868 -
The Effects Of Transformers Phase-Shifts On
Harmonic Penetration Calculation In A Steel Mill Plant
S. H. H. Sadeghi, Member, IEEE S . M. Kouhsari, Member, IEEE
Sadeghi@cic.aku.ac.ir Smontom@cic.aku.ac.ir
Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic)
Department of Electrical Engineering
Tehran 15914, Iran
Abstract: Transformers phase-shifts can play an important role in the
study of harmonic penetration within large industrial power systems.
The incorporation of these quantities in the conventional Linear
Frequency Domain Analysis (LFDA) technique leads to the problem
of unnecessary long computation time and large memory
requirements. Using a novel method, a comprehensive harmonic
analysis code is developed as a new module in an existing software
environment. The program is then used to analyze the Foolad
Mobarakeh steel mill plant consisting of eight arc furnaces, two static
voltage controllers, and several hundred nodes including 372
transformers. The study of the results demonstrates the importance of
transformers phase-shifts in determining the correct harmonic
distortion level in a system with multiple harmonic sources.
Keywords: Furnaces, Industrial power system harmonics, Metals
industry, Sparse matrices, Transformer windings, Phase shifters
I. INTRODUCTION
The widespread of steel mill plants construction in the
world especially in the developing countries has increased
references to the common problems associated with the
operation of their electrical systems. Among the plant
apparatus, the electric arc furnaces are the main sources of the
voltage and current distortions. Distorted currents and voltages
in the power system may not only increase power losses of
electrical facilities, but also cause the malfunction of
protective devices [I]. In addition, the harmonic resonance
may cause serious problems such as over-voltage in the power
system, premature equipment failure, transformer or motor
overheating, etc. It is therefore necessary to provide an
appropriate simulation tool for the power system engineers to
overcome the addressed problems.
Amongst several methods proposed for the analysis of the
harmonic pollution, the Linear Frequency Domain Analysis
(LFDA) has been widely used for solving large-scale power
systems. In this technique, the nonlinear devices are
represented by constant current sources at each harmonic
frequency, injecting harmonic currents to the rest of the
system [2]. These harmonic currents are functions of their
fundamental current in both magnitude and phase angle, but
they are independent of the voltage waveform. For most
nonlinear devices, this type of representation is sufficiently
accurate up to the voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
levels of 10% [3], which has been recommended by almost all
related standards [4].
A correct prediction of harmonic levels within a system
3- 7303-64!?9-$/0C/$ lo. CO 2COCI EEE
A. Der Minassians, Associate, IEEE
Artin@cic.ah.ac.ir
with more than one harmonic source relies on accurate
determination of magnitudes as well as phase angles of all
harmonic voltage and current waveforms [ 5 ] . Therefore, the
phase-shift produced by transformers winding connection
should be incorporated in a harmonic penetration algorithm. It
should be mentioned that a large number of transformers may
exist in a steel mill plant for various purposes. This number
can even reach a few hundreds in the case of large plants.
Although the transformer phase-shift can be incorporated in a
single-phase LFDA algorithm, it can lead to some
complications in the computation process due to the
asymmetry in the system bus admittance matrix caused by
transformers phase shifts. The problem is more accentuated
when a large-scale power system with large number of
transformers is to be analyzed.
In this paper, the impact of transformer phase shift is
included in the harmonic penetration analysis of steel mill
plant. In this regard, first transformers phase shifts
incorporation in a LFDA method for analyzing large-scale
networks is described. Based on this algorithm, the
development of a harmonic penetration analysis code as a new
analysis module in an existing software environment is then
presented. Finally, the new code is used for investigating the
effect of transformers phase shifts in a large steel mill plant.
11. HARMONIC PENETRATION ALGORITHM
Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of a power system with
N buses. It is assumed that a harmonic source is connected to
bus k, injecting a harmonic current of order h, i i , to the rest
of the system. With reference to Fig. 1, the following
relationship is readily obtained:
N
ii=Cytj.(v:-vh) (1)
i=O
where v," and v," are the harmonic voltages of buses k and i
respectively, and y i , is the branch equivalent harmonic
admittance connecting buses k and i.
If there exist more than one harmonic current sources, ( I )
will be modified as follows:
Ih = YLUS. V h (2)
 - 869 -

Bus m
I YPS
...................................................

................................................. :

Bus N - ej l l h : I a :I
(a)

Yb

--
I *~ Busk
TPki,c :-
(b)

Fig. 2. Per-unit impedance diagram ofa transformer:

(a) Conventional model, (b) Modified model.
TMog :-

the negative sequence voltages and currents are shifted in the

opposite sense to their positive sequence counterparts. This
Fig. I . Schematic of an electric network at harmonic order h. implies that transformers may show different phase-shifts in
response to various harmonic components of voltage and
where I his a column vector of dimension Nxl whose current.
elements represent possible harmonic current sources at With reference to Fig. 2(a), the harmonic model of
various buses, Y,?lsis the system bus admittance matrix of transformer can be represented mathematically as below:
dimension N x N at harmonic order h which is formed using
appropriate models of all elements in the system, and V /I is a
column vector of dimension Nxl whose elements represent
the harmonic voltages of all buses at harmonic order h. L A J
Solving for V h, (2) is rewritten as below: where I p , I s , Vf and Vs are ,respectively, the primary and
secondary transformer winding currents and voltages, Yfs is
vh = y ~ ~ ,.-r 'h = zjus .r h (3)
the transformer per-unit harmonic admittance, and A is its
where Zius is the system bus impedance matrix at harmonic complex tap ratio at h* harmonic defined as A = a.exp(j6').
order h. Having obtained voltages of all buses, the harmonic The conventional method of considering transformers
currents in all system branches can be readily determined. For phase-shifts in harmonic analysis calculations is to include the
example, the harmonic current flowing through the branch general nodal harmonic admittance matrix of transformer,
connecting buses k and i is calculated as below:
Y ! , in the system bus admittance matrix. With reference to
if;=y;.(vf-v:) (4)
In order to present proper models for power system (S), it is apparent that matrix Y,h is not symmetric since A is a
components that suit best to their frequency response complex value. Thus, the inclusion of Y,h in Yb", causes the
characteristics, harmonics are categorized into three main latter matrix to be asymmetrical too. Consequently, one cannot
groups due to their phase sequences, namely, positive use the symmetrical sparsity techniques for matrix inversion
sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence (triplen that significantly enhances the computation efficiency.
harmonics). For balanced lines, cables, and most static We have recently introduced a new method, which can
elements, the positive and negative sequence impedances are considerably increase the efficiency of the computation
equal. Hence, only two models are required for static AC process [ 111. The first stage in the new method involves
network components in a single-phase harmonic analysis; one modification of the transformer model shown in Fig. 2(a). In
for non-triplen harmonics and one for triplen harmonics. the new model, the transformer is divided into two sections,
The harmonic models of power system elements have
namely TMag and TPhase,Fig. 2(b). Section TMug consists of
already been reported in the literature and are not discussed
here. However, we will focus on the transformer model. a series impedance and an ideal voltage magnitude tap
Several transformer models with various degree of accuracy changing transformer with ratio a :1 where a is a real number.
have been proposed for harmonic analysis [6-IO]. One should TPhase is an ideal phase shifting transformer with ratio of
note that the transformer phase-shift could significantly affect
the values of harmonic levels in the network and hence, proper 1' With new the transformer
modeling of transformers is crucial for accurate harmonic admittance matrix associated with TMug is no longer
calculations. It is worth noting that at the transformer output, in addition, if the phase sect,ons of all
- 870 -

*
G
transformers are removed from the system bus admittance Specify harmonic order h
matrix, the resulting matrix becomes symmetrical and is called
the system modified admittance matrix at harmonic h, Yb",T,.
Set harmonic voltage vector to zero
The resultant matrix is then used to calculate the harmonic
voltage, vKk ,contributed by each harmonic source separately
before being combined appropriately to determine the actual
harmonic voltage, ,at a given bus.
A flow chart of the algorithm described above is shown in
Fig. 3.
I
111. SIMULATION PROGRAM

-
k-k-l

Based on the algorithm described in Section 11, a harmonic

penetration analysis code was developed as a new analysis
module in an existing software environment, namely, Power
Apparatus and System Homological Analysis (PASHA).
PASHA is a software designed to improve the planning,
designing, operation, and protection of the power system
industries through simulation [ 121. The program, like most of
its counterparts, employs the common tools of simulation
studies; i.e. load flow calculation, fault analysis, transient
stability, protection coordination, reliability evaluation and so
on, in an integrated graphical environment.
To perform the harmonic penetration analysis by the LFDA
I A

I A - -
method, one should first determine the harmonic current
components produced by the nonlinear apparatus within the
system. In a steel mill plant, arc furnaces, Static VAR
Compensators (SVCs) and static motor drives are considered
as the main harmonic sources. In the following subsections,
we will review the harmonic models of these sources used in
the developed harmonic penetration code. L>NY

A. Arc-fumace model

Arc furnaces are categorized as stochastic load units. Due to Fig. 3 . Flow chart of the proposed algorithm at harmonic order h. 6):,k
the complexity of devices installed in these loads, the denotes the harmonic phase difference between bus m and bus k in Fig. I
frequency spectrum derivation for their voltagelcurrent
waveform is not trivial. In fact, the harmonics produced by an
Furnace. The expressions for I h and Zh are given below
arc-furnace in practice are continually varying due to the
variability of the arc length over the total heat period. [14]:
Under unbalanced conditions of electrode arcing, there
could be significant amounts of third harmonic and its Zh = + j h tanq) (6)
s, Vcos
I?
cp
multiples. In addition, the fifth and seventh harmonics

1
produced in balanced condition could increase under -. S, (0. I 5 + 3.5 exp(- 0.40(h - 2))) ,
is eYen
unbalanced arcing conditions. Even harmonics are also present
in the furnace power system because of the erratic arcing Ih =
&Jf, 100
(7)
behavior that yields unequal conduction of the current for the -. S, (0.15+7.5exp(-0.45(h-j))) . odd
positive and negative half-cycles. A detailed description about fivn
IO0
generation of h a r " i c s by Various types of m-fu"ces where V n , S, and p are, respectively, the arc-fumace
under balanced and unbalanced conditions can be found in nominal line to line voltage, apparent power and power angle.
1131.
For harmonic penetration studies, an arc-fumace can be B. SVCmodel
modeled by a harmonic current source, I h , in parallel with an
impedance, Z h , representing the lead impedance of its SVCs in steel mill plants are typically composed of
transformer secondary cables and the electrodes inside the T h y s t o r Controlled Reactors (TCR) in conjunction with
capacitor banks. The basic element of a TCR is an inductor
 -871 -

whose value at fundamental frequency is controlled by

swtching a number of series connected thyristors 0,111
,urn L . - _. - - -. - CIW 1
For harmonic penetration studies, a TCR, like an W. - - os
82

arc-fumace, can be modeled by a harmonic current source, :: - - --

.
-
.

- __
-
_ 8CnIC3

I,, in parallel w t h an impedance, z h , representing its ::::iL -

equivalent inductance. The expressions for I, and Zh are "':\

2 i I 5 , 7
EI
" 'I
I

111
.I
,,
d -_
12 I- I, I, 111 1- IX
1
IO
-.
2,) 2 , I? 21 2 , :>
.
I

given below [IS]:

zh =j n . h ~ ~ ( 2 x - 2 a + s m 2 a ) - ' (8) Fig 5 Bar chart presenlation ol'harmonlc voltages (in per unit) at bus CSP
4 V
I h =-.-.
x X, [
sin(h+l)a sin(h-I)a
-
2(h+l)
+--cos
2(h-1)
a.-
h
sin(ha)

where V and X L are, respectively, the TCR nominal voltage

1 (9) busbars, which are rated to 30.5 kV and 15 kV respectively.
To avoid confusion in Fig. 4, the number of busbars and their
associated transformers and motors is @en instead of
and reactance at fundamental frequency, and a denotes the drawing the corresponding symbols. Also, all 6.6 kV and 0.4
firing angle of thyristors. kV busbas are grouped into one.
Prior to the initiation of harmonic analysis program, one
needs to obtain the voltages at the TCRs terminal as well as V. RESULTS
the apparent power consumed by the arc furnaces. These
unknown parameters are determined by running the load flow Harmonic penetration was performed for the
module of PASHA, It is that PASHA is network shown in Fig. 4, producing the harmonic voltage and
equipped with a load flow analysis module, This current data for harmonic orders up to 25. in addition, all
module the control systems ofboth arc and harmonic distortion indices such as voltage and current Total
SVCs. For a given load conditions, it converges to the steady Harmonic Distortion (THD)i Influence Factor
state operating point according to the dynamic behavior ofthe (TIF) and Telephone Interference (IT) factor were observed.
control systems circuitry [ 161. Since the variations of these indices approximately follow the
same panem, only THD variations are presented here.
C. Static motor drive model For comparison purposes, the following cases were
investigated.
Most induction in steel mill are equipped with W : N o phase-shift effect is considered for transformers.
6 or 12 static drives which are considered the other type C o s e : O n l y those tm-&x"s with Y or D windings are
of harmonic sources. Based on an extensive study done for the considered.
analysis of static converters, motor drives can be modeled :3- All transformers winding connections are considered.
only by a harmonic Current ~ o ~ and c eno internal impedance A bar chart presentation Of the harmonic at bus
is needed [4]. The current source expressions at characteristic csp ranging O 'm the "Id up to the 251h harmonics for I'
and uncharacteristic harmonic orders are complex and are 2 and 3 is shown in Fig. 5. A comparison of the results in this
given in [6]. figure demonstrates that all triplen harmonics (3.6,9, etc.) are
eliminated in cases 2 and 3. This is expected as the triplen
harmonic currents produced by the arc-fumaces and SVCs
IV. STUDY SYSTEM
circulate in the delta windings of the corresponding
transformers and hence, do not penetrate into the system. Thi
Foolad Mobarakeh is the largest integrated steel making elimination of triplen harmonics leads to a lower level of
facility in Iran. It produces about 2 million tons of steel
voltage THD at system buses. This is apparent in Table 1
annually, with more than ten different kinds of steel products, where the voltageTHD at a number of buses for caSeS and
involving a great number of process, such as iron making,
are tabulated. Examination of the results in Fig. 5 further
steel making, rolling, etc., for converting iron into finished
reveals that there is no difference between voltage levels of
products.
The plant daily peak demand is about 440 MW, and three non-triplen harmonics in cases 1 and 2. This is again expected
in-plant generators produce 200 M W of the demand and the since
and windings have no effect On non-triplen
rest being served from the Iranian interconnected grid through harmonics.
400 kV lines. The supplied e n e r g feeds to the 63 kV busbar Table 1. A comparison of THD values for cases 1 and 3 at various busbars
from where the electrical power is distributed to a variety of
different kinds of loads mostly at 6.6 kV and 0.4 kV voltage
levels, Fig. 4. This provides a very large distribution system
involving various power system apparatus. The entire network
consists of 1278 nodes with 8 arc-fumaces, 2 SVCs, 346
induction motors, 7 large power static motor drives, 1203
cables, 372 transformers, and 8 generators. All busbars within
the system are rated to 63 kV (the main distribution busbar)
6.6 kV and 0.4 kV except the SVC and emergency plant
872 -

400 k V Network

m r@
In-plant generaton

.mTT
I I t
30.5 kV 30 5 kV

TX3
6‘“ @ X2O

7
VPP FHP
‘-6.13

NKP

’ \ I

x 102

a x IO

DQP
I
Fig 4 One-line diagram ofthe electrical power system in Foolad Mobarakeh steel mill plant.

Further examination of the results in Fig. 5 shows that the
harmonic voltage levels associated with orders of 2. 4, 8, IO,
14, 16,20 and 22 remain unchanged for all three cases. This is
due to the fact that the transformers phase shifting effect does
not alter the specified harmonic voltage levels since all of
these harmonics are produced only by one type of l”onic
sources (i.e. the arc-furnaces).
,411 transformers in steel mill power system have y, or D x
winding configurations. Thus, the phase-shifts of these
transformers are the even multiples of J[. for harmonic orders
of 1 1, 13, 23 and 25, while being odd multiples of J[. for
harmonic orders of 5 7 , 17 and 19. It is then expected that the
results of harmonic penetration analysis for harmonic orders
of 11, 13,23 and 25 in case 1 be identical to their counterparts
in case 3. In addition, the results in these cases should differ
from each other for harmonic orders of 5, 7, 17 and 19. This is

vividly seen in the results given in Fig. 5.
,
A comparison of the computed voltage THD levels for
and (Table ,) demonstrates the importance of [ 121
transformers phase-shift effects on the results Of a harmonic [I31
penetration analysis. AS Can be seen in this table, the results
for 3 are always smaller than c.e 1. It is evident
that the in may lead to prediction Of 1141
harmonic distortion level and hence unnecessary filter
deployment due to given standard requirements. [IS]
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Based on a novel linear frequency domain analysis method,
a harmonic penetration analysis code is developed which can
efficiently incorporate transformers phase shifts in a large-
scale industnal power system. The code was used to study the
harmonic penetration in Foolad Mobarakeh steel mill plant
consisting of 1278 nodes with 372 transformers and several
harmonic sources, including 8 arc-furnaces, 2 static voltage
controllers and 7 large power static motor drives. Numerical
results show that for the case of multiple harmonic sources,
the type of windings connection for each transformer can alter
the magnitudes and phase angles of harmonic voltages and
currents wthin the plant. This emphasizes the importance of
transformers phase shifts incorporation in harmonic
penetration CalCUhtlOn to avoid “ 3 X I S Prediction of
harmonic levels and hence unnecessary filter deployment due
to gwen standard requirements.
VII. REFERENCES
[I] IEEE Power Engineering Society Wave Distortion on Consumer’s
Interconnection Working Group, “The Impact of Sine-Wave Distortions
on Protective Relays.” IEEE Trans Industry Applications. vol IA-20
March/April 1984, pp 335-343
[2] A E Emanuel, ”On the Assessment of Harmonic Pollution.” IEEE
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Irdns Powcr Dclibcry vol 10,iio 3,July 1995 pp 1693 1698
[3] Task Force on Harmonic Modeling and Simulation. “Modeling and
Simulation of the Propagation of Harmonics in Electric Power
Networks. Part II Sample System and Examples.” IEEE Trans Power
Delivery, vol I 1, no I , January 1996, pp 466-474
[4] J Arrillaga, D A Bradley, and P S Bodger, Power System Harmonics,
John Wiley & Sons, 1985, chapter 8
[SI R G Ellis, “Harmonic Analysis of Industrial Power Systems,” IEEE
Trans Industry Applications. vol 32, no 2. MarcWApriI 1996. pp
417-421
[6] A Der Minassians, Harmonic Analysis of Power Systems. Master’s
Thesis. EE Dept. Amirkahir IJnneniw ofTechnolow 1998
A. Semlyen. E. Acha. and J. Arrillaga, “Harmonic Norton Equivalent for
the Magnetizing Branch of a Transformer.” IEE Proceedings. vol. 134.
pt. C. no. 2, March 1987. pp. 162- 169.
E. Acha. J. Arrillaga. A. Medina. and A. Semlyen, “General Frame of
Reference for Analysis of Harmonic Distortion in Systems with Multiple
Transformer Nonlinrdrilies.“ IEE Proceedings. vol. 136. pt. C. no. 5.
September 1989, pp. 271-278
V. Sharma, R. J. Fleming, and L. Niekamp, “An Iterative Approach for
Analysis of Harmonic Penetration in the Power Transmission
Networks,” IEEE Trans Power Delivery. vol. 6, no. 4, October 1991,
pp. 1698-1706.
W. L. A. Neves, H. W. Dommel, and W. Xu, “Practical Distribution
Transformer Models for Harmonic Studies.’’ IEEE Trans. Power
Delivery. vol. IO. no 2. April 1995. pp. 906-912.
S . M. Kouhsari, S. H. H. Sadeghi. and A. Der Minassians. “A New
Method for Incorporating traiisfonners Phase-Shifts in A
- 873 -
Sparsity-Oriented Single-phase harmonic Penetntion Algorithm.”
Submined for lEEE Power
TOM Indusuial Consultants. Power Apparatus and System Homological
Analysis (PASHA 2000). User’s Manual. U R L www.tomcad.com.
D.Andrews, M. T. Bishop. and J. F. Wine, “Harmonic Measuremens,
Analysis, and Power Factor Correction in a Modem Steel Manufacturing
Facility,” IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 32, no. 3. May/Junc
1996. pp. 617424.
P. Barrel, P. Bomard, and P. S. Bodger. Power System Simulation.
Chapman & H ~ I IIsted..
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T J . E. Miller, Reactive Power Control in Elecmc System. 19x4.
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Technique and The Results.” Submitted for IEEE Trans. Power Systems.
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
S. H. H. Sadeghi (M’92) was bom in Babl.
Iran. on July 29, 1957 He received the B Sc
degree in electncal engineenng and electronics
in 1980 from Sharif University ot Technology.
Iran, and the M Sc degree in electncal power
engineering in 1984 From the University of
Manchester Institute of Science and
Technology (UMIST), England Between 1980
and 1983. he worked in the clccmcal power
industry in I n n For 1985, he was a Research
Assistant at the University of Lancaster.
England He then joined the University of
Essex, England, as a Senior Research Officer
whcrc he received his Ph D degrcc in IYY I
Dr Sadeghi was a Visiting Professor at University of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee. USA between 1996 and 1997 He IS now an A s m i a t e Professor
of electrical engineering at Amirkabir University of technology His current
research interests include electromagnetic compatibility and power system
harmonics
S. Montaser Kouhsari (M’8Y) was bom in
Rashc Iran. in 1957 He received his B S c
degree in electncal and elecuonic engineering
from Sharif University of Technology. Tehran,
Iran. iii 1979 and the M Sc and Ph D degrees
in electrical engineenng from UMIST
Manchester. UK in 1984 and 1988
respectivel) Since 1988. he has taught at
Amiikabir University of Technology (Tehran
Polytechnic) and at the same time, he has been
the managing director of Tom Industrial
Consultant His teaching and research interests
include modeling of power systems using
digital computers
Dr Kouhsari is the recipient of Eighth
lntemational Khnrazmi Festival diward in 1995, and IDB resexch award from
Saudi Arabia in 1998 From 1998 to 1999 he worked as a Visiting Professor
81 University of Toronto, doing his awarded research program He is now with
Ainirkabir University of Technology
Artin Der Minassians (S’97-A’99) was bom in
Tehran, Iran. in 1974. He received the €3 Sc.
and M.Sc. degrees with honor From Amirkabir
University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic).
Tehran. Iran. in 1996 and 1998, respectively,
both in electrical engineering. He is currently a
Lecturer in the same university.
His MSc. dissertation entitled “Harmonic
Analysis of Power Systems” received the
Khararmi First Youth Festival prize and
awarded as the best dissertation of the year
1999 in the field of electrical engineering
Mr. Der Minassians is a member of IEEE
Industry Applications and IEEE Power
Engineering societies. His research interests include the steady state and
transient modeling. simulatic)n and analysis of industrial power systems.