1 |Subyan Widya Tri Prasetya – 016201800038 – Research Methodology

The Impact of Sport Diplomacy on Improving the Coutry’s image : Case Study
of FIFA World Cup 2018 in Russia

Subyan Widya Tri Prasetya

016201800038

IRE Diplomacy 1

Lecturer: Ms. Ilmi Dwi Astuti, S.H.Int, M.SS.

Research and Methodology Proposal

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I. Background of the study

At first glance, international relations and sports may not have a correlation, but in fact
these two things mutually influence each other in various aspects and fields, according to the
intended context. (Kobiereck, 2013) One of them is sports diplomacy. In short, sports
diplomacy can be interpreted as the use of sports as a diplomatic tool. (Bairne, Kell, & Woo,
2016)Furthermore, sport itself has a crucial role as a means of realizing the national interest
of a country. One of the implications is the use of sport diplomacy by holding mega events
such as the FIFA World Cup, in addition that the use of sport has a significant impact on
international relations besides that sport has become an apolitical force in which political
actors, both national and international influence the pattern of intranational relations. (Özsarı,
2018) and internationally. On that basis, Russia chose sport diplomacy by hosting the 2018
World Cup, with the aim of changing Russia's image in the eyes of the world. What needs to
be underlined here is that sports will always co-exist with political interests. (San Diego
Diplomacy Council, 2020)

The World Cup itself is the largest international football competition in the world, followed
by the senior men's national team who are members of the Federation Internationale de
Football Association (FIFA). FIFA here has a role as the governing body for world football
and also as the party that has the authority to choose countries to host the FIFA World Cup.
The beginning of the formation of the world cup was on May 28, 1928, when FIFA under the
leadership of Jules Rimet held a congress in Amsterdam. (Dietschy, 2013) The main agenda
for the meeting was to discuss plans for holding a football competition between countries,
which we later know as the World Cup. This was motivated by the success of FIFA in
helping organize the three Olympics, in 1920, 1924 and 1928. The first holding of the world
cup occurred in 1930, with Uruguay as the host of the first world cup. Furthermore, the
national team participating in this international scale event reaches 100 members per team
and at the same time there are 200 countries that can participate in this tournament. The
current tournament format is followed by 32 teams competing for the title at the sports arena
in the host country in about one month; this round is often referred to as the World Cup
Final. The qualification stage, which is currently held in the three years leading up to the
World Cup, is held to determine which team will qualify for the tournament, together with the
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host country. Until now the World Cup is the biggest and most popular sporting event in the
world. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2005)

Russia itself has been chosen to host the 2018 world cup in 2009, beating other
candidates, namely England, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, as it is known that the
host quota at the 2018 world cup is for European countries. The election of Russia is also
the first time a country from Eastern Europe has hosted the World Cup. Russia's submission
to host the world cup is not without reason, but Russia has its own agenda related to hosting
the world cup. (Rowe, 2018) Which is known that mega events such as the world cup can be
a positive force in uniting the nation and enhancing and strengthening national identity. In
addition, the World Cup has a sizeable economic effect because this tournament
encourages the economic development of the host country such as infrastructure
development, stadiums etc. and will continue to have a positive long-term economic impact.
In addition, the tourism sector will also experience a positive impact, as it is recognized that
the world cup is the biggest agenda in the world, broadcast live on TV which is global in
scope. Because of this potential, many aspects of the Russian State will be seen by many
other countries. In short, Russia is hosting the World Cup to improve Russia's image in the
eyes of the world by using the sport diplomacy method. (Riach, 2015)

This paper will discuss the literature review regarding the implementation of sports
diplomacy carried out by Russia by using the World Cup as the medium. From the literature
review that has been done, it is found that sports diplomacy plays a role in achieving the
goal of Russia's national interest, namely increasing the good image of Russia in the eyes of
the world. In addition, the topics that will be discussed include developments, policies and
the impact as well as the impact that Russia will have after the 2018 world cup

1.1 Research Question

With the background above, the researcher has a research question for. ”How does
the holding of FIFA World Cup 2018 affect the image of Russia in the eyes of the
world?”

1.2 Research Objectives

This research conducted to provide an explanation on how the role of sport

diplomacy and nation branding through the 2018 FIFA world cup event can achieve Russia's
national interest, which is to enhance and strengthen Russia's positive image in the eyes of
the world.
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II. Review on Research Literature

2.1 The 2018 FIFA World Cup hosted by Russia

Being a country that organizes and hosts a mega event as big as the FIFA World
Cup is a very prestigious thing related to the culture, politics, economy and social
significance of the event. Basically, holding the World Cup event has the potential to
regenerate the long-term tourism sector, improve infrastructure such as cities and stadiums
and as a host of course this event can be used as a medium to introduce the culture that is
owned by the host country itself. The 2018 World Cup is arguably the largest sporting event
in the world. The tournament, which was attended by 32 countries, is expected to have an
impact on Russia's image and economy. The economic impact of the tournament said the
boost to the country's GDP could reach between 26 billion and 30.8 billion over a period of
10 years from 2013 to 2023.. Besides tourism growth, massive spending for construction,
plus government investment. In fact, this report suggests the World Cup will encourage
Russians to exercise more, so they get less sick, a measure that will benefit Russia. Russia
itself was officially chosen to host the 21st World Cup in 2010. The tournament will be played
in 12 regions in Russia and will start on June 14 to July 15 2018. In addition, the World Cup
Russia will be the most expensive world cup ever held. The holding of the 2018 World Cup
really drove Russia's economic growth. No wonder that every year, FIFA member countries
compete to volunteer to host the World Cup. (Rofe, 2018)

But as we all know this will be quite risky for Russia if this tournament fails, because
this will be in the spotlight of the world. The election of Russia caused quite a lot of
controversy and rejection from various parties of the State, this was supported by the
political policies carried out by Russia which was notoriously aggressive. In addition, due to
accusations of corruption that are rife in Russia. In addition, geographical, economic, local
community and political factors are crucial aspects related to the world cup that will be held
in Russia. Basically, there are 2 things that become a concern or threat to the holding of the
world cup in Russia, namely terrorism and fanatical supporters or hooligans who worry about
various parties from Russia and other countries. Russian supporters are known as fanatical
supporters who tend to be rude and racist, so that the presence of England as a participant
in the World Cup is quite worrying because Britain is known as a country that is pro to LGBT.
Russia via email so as not to show their sexuality activities openly in Russia later. Under the
threat, the Russian Hoooligans, a group of fanatical football fans, threatened to kill the gay
and transgender Three Lions supporters who are competing for the World Cup next month.
This is quite normal to do because considering Russia is one of the countries that is
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considered intolerant in the world. Even though Russia had proclaimed same-sex interaction
in 1993, the public still did not side with the group. In 2017, it was ranked 48th out of 49
European countries in favor of LGBT rights. British and Russian tensions have indeed
spread to all levels of society, including experienced by football fans of each country.
Several years ago, British and Russian supports got into a bloody clash during Euro 2016
dubbed the "Battle of Marseille". The height of the tension came when the poisoning case of
former Russian military intelligence officer Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia in Salisbury
in early 2018. (Ludvigsen, Sport mega-events and security: the 2018 World Cup as an
extraordinarily securitized event, 2018)

And the last one is the threat of terrorism, at least in the last 2 years there has been a series
of terror that occurred in Russia. In the run-up to the 2018 World Cup, a suicide bombing in
St Petersburg left at least 15 people dead in December 2017. ISIS is reportedly behind the
incident. Not only that, in early April 2017, a bomb exploded at the St Petersburg
underground station, killing 16 people. Two years earlier, a Russian Air plane carrying 224
passengers was bombed by ISIS en route from Egypt to Russia. ISIS propaganda to
threaten to The attacks at the World Cup continued after they released a poster depicting a
man carrying a gun with a stadium background and the 2018 World Cup logo. They also
distributed several posters depicting the world's top players suffering. Apart from the threats
that arise ahead of the 2018 World Cup, FIFA as the World Cup organizer still believes that
the soccer party in Russia will take place safely. As a sign of Russia's seriousness in dealing
with and preventing terrorism and holiganism is to increase security and prevent potential
riots. The Russian police have tested the Fan ID system or the identity of each spectator at
the Confederations Cup and will be used during the World Cup. In addition, a special
foreign-language Moscow Police Division has been prepared to help disseminate information
to supporters about the rules while in Russia. (Ludvigsen, Sport mega-events and security:
the 2018 World Cup as an extraordinarily securitized event, 2018)

2.2 The impact on Russia’s national interest : Improving the image of the Russian
state with the use of Sport Diplomacy

Sport has a vital role as a means of diplomacy for peace and unity. Organizing multi-
branch sports activities such as the Olympics also has a significant impact on international
relations. However, to carry them out, a long-term framework is needed. This is what Russia
has done by using the World Cup as a medium. Sports Diplomacy Agenda itself As well as
representing diplomatic activities by the government, namely as a media effort to promote
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peace, form a good image for the State and form mutual understanding between countries to
become an alternative instrument in diplomacy. Specifically, sports diplomacy includes
diplomatic representation and activities carried out by sports people and supported by the
government. These activities are supported by the government directly or indirectly, because
in the dynamics of the diplomatic environment in the current era of globalization, the
existence of sports diplomacy offers an opportunity for the state and the public to show
another side of its superiority by using other means other than through its hard politics,
starting from holding cooperation in the field of sports, holding sports exchanges, providing
facilities for other actors to be involved in the sports diplomacy process to holding an
international level sporting event as a forum for building relationships and interactions with
other countries. (Judit & Heere, 2017)

As an illustration, reflecting on the many problems Russia had at that time, it is not wrong to
mention Russia using the 2018 World Cup as a way of their soft power in dismissing
stereotypes given by its opposing countries. The 4th annual grandest international football
competition saves a "cure" from the stereotypes of Russia at that time. The host country of
the World Cup can use it as a soft power, which is Sport Diplomacy as a tool by utilizing the
millions of fans contained therein. World Cup events also function as part of a cultural source
of a country's soft power, along with broader cultural exchanges (knowledge, language, arts)
between countries. Major sporting events attract the attention of billions of people around the
world and are the perfect platform to showcase their host countries, culture and image. (Grix
& Houlihan, 2014) Russia is sufficient to prepare the best facilities, maintain the safety of the
spectators who come and put its national interests in the 4-year grand event. In this way
Russia can not get rid of all the stereotypes directed at its country. Then everything will run
according to the existing mechanism.

And the last thing is that football has a role in shaping self-awareness of the Russian
national identity which will be seen by countries in the world through the FIFA world cup
event. Here the World Cup serves as a tool for a country to promote positive developments
such as culture, education, gender equality, economic and infrastructure development,
tourism, social integration, peace building and most importantly as a medium to improve
Russia's image in the eyes of the world. What needs to be underlined is that this event has
both long-term and short-term effects. In the short-term context, the construction of a new
stadium can give a positive image as a developed and developing country, in addition to the
economic sector, Russia can reap profits from ticket sales, stadium rental, etc. What is risky
is the long-term effect of infrastructure development such as a new stadium, if the
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government is unable to manage it, the building can be neglected, due to expensive
maintenance costs, and also if football in Russia is not experiencing development. This has
happened to South Africa and Brazil after the World Cup and many new stadiums were
abandoned. (Kochkurova & Tatiana, 2018)

III. Theoretical Framework

3.1 Conceptual Diagram

I.V.: The 2018 FIFA World Cup D.V.: The impact on Russia's
Tournament hosted by Russia national interests: Improving the
image of the Russian state with
the use of Sport Diplomacy

Relationship between IV and DV

 The cooperation between Russia and the FIFA organization using a sport
diplomacy approach
 The FIFA World Cup tournament as an application of the use of nation
branding for Russia

To explain the motives of Russian government policies, regional and global problems
caused by private activities in organizing the 2018 world cup in Russia, the author use at
least two frameworks of thought that both function as influencing instruments, which is the
use of sport diplomacy which is part of public diplomacy and nation branding which used by
Russia through organizing the world cup as a medium.

3.2 Conceptual Definition of Sport Diplomacy as a part of Public Diplomacy

According to Holsti, foreign policy in public diplomacy can be defined as an activity

that is designed and aims to change conditions or maintain objects within the scope of the
environment externally. Furthermore, in an effort to shape foreign policy, there are at least 2
factors that will influence it. Which is :

1. External factors: Consisting of the characteristics of the world economy, the policies
and actions of other actors, the international system structure and finally international
law and opinion.
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2. Internal factors: This has the effect from within the country, for example, such as
security and socio-economic needs, national attributes of the country, geographical
and topographic characteristics, public opinion, ethical considerations, bureaucracy,
etc. (Shaltout, 2018)

Foreign policy itself is designed to increase and further the goals from within the state
or domestically, for example, such as advancing security, economic welfare, autonomy
and many more. In achieving these goals and national interests, various media and
means are used as tools that can be reflected by foreign policy. Diplomacy itself briefly
has the meaning of being an instrument used by international actors, especially a
country with its goal of implementing its foreign policy. (Siniver, 2020) Furthermore,
public diplomacy itself is interpreted as a process of government communication to the
foreign public which aims to provide an understanding of the country, attitudes,
institutions, culture, national interests, and policies taken by the country. In addition, the
impacts include the political, economic, social, and in its implementation, no longer
monopolized by the government. (Gurgu, 2016) In addition, Jan Mellisen defines public
diplomacy as an attempt to influence other people or organizations outside his country in
a positive way so as to change the way that person perceives a country. Based on all
these definitions, it can be said that public diplomacy functions to achieve and improve
the interest of the state by providing information, understanding and influencing the
foreign public. Therefore, public diplomacy is one of the soft power instruments
(Melissen, 2005)

Sports diplomacy is part of public diplomacy. According to NYE, there are 3 factors
that come from public diplomacy. Which is :

1. Daily communication: Namely by involving explanations related to foreign and

domestic decisions and policies. As is known in the internet era with the flood of
information, this factor is very important in order to explain the government's
position and emphasize especially in preparation for a crisis where
communication that has been intensified by the government is expected to be the
main one compared to the content that appears contrary to the values of the
state.
2. Strategic communication: That is by developing a simple theme, for example
like those in political events and advertising. The use of this kampamye is aimed
at launching symbolic events, and thematic communication at certain events
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each year with the hope that it can define the brand from the main theme and
also improve certain policies that have been made by the government.
3. Building long-term relationships: The point is that relations are formed through
relationships with respected figures in a country, then the implementation takes
the form of seminars, training, exchanges, conferences, access to media and
through scholarships.. (JR, 2005)

In short, according to Victor Peppard and James Riordan sports diplomacy can be
interpreted as a sport that functions as a tool for politics, but with consequences it can
worsen diplomatic relations between one country and another. Sports diplomacy is also
defined as a medium for conducting relations on an international scale through a competition
or tournament with an international scope where the overall relationship is with the countries
concerned. (Padhi, 2016)

Here a major sporting event such as the world cup which basically accommodates many
foreign and local visitors can have an impact on the country's relations with the foreign public
on a scale that is difficult to reach even a diplomat. The fact is that sports, especially football,
have a big influence, such as the number of participants and their appeal to the wider public.
Therefore, a government like Russia tries to affiliate and pay attention to themselves in big
events such as the 2018 world cup, popular figures and teams (strong countries such as
Germany, Spain, etc.) to raise the position and improve the image of the country of Russia in
the eyes of the world. As a reference, at least Alexander Laverty gave three ways of
diplomacy using sport as a tool. The first is through freezing or boycotting sports
competitions between national teams, this can occur as an attempt to reject the policies of
an organization or regime. The second is popular dislike which is implemented by rioting or
violence in sporting events that display anti-nationalistic feelings originating from political or
sporting motives. This often occurs through the form of celebrations for football players, such
as celebrating with Nazi salutes, etc. The latter is the use of sporting victories as a means of
conducting propaganda with political regimes (Laverty, 2010)

3.2.1 Operational Definition of Sports Diplomacy

In measuring the role of sports diplomacy in the 2018 World Cup sports mega event in
Russia, the author uses 6 principles of using sports diplomacy to support foreign policy and
achieve the national interest of the Russian state through sport diplomacy. These 6
principles are written based on a journal entitled Sport Diplomacy: A Review of How Sports
Can Be Used to Improve International Relationships written by Judit Trunkos and Bob
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Heere. Which is the principle in sports diplomacy which is part of the stages of organizing a
large mega event such as the world cup as the implementation of sports diplomacy by a
country (Russia) (Trunkos & Heere, 2017)

1) providing an unofficial reason and location for international leaders to meet

and begin a dialogue : By holding major sporting events, it can increase the
diplomatic contribution with positive and wide-reaching effects, especially if they host
a sporting event. For example, like the FIFA world cup event in Russia in 2018,
football, which is actually the most popular sport in the world, certainly attracts the
attention of world leaders, especially if their country also participates in the
tournament. Many national leaders who watch live to see world athletes and their
national team will have the opportunity to engage in discussions with leaders of other
countries. There are also meetings between the leaders of the country that are
official and unofficial, the discussion is not always about official issues or serious
problems
2) providing insights into the host country and educating others about it: As a
host country, it is appropriate to give a positive impression to the whole world
watching, especially for those who come to watch directly (foreign tourists / country
leaders), therefore almost all countries who become the host will clean up, show the
development of a country, such as technological developments, tourist attractions,
show the country's culture, improve infrastructure etc. This is intended to provide a
positive image
3) bridging cultural and linguistic differences among nations and seeking
common ground through sports : The point is, on the basis that the audience
already knows the rules in the tournament event, then as the host it will bridge the
differences in language and culture between the host country and the audience and
actors from other countries involved in the event. The example is the use of language
when it is broadcast live, to overcome this, a translator is usually used.
4) creating a platform for new trade agreements or legislation : An example of its
implementation is by providing easier visa requirements and the authority to withhold
visas for parties involved in the event and committing crimes or problems.
5) creating awareness for the international relationship through sport
ambassadors : Individual athletes, sports teams and events can become icons or
sports ambassadors representing a country. As sports ambassadors, the perpetrator
does not have any affiliation with the government, and as an illustration to give a
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positive impression and convey a message, sports ambassadors can talk such as
through achievements, connecting with fellow sportsmen from different countries, etc.
6) creating a legacy for the host country, improving its image in the world : For
small countries, large sporting events are an opportunity to increase a positive image
abroad, the way is by holding successful events, namely with organizations and
institutions that are competent to organize, besides showing the country's culture,
depicting the geographical beauty of the country also giving an impression positive
for the visitors. An example is the organizers of the tour de france in France, when it
was broadcast live on TV the video was taken and the route of its organization
passed through historical places in France, through castles, musse de luvre etc. It is
intended to be able to attract the attention of the audience and also provide a positive
image in the eyes of the world

3.3 Conceptual Definition of Nation Branding

The country's reputation influences every interaction with the outside world. In the
context of trade, investment and tourism, a country's reputation affects how citizens are
treated when they go abroad to study, work or do business. If the government can improve a
country's reputation, at least it means the government is doing a great service to its citizens.
Therefore, it is the duty of every government to work to develop the image of its country
abroad. In the global market, the reputation of the country of origin is increasingly important
especially when people have the perception that all products are the same. If in the business
world, more and more companies are increasingly aware of the importance of a company's
reputation to achieve business goals and remain competitive, in matters of state
management that should be the same.

The journal article written by Acha-Anyi Paul Nkemngu in the Journal of Tourism and
Hospitality with the title The 2010 Fifa World Cup as Sustainable Tourism: A Community
Perspective shows the fact that in recent years, major events such as the FIFA World Cup
2018 in Russia or often referred to as "mega events" are a tourist attraction. The organizers
of major events and their sponsors work closely with the host country to showcase their
tourism excellence. In addition to increasing pride and morale as citizens, tourism has
become a new economic driver after the event took place. The economic value of organizing
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major events for the local economy is usually abundant, especially in the areas of
employment, new investment, advertising to a global audience and so on. It is therefore not
surprising that the economic benefits derived from hosting “mega events” are usually the
main factor posed for garnering public support and investing huge costs in hosting “mega
events”. (Nkemngu, 2012) Tourism can be understood as a description of the level of
interest of potential tourists to visit a country either through natural tourism or man-made
tourist attractions. Tourism branding is usually carried out through advertisements in various
media carried out by the government and tourism industry associations, such as through
advertisements at strategic points, tour buses abroad, or through certain activities held by
the local government. Basically, the tourism industry benefits greatly from a strong country
brand. Tourism is currently also considered to be one of the fastest growing global industries
and one of the most important industries in the world

According to Simon Anholt in a journal entitled Beyond the Nation Brand: The Role of Image
and Identity In International Relations, the use of this strategic Nation branding has the aim
of promoting a positive nation image for the country and the people, to build a country's
brand identity, to attract tourists, to increase product exports, as well as increase foreign
direct investment. Aanholt added that national branding is a way to form perceptions of a
certain target group of people through 6 aspects, namely: tourism, exports, society,
government, culture and cultural heritage, as well as investment and immigration. (Anholt,
U.K Foreign Office Public Diplomacy Board, 2014) In addition, if a country wants to build an
image enhancement internationally it must concentrate more on product development and
marketing rather than pursuing a branding tag that is limited to names, symbols, designs.

3.3.1 Operational Definition of Nation Branding

In accordance with the interests of the Russian government, namely by using nation
branding in an effort to improve a positive image through the holding of the 2018 world cup
in Russia. Based on Keith Dinnie's statement in the book Nation Branding (Concept, Issue
and Practice), there are 6 strategic elements in the use of nation branding. (Dinnie, 2016)

1) Nation brand advertising : in general this is like running a campaign through

advertising, this can be done if a country has an excess budget
2) Nation brand ambassadors : The point is that the government employs and has
brand ambassadors to provide real faces, promote and become icons of their
activities and products. So as an ambassador brand, it is appropriate to understand
the brand, be knowledgeable about the company, and have the ability to
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communicate, and communicate the company's brand value effectively so that it can
be accepted by the general public.
3) The naming of nation brands : Changing or giving a brand name is often
interpreted as a strong symbolic event of a country, for example, such as
independence day, freedom from former colonial rule, etc.
4) Nation brand tracking studies : The point is that it can be used to determine
various aspects of the performance of a national brand
5) Customer and citizen relationship management : Its implementation is in a way
that the government needs to respond to and engage with its citizens just as
companies do with their customers. Therefore, the government needs to
communicate and also understand the needs of its citizens.
6) Diaspora mobilization : With the diaspora that is spread throughout the world, it will
provide a lot of potential and assets for a country. This is supported by the diaspora
which can be used as a tool to build the reputation capacity of the diaspora network
so that it provides an opportunity to build a positive brand image of the country.

3.4 Relationship between Sport Diplomacy and Nation Branding

In this research, the writer will use the concept of sports diplomacy in answering research
questions. In connecting IV and DV, the author will use the concept of sports diplomacy
stated by Victor Peppard and James Riordan in a journal entitled Sport diplomacy: South
Africa and FIFA 2010, the statement contains that sports diplomacy is defined as a means of
conducting international and domestic relations and with international scope in which the
overall relationship is with the country concerned and involved. (Padhi, 2016) This is made
clear by the involvement of FIFA as the football organization that oversees and is
responsible for country elections and the 2018 world cup, in line with that the 2018 world cup
for Russia can also be said to be Russia's nation branding effort. As is known, according to
Anholt, in his view, the nation brandung is actually only a metaphor of how effective
countries compete with each other to get the most favorable perceptions, it is related to
governance, tourism, inspiration and investment, culture, heritage, exports and organizing
major events. like the world cup With Russia being chosen as the host of the 2018 world cup
in 2010, Russia made many improvements such as infrastructure improvements, introducing
culture, improving stadiums, creating new jobs, promoting culture etc. (Anholt, Beyond the
Nation Brand : The Role of Image and Identity in International Relations, 2013) So that in the
measurement the writer will use this figure to see how the 2018 world cup event can
increase a positive image for Russia in the eyes of the world.
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3.5 Scope and Limitation of Study

The object of research is Russia, which hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup and
Russia's use of nation branding with the world cup as its medium. This research was limited
to before and after Russia held the World Cup in Russia. In which Russia is set to host the
FIFA World Cup in 2010. This research was carried out in the period 2010 to 2020. The time
limit was chosen based on the consideration of the start of the discourse on the 2018 FIFA
World Cup Russia until the preparations made after being appointed as the host of this
grand event.

IV. Research Methodology

In the case of the 2018 world cup organized by Russia, there is a flow on how this
research finds the data and also how valid the data in this research is, there are several
steps to find the data and also the sources of the data in this research . This research uses
Qualitative method and using secondary data because of the validation and also more
complete. This writing will use a qualitative descriptive narrative approach, where the writer
is the main instrument for data collection and data processing or analysis, and focuses
heavily on the process and meaning of the event under study. By using qualitative methods,
writing can be done through three main stages, namely data collection, data processing and
report writing.

1. Data collection
In the data collection stage, the writer determines the limits of the data to be
used in writing and selects the data that has been collected in accordance with the
limits that have been made to be able to answer writing questions. In data collection,
the techniques that will be used are literature review and documentation with
document studies that will be carried out from primary data sources and secondary
data. Official documents as primary sources will be obtained through official websites
of organizations and governments related to the topic of writing. This document can.
These include reports, press releases, reports from governments or international
institutions and statements that have a link between the study and the issue under
study
2. Data processing
In processing the data there are three stages that will be carried out by the
author, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. At the
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data reduction stage, the author will collect some of the information and data that has
been generated at the time of data entry and then reduced to a category or pattern in
a certain scheme. In the process of presenting the data, the writer will use narrative
text by presenting descriptive analytic dstasecaa. Finally, the writer will draw
conclusions from the previously found data which are expected to answer the
questions in the problem formulation.
3. Report writing
In this stage, the authors present the data and conclusions obtained in writing
into a complete writing report. In general, the author will provide his report in the
introductory chapters, a description of the situation posed in the problem, analysis of
the answers in the cases raised into the problem, and conclusions. The writing report
itself will change changes along with the emergence of data or information that is
cdentered into the writing by the author.

Bibliography
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