Exercises for Weather and Climate 9th

Edition Carbone Solutions Manual

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Exercises for Weather and Climate 9th Edition Carbone Solutions Manual

Solutions for
EXERCISES

Weather &
for

Climate NINTH EDITION

Greg Carbone
University of South Carolina – Columbia

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  Contents
1 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere      1
2 Earth–Sun Geometry     5
3 The Surface Energy Budget      9
4 The Global Energy Budget      12
5 Atmospheric Moisture      14
6 Saturation and Atmospheric Stability      18
7 Cloud Droplets and Raindrops      21
8 Atmospheric Motion      23
9 Weather Map Analysis      30
10 Mid-Latitude Cyclones      35
11 Weather Forecasting      40
12 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes      45
13 Hurricanes      48
14 Climate Controls      52
15 Climate Classification      55
16 Climatic Variability and Change      57
17 Simulating Climate Change      60
Appendix A Dimensions and Units      62
Appendix B Earth Measures      64

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1    Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere
1. Height (km) % of atmosphere above
22.4 6.25
16.8 12.5
11.2 25
5.6 50

2. & 3. 34
32
30
28
26
Height Above the Surface (km)

24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2
Percentage of the Atmosphere Above

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
3
Pressure (mb)

4. 25% 250 mb
58.4% 584 mb

5. 210 mb

6. 123 mb 58.4%
69 mb 33%

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Solutions for Exercises for Weather & Climate

7. Ozone absorbs solar radiation (particularly in the ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum). This
absorption leads to warming in the stratosphere.

8. 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000

2.0°C –11°C –24°C –37°C –50°C

9. & 11.
20000
Key West
18000
Fairbanks
16000
standard atmosphere
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40

10. a. Key West b. Key West c. Fairbanks

11. See 9 above.

12. Key West tropopause: ~16,000 m, ~ –75°C; Fairbanks tropopause: ~10,000 m, ~ –53°C;

13. The greater the average temperature, the higher the tropopause. Our example suggests that vertical mixing is greater
when temperature is warmer.

14. 170 mb

15. 92 mb

16. Because of greater air density in the lower layer, the pressure drop between 2 and 4 km is nearly double that between 8
and 10 km.

17. 182 mb

18. Air pressure decreases with height because there is less atmosphere to exert downward force. The pressure drop will be
greatest when air density is highest because the mass of the atmosphere above decreases at a faster rate.

19. California desert: 1003.9 mb; Michigan UP: 1018.6 mb; New Brunswick: 1003.7 mb.

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 Lab 1 Solutions

20. The Michigan and New Orleans stations have the same pressure (1018.6 mb), but a 30°F temperature difference. The
New Brunswick and southern California stations have similar low pressures (1003.7 mb and 1003.9 mb), but a 30°F
temperature difference.

21. The ideal gas law shows that pressure is proportional to the product of density times temperature. Therefore, to have a
similar pressure, but be 30°F warmer, New Orleans must have a lower density.

22. The Michigan and New Brunswick stations have higher air density than the other two.

23. The 1.4 g/kg mixing ratio in Fairbanks is considerably smaller than that at the surface of Key West (16 g/kg) on
the same day. In fact the surface moisture value at Fairbanks is as low as the mixing ratio value 10 km above Key
West.

24. The atomic weight of hydrogen equals 1; the atomic weight of oxygen equals 16. Therefore, the atomic weight of H2O
is 1 g/mol + 1 g/mol +16 g/mol = 18 g/mol.

25. The solution to the previous question shows that water vapor, at 18 g/mol, is lighter than dry air (28.6 g/mol).

26.
400 400
390 • 390
Carbon dioxide concentrations (ppm)

380 380
370
• 370
360 360
350 • 350
340
• 340
330 330
320
• 320
310
• 310
300 300
290 290
280 280
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

27.
400 400

399 399
Carbon dioxide concentrations (ppm)

398 398

397 397

396 396

395 395

394 394

393 393

392 392

391 391

390 390
J F M A M J J A S O N D

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Solutions for Exercises for Weather & Climate

28. Minimum atmospheric CO2 concentrations occur during the northern hemisphere’s late fall at which time CO2 has
been taken up by vegetation for the previous 6–8 months. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations occur in April/May after
many months of leaf decay and just before spring green-up in the Northern Hemisphere.

Review Questions
1. Air pressure and density decrease exponentially with height above Earth’s surface. This is because gas molecules are
concentrated near the surface and a given height increase at these lower levels means passing through more molecules
than the same height increase at higher elevations. Temperature also decreases with height in the troposphere. This rate
of decrease varies, but is typically linear compared to pressure or density.

2. The thickness of the troposphere is a function of temperature. Warmer temperatures in tropical regions create mixing
to greater depths, pushing the tropopause higher.

3. Pressure changes much faster vertically than it does horizontally. It drops 100 mb in the lowest kilometer of the
atmosphere.

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2    Earth–Sun Geometry
90°
1. March 21 66.5°

30°

Sun’s rays 0

23.5°

March 21 profile view

66.5° 90° 60° 23.5°

S N
23.5° S 0° 30° N 66.5° N

23.5°
66.5°
30° D 90°

June 21
0°
Sun’s rays

23.5°

June 21 profile view

47° 83.5° 66.5° 43°

N S
66.5° N 30° N 0° 23.5° S

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Solutions for Exercises for Weather & Climate

2. 63.5°; December 21

3. 26.5°

4. a. 0° (equator)
b. 23.5° N
c. 0° (equator)
d. 23.5° S
e. [variable]

5. New Orleans Helsinki

a. 60° 30°
b. 83.5° 53.5°
c. 60° 30°
d. 36.5° 6.5°
e. [variable] [variable]

6. [variable]

7. Answer is date dependent. Example for 34° N latitude on February 1, a two-meter pole casts a shadow measuring
2.52 meters.

length of pole
tan Θ =
length of shadow

Θ = tan−1 (0.7937)
Θ = 38.44°

8. [variable]

9. 60° N December 22

Sun angle 6.5°

Sun’s rays Zenith angle
83.5°
1 unit
8.83 units

30° N June 21 60° N June 21

Sun’s rays

Sun’s rays
1 unit
Zenith angle
1 unit Zenith angle 36.5°
6.5°
Sun angle
Sun angle 53.5°
83.5°
1.01 units 1.24 units

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 Lab 2 olutions

10. Summer temperature is highest because solar radiation is more concentrated. During the winter, it’s cooler as the solar
beam is spread over a greater surface area.

11. There is a much greater seasonal range in daylight hours in polar regions than in tropical regions.

12. 30° N 60° N

June solstice 14 18
Equinoxes 12 12
December solstice 10 6

13. 60° N

14. The steepness of the curves suggests that daylight hours increase and decrease faster from one day to the next near the
equinoxes, and change slower from one day to the next near the solstices.

15.
Latitude: 30° N
Latitude: 0°

June

March March
June December

December
E E
6:03 AM 6:52 AM 6:04 AM 5:54 AM
4:59 AM 5:58 AM

N S N S
W 5:05 PM W
7:04 PM 6:12 PM 6:06 PM 6:10 PM 6:02 PM

Latitude: 23.5° S Latitude: 60 N

December
June
March

June March
E
6:04 AM 5:11 AM E
6:41 AM 5:58 AM
9:02 AM
2:36 AM
N S December
N S
W 2:54 PM
5:22 PM 6:10 PM 6:46 PM 9:28 PM W
6:17 PM

16. On the December solstice, the sun rises a bit south of east and sets a bit south of west. On the June solstice, the sun
rises in the northeast and sets in the northwest. At 60° N, this shift is even more dramatic.

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Exercises for Weather and Climate 9th Edition Carbone Solutions Manual

Solutions for Exercises for Weather & Climate

Total daily solar insolation (Mjoules per square meter)

45
17. 40

35 0°
30

25

20 30°
15

10

5
60°
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D

18. The seasonal difference in solar intensity (beam spreading) and daylight hours is greater at 60° N than at 30° N.

19. The difference in beam spreading between 60° N and 30° N is very large in winter and not very different in summer.
Furthermore, 60° N has a shorter daylight period than 30° N in winter, while in summer the daylight hours are actually
greater at 60° N.

20. Most direct rays: 1 unit beam = 1.000 surface units; Date: March 21, September 22
Least direct rays: 1 unit beam = 1.090 surface units; Date: June 21, December 21

21. 9%

22. [variable]

23. [variable]

24. The higher the latitude, the greater the seasonal range in solar intensity. This results in a larger annual temperature range
at high latitudes than in the tropics.

25. December Solstice June Solstice

60° N 8.834 1.244
50° N 3.521 1.117
40° N 2.241 1.043
30° N 1.681 1.006
20° N 1.379 1.002

26. The solar intensity gradient across the mid-latitudes is much greater in winter and contributes to a greater temperature
gradient.

Review Questions
1. A given change at low sun angles is much more effective than the same change at higher sun angles. Therefore, the
seasonal shift of sun angle from 36.5° to 83.5° at New Orleans results in less change in solar intensity than the shift from
6.5° to 53.5° at Helsinki.

2. A greater range in solar intensity and daylight hours will result in a greater range in solar radiation received and
temperature.

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