa br
Z Z
2
= sin θ dθ + µ sin θ cos θ dθ − Fy
sin θa θ1 θ1

Counterclockwise rotation

Summing moments for counterclockwise rotation gives the following:-

MN + Mµ
Fa =
c
3
Hinge-pin reactions are found as follows:-

• Summing all horizontal forces

!
θ2 θ2
pa br
Z Z
Rx = sin θ cos θ dθ + µ sin2 θ dθ − Fx
sin θa θ1 θ1

• Summing all vertical forces

!
θ2 θ2
pa br
Z Z
Ry = sin2 θ dθ − µ sin θ cos θ dθ − Fy
sin θa θ1 θ1