Name of the Authors or International… Focused on (beliefs, main Perspective Morality Timeline

philosophical philosophers what? ideas) on human

tradition beings
REALISM Machiavelli, There is no How the world is, instead Negative -Internationally amoral Circular (vicious)
(Machiavelliansim, Hobbes, Hegel international of how it should be (conflict and -“Raison d’État”: moral
Hobbesianism) (even Sun Tzu society. There is (realistic, pragmatic) war is the focused on your own
(linked to the and Thucydides) international (power is needed) normal state political community (every
realpolitik) anarchy (linked to of things, state: its own interests)
neorealism). There because we
is an international are not
system rational)
RATIONALISM Hugo Grotius, There is International law, Positive In those states sharing the Progressive,
(Grotianism) Locke, Burke, international diplomacy, international (because we same values*. teleological (there
(linked to Castlereagh society: trade, balance of power, are rational They believe in “us” and is a Destiny)
neoliberalism and International order laws of war… and “them” (les degree of because they
transnationalism) and stability cooperation empathy with “them”) believe in the
(sharing some among states ideas of the
common values is possible) Enlightenment:
and norms) progress, reason,
evolution…
REVOLUTIONISM Kant, Rousseau, World society (not Emancipation (instead of Brotherhood Universal (they believe Perspective
(Kantianism) Marx, jacobins, about states) anarchy or order). They , unity that we are all equal, it led
(normativity):
Christian share a wish for the things to individual human rights)
utopia or dystopia
fundamentalists, as they should be, not as and concerned about each
totalitarians like they are (linked to the 4th other, just for being
Hitler debate, because of human beings (don’t care
normativity) about their values)
*English School (Martin Wight, Hedley Bull): Values limited to Europe. Expansion of the European society. Europe surrounded by “The Anarchical Society” (a book by Hedley
Bull, 1977). Europe shared their values around the world via colonization. The “anarchical society” is not rational.

The 1st time a non European country entered this society was the US in 1898 after defeating Spain. Western society, common values.