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2
35 +
1 When chlorine gas is analysed in a mass spectrometer Cl ions are detected.
number of electronic
35 + 35 +
neutrons in Cl configuration of Cl
2 2 6 2 4
A 17 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 6
B 17 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 4
C 18 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2 2 6 2 6
D 18 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
A The first ionisation energy of chlorine is more than the first ionisation energy of argon.
B The second ionisation energy of calcium is more than the second ionisation energy of
magnesium.
C The second ionisation energy of sulfur is equal to the first ionisation energy of phosphorus.
D The eighth ionisation energy of chlorine is more than the first ionisation energy of neon.
4 If 1 mole of hexane combusts in an excess of oxygen, how many moles of products are formed?
A 11 B 12 C 13 D 14
5 Separate samples, each of mass 1.0 g, of the compounds listed are treated with an excess of dilute
acid.
A EachmoleculecontainsoneSandtwoPbonds.
B It is a non-polar molecule.
C It is a linear molecule.
2
D The nitrogen atom is sp hybridised .
8&/(6 0-
3
–3 3 5
8 Thevolumeofavesselis1.20s 10 m .Itcontainspureargonatapressureof1.00s 10 Pa,
andatatemperatureof25.0°C.Undertheseconditionsitcanbeassumedthatargonbehavesas
anidealgas.
3 –3 –3
9 A student mixed 25.0 cm of 4.00 mol dm hydrochloric acid with an equal volume of 4.00 mol dm
sodium hydroxide. The initial temperature of both solutions was 15.0 °C. The maximum temperature
–1 –1
recorded was 30.0 °C. The heat capacity of the final solution can be assumed to be 4.18 J K g
–3
and the density of this solution can be assumed to be 1.00 g cm .
Using these results, what is the enthalpy change of neutralisation of hydrochloric acid?
–1
A –62.7 kJ mol
–1
B –31.4 kJ mol
–1
C –15.7 kJ mol
–1
D –3.14 kJ mol
What is the value of the standard enthalpy change for the reaction shown?
–
11 LiAl H4 contains Al H4 ions in which aluminium has an oxidation state of +3.
In this reaction, each of the four water molecules produces one hydroxide ion. It does this by losing
+
one H ion, which reacts with the LiAl H4.
12 Thevanadiumsalt,VOSO4,issolubleinwaterandreactsreadilywithpowderedmanganesein
dilutesulfuricacid.
Theequationforthereactionisshown.
Whichstatementaboutthisreactioniscorrect?
8&/(6 0-
5
13 Inwhichequilibriumwillanincreaseinpressureatconstanttemperatureincreasetheyieldofthe
productsontheright-handsideoftheequation?
14 Hydrogeniodideisaddedtoanevacuatedreactionvessel.Thevesselissealedandwarmed.A
decompositionreactionoccurs.Hydrogenandiodineareformed.Somehydrogeniodideremains.
5
Whenequilibriumisestablished,thetotalpressureis1.20s
s10 Pa.Thepartialpressureofhydrogen
3
is4.00s10 Pa.
Hydrogeniodide,hydrogenandiodineareallgaseousundertheconditionsused.
WhatisthevalueofKp fortheequilibriumatthistemperature,assumingthedecompositionisthe
forwardreaction?
–3 –3 –3 –3
A 1.19s10 B 1.28s10 C 1.38s10 D 1.43s10
The initial rate of reaction X is greater than that of reaction Y when measured under identical
conditions of temperature, pressure and reactant concentration.
1 TheactivationenergyforreactionXislessthanthatofreactionY.
2 TheBr−BrbondisweakerthantheCl −Clbond.
3 A higher frequency of collisions between molecules of NOBr occur than between
moleculesofNOCl .
16 ThediagramshowstheBoltzmanndistributionofenergiesinagas.Thegascantakepartina
reactionwithanactivationenergy,Ea.Thegasismaintainedataconstanttemperature.
proportion of
molecules with
a given energy
0
0 Ea
molecular energy
A If a catalyst is added, peak P will be lower and Ea will move to the left.
B If a catalyst is added, peak P will be lower and Ea will move to the right.
C If a catalyst is added, peak P will be the same and Ea will move to the left.
D If a catalyst is added, peak P will be the same and Ea will move to the right.
17 L, M and N are three different elements from Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
L is the element whose atoms have three unpaired electrons in its 3p sub-shell.
A L has a higher atomic number than M and a lower atomic number than N.
B L has a lower atomic number than M and a higher atomic number than N.
C L has a lower atomic number than both M and N.
D L has a higher atomic number than both M and N.
8&/(6 0-
7
A neither z : y nor q : p
B z : y only
C q : p only
D both z : y and q : p
19 Sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon and phosphorus are all elements in Period 3 of the Periodic
Table.
Three statements about the oxides and chlorides of these elements are given.
1 The ionically bonded oxides all react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
2 All metal chlorides produce neutral solutions when added to water.
3 The two most electronegative elements both form covalently bonded chlorides.
20 The table compares calcium with barium and calcium carbonate with barium carbonate.
21 SolutionsPandQeachcontainadifferentGroup2ionatthesameconcentration.Onecontains
2+ 2+ 3
Mg andtheothercontainsBa .Testsarecarriedoutonseparate5cm samplesofPandQ.
3 –3
test1:add1cm of0.1moldm Na2SO4(aq)
3 –3
test2:add1cm of0.1moldm NaOH(aq)
Whataretheresultsofthesetests?
When heated with aqueous potassium hydroxide, K gives off a gas that turns moist universal
indicator paper blue.
What is J?
A ammonium chloride
B ammonium sulfate
C sodium chloride
D sodium hydroxide
23 Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, and ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, are used as fertilisers.
These salts have different percentages by mass of nitrogen. They have the same effect as each
other on the pH of wet neutral soil.
higher percentage
effect on pH of soil
of nitrogen by mass
8&/(6 0-
9
24 Theequationshowsareactionthatoccursbetweencarbonmonoxideandnitrogenmonoxideina
catalyticconverter.
2CO(g)+2NO(g)→2CO2(g)+N2(g)
Whichstatementiscorrect?
A B C D
O
O
O
OH
n=3 n=4
A 2 2
B 2 4
C 3 4
D 3 8
27 CompoundX,C5H10O3,hasonechiralcarbonatompermolecule.CompoundXproducesbubbles
withNabutnotwithNa2CO3.
WhichformulacouldrepresentcompoundX?
A (CH3)2C(OH)CO2CH3
B HOCH2CH(CH3)CO2CH3
C CH3CH2C(CH3)(OH)CO2H
D CH3CH(OH)CH(CH3)CO2H
28 Ethane reacts with an excess of chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light to form a mixture of
products.
How many of these products contain two carbon atoms and one or more chlorine atoms?
A 6 B 7 C 8 D 9
29 When bromoethane reacts with hot ethanolic sodium hydroxide a colourless gas is formed. This
gas decolourises aqueous bromine.
A 1,2-dibromoethane
B ethanol
C ethene
D hydrogen bromide
Like alkenes, alkynes take part in addition reactions. A saturated compound can be formed.
For example, ethyne, H–C≡C–H, reacts with an excess of hydrogen to form ethane.
Propyne, C3H4, undergoes an addition reaction with an excess of hydrogen bromide in two stages.
Markovnikov’s rule applies to the addition of HBr at each stage.
What is the main product obtained when propyne reacts with an excess of hydrogen bromide?
A CH2BrCH2CH2Br
B CH3CH2CHBr2
C CH3CHBrCH2Br
D CH3CBr2CH3
31 Bromine reacts with alkenes by an electrophilic addition mechanism in which a cation is formed as
an intermediate.
A 3,3-dimethylpent-1-ene + bromine
B ethene + bromine
C methylpropene + bromine
D propene + bromine
8&/(6 0-
11
X CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
Y CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
Z (CH3)2C(OH)CH2CH3
Separatesamplesofeachalcoholarewarmedwithamildoxidisingagentandtheresultsnoted.
Oneofthesealcohols,whendehydrated,willgiveapairofcis-transisomerswithmolecularformula
C5H10.
Whichrowiscorrect?
A X, Y and Z Y only
B X, Y and Z Z only
C X and Y only Y only
D X and Y only Z only
A pentan-1-ol
B pentan-2-ol
C pentan-3-ol
D 2-methylpentan-2-ol
35 The mechanism for the reaction between ethanal and hydrogen cyanide starts with the step shown.
H O
H C C
H H
–
CN
What is the correct structure of the intermediate ion formed, and what is the next step in this
mechanism?
A B C D
H +
O H CN H –
O H CN H +
O H CN H –
O H CN
H C C H H C C H H C C H H C C H
H C H C H C H C
N N N N
36 Which compound reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent but does not react with Tollens’
reagent?
A CH3COCO2H
B CH3CH(OH)CHO
C CH3COCHO
D CH3CH(OH)CH3
37 Compound X has stereoisomers and forms a precipitate when warmed with Fehling’s reagent.
A B C D
O
O O O
8&/(6 0-
13
lactide
O O
O O
A hydroxyethanoic acid
B 2-hydroxybutanoic acid
C 2-hydroxypropanoic acid
D 3-hydroxypropanoic acid
40 The diagram shows the relative abundance of different isotopes of lead in a sample of lead ore.
The abundance of 208 is half that of 206. The abundances of 208 and 209 are equal.
100
75
% abundance
50
25
0
206 207 208 209 Ar
8&/(6 0-
14
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8&/(6 0-
15
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8&/(6 0-
8&/(6
The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2
H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1.0 4.0
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
6.9 9.0 relative atomic mass 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23.0 24.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
16
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 – 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
0-
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.4 – 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232.0 231.0 238.0 – – – – – – – – – – –