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    2 views78 pages

    Irrigation

    Uploaded by

    Satish Makkar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 78
    INEERING ‘Water Resourses Engineering: Multipurpose uses of Water, River basins and their potential Irrigation systems, water demand assesement; Resources ~ storages and their yields; Water logging, canal and drainage design, Gravity dams, falls, weirs, Energy disipaters barrage, Distabution works, Cress drainage works and head work and thelr design; Concept in canal design construction & maintenance; River training, River morphology 1 Irgaion& Methods of trigation 2 Soll Moisture & Pant Relationships 8 Water Requirements of Crops & Canal rigaion 587-597 4 ‘Water Logging & Rectamation of Saline Sos 598-600 5 Canal Desion cot-615 6 Canal Region Work 616-618 2 Canal Head Works & Seepage Theory 17622 8 River Engines . 623-625 8. ‘ross Drainage WoIKS ann 626-628 Dams and Resorts 620-044 1 Solays, Energy Disspators & Spivey Gates unm e205 i snes rer Priticotton CHAPTER * IRRIGATION ge METHODS OF | 1 oo @-4; For border strip method of irigation, determine the time required to irigate a strip of land of 0.04 ‘hectares in area from a tube well witha discharge of 0.02 cumec. The infitration capacity ofthe soll ‘may be taken as 5 cm/hr and the average depth of flow on tho field as 10 cm. Also determine the ‘maximum area that can be irrigated from this tube well. 115 Marks 1ES-2000] Sol. Given, ‘Area of the stip, A = 0.04 hectares = 0.08 » 10 m? = 400 ot Discharge, Q = 0102 cumecs = 0.02 msec = 0.02 « 60 « 60 miIhe = 72 mip qe Som’ he= ZSemihr = 0.08 mie: ‘Average depth of flow onthe fiele, y = 40 em = 0.4 m, Approximate time required to irigale a stip cf land, Yeguo <2. ) t= 2308 Hoses Ss a1 n a (= 2m « G06 Facaecae) 2.200» 2 logy (7252) = 0.651 br = 99.08 minutes: a Ry Perie@te f= gigi = 40 mt = Tena = 0.144 a, @.2: What Is furrow? Give names of some row erops. State the advantages of sprinkler irigation method ‘over surface irrigation method. {15 Marks IES-2008] Sol. Furrows: yrows are small, parallel channel made to cary water for inigating the crops Furrows vary fom 8 to 80 em deep, and may be as much as 400 meters ong, ci Enns / SU enearion enewcenine” CE Examples of row crops : Pela, lsze, Cotton, Soyabean, Sugar beets et ‘Advantages of sprinkler irrigation method over surface irrigation method: () It cen be effcienty used fora wide range of topographic condition, soils and crops. (With the use of sprinkler iigation, erosion of sol can be controled. (Gi) Usiform application of water is possible, (09 Water application efficiency Is high (and is about 80%) {@)Thetime and amount of application of fertlzer can be baller controled in sinker irigation, (0) Labour cos Is ess and no land preparations are required, (4) In sprinkler inigation, a beter contro on irigation can be enforced and also light iigation is possible ‘which is required for seedings and for plants which are very young. (oi) Speke inigation doos not require border, ld channels tard hence more land is avalible fr ‘roping, TES MASTER Publication CHAPTER SOIL MOISTURE AND PLANT 2 _ Rian 4: A soil 50 om deep over rock has two horizons, the frst baing a fine sandy loam 20 em thick end the ‘second a clay foam 30 cm thick. The field capacity, wilting point and volume weight for the first hhorizon are 20 percent, 10 percent and 1.5 gmslcm respectively. The corresponding values of the ‘second horizon aro 25 percent, 13 percent and 1.2 gms/em?. Determine the available moisture storage ‘capacity ofthe sol profile. f consumptive use requirements ofa crop in a particular season is 0.5 mm day and the soil is initaly at field capacity, how long will the crop survive without irigation? 115 tarks 1ES-1098) Moisture holding capacty of Ist horlzon Moisture holng capacity of tlnd horizon Hence, Tota! max avallable moiste = 3 + 4.32 = 7.82 em consumptive use requirement of crop in @ particular season = 2.6 mmiday = 0.05 eruday Max. no. of days in which the entie stored moisture wil be utised ‘Absolute no. of days for which crop wil survive without inigation| Maximum avaliable moisture 7.32, Consumpivewse —~ Gag “64 dave @.2: The depth of moisture in root zone at fleld capacity and permanent wilting point por m depth of soll ‘are 0.5 m/m and 0.2 m/m respectively. Compute th field capacity and permanent wilting point. Take ‘ity wolght of soll as 13.73 KN’. 4 Marks 165-2010) Sol. We krow thatthe depth of meisture in root zone at field capacity is given by a:dFO) ar Ya “> Ary unit wt. of soil su > Unit Wt. of water (Chi Engineering F.C field capacity > depth of root zone mnie CN ALEC, depth of moisture stored in root zone = 0.5 mim os = 1873 .AxFC 981 oss72 Hence field capacity = 35.72% Similar, the depth of water stored in root zane at PW (permanent witing point) is 0.2 mim = 02 Honoe, permanent witing point moisture 18.73x1xPWP. 981 PW = 0.1428 14.20%, 3: Determine the discharge ofa distibutary atthe tall nd from the following data: Gross Cemmand Area (GCA) 20000 ha Cultivable Command Area (CCA) = 70% Losses beyond the tall end = tm's* ‘Khart| Rice ‘igation ‘Kor depth ‘Kor period Intensity 15% 196m 25 weeks Rabi Wheat ‘igation ‘Kor depth ‘Kor period Intensity 30% 13.5 om 4-wooks ‘Sugarcane ‘rigation ‘Kor depth — ‘Kor period Intensity 10% 16.5 em Aweoks Sol. ‘Gesss command area, (GCA) CCutvable commana area, (CCA) Losses beyond tail end cca Intenaty Kor depth (4) Kor period (8) Duty, D (7 Marks 18-2011] 20,000 he 70% 1 mfs0e 70% of BCA 70. 5 20,000 = 14,000 ha * 00 Discharge computation for Roe (Kant season) b= ‘rea to be iigated 15% 180m 25 weoks = 17.5 days 2648 hore B > days and a is in om 64175) 18 15% of CCA 16 0 2100 hectares = 795,78 hectaresieumecs 14,000 TES MASTER Publication vil Engineering GD ESE Tebicvise conventiona’ Soived Paper 4998-2020 Discharge required for rice excluding losses ae rere ‘Atwa to be irigated = 30% of CCA 20 2B 14.000 = 4,200 hectares Discharge required for wheat excluding lossos 200 : 0, = BR = 2343 mises Discharge computation for sugarcane (perennial) Intensity = 10% Kor depth (4) = 16.5 em kor poried (8) = 4 weeks = 28 daye 8648. 864(28) Duy, = 8 ectaresioumee ty, oe BA 2) 1406.18 ‘rea to be iigated = 10% of CCA 3 «14000 1400 hectares Discharge required for sugarcans excluding losses 1400 a 5 = aS = 0085 mite ‘Sugarcane isa perennial crop, it wil requie this value of eischarge, Q, throughout the year. Discharge requirement, without losses = maximum (Rice + Sugarcane, Wheat + Sugar cane maximum {Q, + Q;, Q, + Q,) = maximum (2.638 + 0.955, 2.343 + 0.956} maximum (2.693, 9298) 593 m¥s (for rce + sugarcane) Losses = 1 msec Discharge requitement wil bo maximum during Khasif season and is oqual to (3.593 + 1) mils 4.500 mace 4: Define the following: 1. Potential evapotranspiration 2 Actual evapotranspiration 3. Field capacity 4. Pormanent wilting point How can evapotranspiration be measured fora given vegetation typo? [70 Marks 15-2016) CS inniesnon eNenizeniic CIE (1) Potential evapotranspiration: If sufficient moistur is always avaiable to completely mest the needs of ‘vegetation filly covering the aea, the evapotanspraton is called portal evapotranssration. itis independent Of soll and slant characteristic but essemtaly depends on climatic factors. {@) Actual evepotranspiration: The eal evapovanspiration occuring inthe prevaling actual condition is called as actual evepotranspration. 8 Field capacity: itis the maximum amount of water content that sol can retain against the force of gravi It cepends on soil characteris. Permanent wilting point: itis the moisture content ofa soll at shich plants roots are notable to extract water ‘rom sol resulting in wilting of plants. It depends on soll characterise. At permanent wilting point, water is strongly helt by sol resulting in very high soll moisture stress. Measurement of ET: For a given vegetation type, evapotranspiration can be measured by ysimeter (evapora Lysimeter consists of a cioular tank filed with soll and Individual crop which Is buried so that its top Is flush wth surrounding ground surface. Sides of lysimeter ae impervious whereas bottom is pervious. The ‘water passing through sol is collected at botiom and measured. ‘Actual evarotranspiration = orginal wolght of (container + sol + plant + water moisture present or ade) weight of water collected at aotiom ~ final weight of container content. «) 5: Define fed capacity, permanent wilting point and average moisture content. Explain how these will be useful In deciding the frequency of irigation. (A schematic dlagram showing less and more {frequent irigation Isto be drawn for clarity) [34443 = 10 Marks IES-2019] Sol. Field Capacity + Field capacity is defined as the maximum amount of molsture which can be held by a sol against revit. After the gravity water has drained of. + Atlield capacity the large or non-capilary pores ofthe sci are filed wth alr and the smal or capillary otes are filed with water + Field capacity is the upper limit ofthe capilary water or the moisture content availabe tothe piant ‘+The soll moisture tension at fel capacity ranges between Pormarent wilting point ‘+ Ths pormanent witing point is usually expressed as the woight of the moisture held by he soil per Unt weight ofthe dry soll when the ants are permanentiy wilted. ‘+ Permanent wilting point isthe moisture content at which the fms of water around the soll particles ‘are held 80 tightly that the plant roots cannot extract enough moisture at sulficienly rapid rate to ‘slaty trangpiration requirements thus resulting in he willing of te plans +The soil moiture tension of a soil al the permanent iting polnt ranges from 7 to 32 atmospheres

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