Flexible spread footings ‘eccentric rigid spread footing eccentric flexible spread footing \ Ny ped Talchin as 7 eninl¢ ID @ WwNOTE — Pedestal is a compresion member, the effective length of which does nt exceed three met the eat teal dimension. 265.32 Transverse reinforcement 8) General—A reinforced concrete compres member shall have transverse or helical ‘ment shall be not more than the least of the reinforcement so disposed that every longitu- folowing distances: dinal bar nearest 10 the compression face ') The least lateral dimension of the has effective lateral support against buckling compression members; subject to provisions in (b). The effective lateral i) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of support is given by transverse reinforcement the longitudinal reinforcement bar tobe either in the form of circular rings capable of tied; and taking up circumferential tension or by polygonal links lateral ties) with internal angles not exceeding 135°. The ends ofthe transverse reinforcement shall be properly anchored (see 26.2.2.4 ()]. b) Arrangement of transverse reinforcement 1) Ifthe longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75 mm on either side, transverse reinforcement need only to go round corner and alternate bars for the purpose of providing effective Iateral supports iii) 300, 1) Pitch—Helical reinforcement shall be of ‘regular formation withthe turns of the helix spaced evenly and its ends shall be anchored properly by providing one and a half extra 2) Ifthe longitudinal bars spaced ata distance of not exceeding 48 times the diameter of the tie are effectively tied in two directions, Additional longitudinal bas in between these bars need tobe ted in one direction by open ties (see Fig. 9). 3) Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars in ‘a compression member are placed in more turns of the spiral bar. Where an increased Toad on the column on the strength of the helical reinforcements allowed for, the pitch, cof helical turns shall be not more than 75 mm, ‘nor more than one-sixth ofthe core diameter of the column, nor less than 25 mm, nor less than three times the diameter of the steel bar forming the helix. In other cases, the requirements of 26.5.3.2 shall be complied than one row, effective lateral support tothe wh longitudinal bars in the inner rows may be " ‘ . 2) The diameter of the helical reinforcement nrumed io have Been provided shall be in accordance with 26.5.3.2(c) (2). ')_ transverse reinforcementis provided for 268.33 Incolumns where longitudinal bars are offset ‘ata splice, the slope ofthe inclined portion of the bar ‘with the axis of the column shall not exceed 1 in 6, and the portions ofthe bar above and below the offset shall be parallel to the axis of the column. Adequate horizontal support atthe offset bends shall be treated as a matter of design, and shall be provided by metal ties, spirals, o parts of the floor construction. Metal ties or spirals so designed shall be placed near (not more than eight-bar diameters from) the point of bend. ‘The horizontal thrust to be resisted shall be assumed as one and half times the horizontal components of the nominal stress in the inclined portion of the bar. Offset bars shall be bent before they are placed in the forms. Where column faces are offset 75 mm or more, splices of vertical bars adjacent to the offset face shall be made by separate dowels overlapped as specified ‘Aesagebiee of mich eaves; 0 2635. 2116 Bise7—s “9 accordance with ii) no bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the diameter of the largest bar in the inner row (see Fig. 10). 4) Where the longitudinal bars in a com- pression member are grouped (not in contact) and each group adequately tied with transverse reinforcement in accordance with 265.32, the transverse reinforcement forthe compression member as a whole may be provided on the assumption that each group {sa single longitudinal bar for purpose of determining the pitch and diameter of theIS 456 : 2000 B.5.5.3 Enhanced Shear Strength Near Supports (Simplified Approach) ‘The procedure given in B-S.5.L and B-S.5.2 may be used for all beams. However for beams carrying generally uniform load or where the principal load is located further than 2 c from the face of support, the shear stress may be calculated ata section adistance d from the face of support. The value of t, is calculated in accordance with Table 23 and appropriate shear reinforcement is provided at sections closer to the support, no further check for such section is required. ne B-6.1 General In structures where torsion is required 10 maintain ‘equilibrium, members shall be designed for torsion in accordance with B-6.2, B-6.3 and B-6.4, However, for such indeterminate structures where torsion can be climinated by releasing redundent restraints, no specific design for torsion is necessary provided torsional stiffness is neglected in the calculation of internal forces. Adequate control of any torsional cracking is provided by the shear reinforcement as per BS. [NOTE — The approach to design this elause for torsion i as follows: Torsional rinfrcenet is not ealesated sepastely fom that required for bending and shear. Instead the 14 longitudinal reinforcement ix determined for 3 fetitou bending moment which isa funtion of actus Bending ‘moment and torsion; similarly web reinforcement is determined fo aittiou shear which ea fucton of acu shear and torsion, B-6.1.1 The design rules laid down in B-6.3 and B-6.4 shall apply to beams of solid rectangular cross-section. However, these clauses may also be applied to flanged beams by substituting 6, for bin which case they are generally conservative; therefore specialist literature may be referred to. B-6.2 Critical Section Sections located less than a distance d, from the face of the support may be designed for the same torsion as computed at a distance d, where d is the effective depth. B-6.3 Shear and Torsion B-6.3.1 Equivalent Shear Equivalent shear, V, shall be calculated from formula: r V, = V+L6= y= Valet where V, = equivalent shear, 86 V = shear, T = torsional moment, and b= breadth of beam. ‘The equivalent nominal shear stress, r,. in this case shall be calculated as given in B-S.1, except for substituting V by V,, The values of, shall not exceed. the values Of € a, B-6.3.2 Iftheeg not exceed t, given in Table 23, minimum shear reinforcement shall be provided as specified in 265.16. B.6.3.3 If ¢,, exceeds 1, given in Table 23, both longitudinal ‘and transverse reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with B-6.4, B-6.4 Reinforcement in Members Subjected to 6.4.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement ‘The longitudinal reinforcement shall be designed to resist an equivalent bending moment, M,,. given by My=M+M, where ‘M_= bending moment at the cross-section, and 1+ D/b) w= rf aa where T is the torsional ‘moment, D is the overall depth of the ‘beam and b isthe breadth of the beam. B-64.21 If the numerical value of M, as defined in B-6.4.2 exceeds the numerical value of the moment M, longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided on the flexural compression face, such that the beam can also withstand an equivalent moment M,, given by M,=M~M, the moment M,, being taken as acting in the opposite sense to the moment M. B-6.4.3pMbisverse Reinforcement Two legged closed hoops enclosing the corner longitudinal bars shall have an area of cross-section Ayn given by Ayn es + YS, bus the total bie a where T = torsional moment, V = shear force,Somm MAX a ad" é ar ‘HOOP SPACING Sah, AND By, WOOP SPACING MIN 2BARS FOR FuLC LENGTH ALONG TOP AND BOTTOM FACE AS > OMIN, Be ASS CMAKBd 1B =BREAOTH OF BEAM dp= DIAMETER OF LONGITUDINAL BAR Fic. 5 Beam REINFORCEMENT However, if this area has been treated as non- structural, the minimum reinforcement require- ments shall be governed by IS 456: 1978 provisions minimum longitudinal and transverse Feinforcement, as per IS 456 : 1978 ( see Fig. 6 )- Sa cee i Oe MINIMUM LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE STEEL aS PER IS 458; 1878 Fic. 6 Renvorcement ReQuineMent FOR ‘Couumn wir More THAN 100 om Prosscrion BEYOND Coas 7.34 Transverse reinforcement for circular columns shall consist of spiral or circular hoops. In rectangular columas, rectangular hoops ma; be used. A i closed stirrup, ‘each end, jed in the confined core ( see Pig 1, 7.3.2 The parallel legs of rectangular hoops hall Be spaced not more than 300 mm centr ceatres It the length of any side of the hoop efceeds 300 mm, a erosstc shall be provided (Fig. 7B ). Alternatively, a pair of overlapping hoops may be provided within. the columm ( see Fig. 7C). The hooks shall engage peripheral Jongitudinal bars. 7.33 The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the column, except where special confining reinforcement if Provided, as per 7.4, 7.3.4 The design shear force for columns shalt be the maximum of a) calculated factored shear force as per analysis, and ) a factored shear force given by j= 14[ Min + Mili where Mbhin and MiRiq are moment of resistance, of opposite sign, of beams framing into the ‘column from opposite faces (see Fig. 8 ); and fs is the storey height. The beam joment capacity is to be calculated as per 456 : 1978. 7/4 Special Confining Reinforcement his requirement shall be met with, unless a larger amount of transverse reinforcement is required from shear streagth considerations. (4)IS 13920 : 1993 hhe> 308 mn [PROVIDE A CROSSTIE Bex300mm Be<300 min hes 200mm Ke€ 300mm 1b SHALL BE LARGER OF he AND Be \ SINGLETON \Fegarg wTH he> 300mm CROSSTIE [Be > 208mm) 8¢<300 mm 8, >200 mm