Chemical Grammar English for MCAT/CA/CSS SALMAN UL WAHEED Teacher/ Teacher Trainer/ Author/ Director PhD Scholar English Linguistics (FUUAST LHR) ROE eben Teteg (ea h tT) Lecturer English Govt. Degree College CS Shaheed Chairman Multan Sufi'ist Council ee Ree eONR CET ean Aa St)Lina Grmar Nowe [contents | CONTENTS Anatomy of the MCAT Paper { Section 1: Sentence (usage of one word affecting the other) LL Grammar and Sentence Comporents 1.2 Subject-Verb Agreement. 1.3 Word-Word combinations 1.4 Tense- Tense Combinations —________— 45 Construction Mistakes ———_________ 1.5 Run-on Sentences. 17 Repetition 18 Redundancy 19 Collocation. z 1.10 Single Word Choice = 4.11 parallelism é Section 2: Parts of S 21 Noun. a2 Pronoun 23 Adie 24 Atte 25 Verb. 25.1 Active Voice 2.5.2 17 Rules for First Yaar students 25.3 Passive Voice 25.4 Narration (Direct & Incirect Speeches) 26 Advero 2.7 Prepasiion 3 | section 3: Vocabulary § | Seetian ds Short: tated Uneabuiary Section 5: Sentence Completion =a M Hassan Sabir |(Section 1 82) Section 1 Section 2 Modern Grammar Classical Grammar More concemed with the communicative approach. ___Aset of elessical rules __ Bases its studies on the sentence synthesis 1 Parts of Soeech *~ 1. Phrase and Clause~ 2 Tenses 241 Active Voice | 2.2 Passive Voice | 3 Components of a Sentence | 3 Narration 2 Subject and Predicate™~ | a Functional Types ofa Senterce 3.1 Direct Narration 3.2 Indirect Nerration 4 Punctuation 5 Structural Types ofa Sentence | [babs — ALPHAGETS: > WORDS > SENTENCE > CLAUSE [eine ee eee GPU PHRASE CLAUSE 1. Collection of words 1. Collection of words 2. Incomplete meaning 2. Meaningful 2. No FINITE Verb (No Tense) 3. One FINITE Verb = one clause 4, Either Subject OR Predicate 4. Have ‘Subject ‘AND’ Predicate’ both EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: Inthe sky | sawa bird in the shy, Going to schoo! Ali was going to school. Ablue bird A blue bird flies in the air Kick the bucket His uncle kicked the bucket last year Gane Tete SUBJECT PREDICATE 4. Noun/ Pronoun about. which we inform 1, Information about the Subject 2, ANoun Phrase 2. AVerb Phrase EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: 1. Bilal killed a stake. 1. He rides a bicycle. 2, Avery brilliant student topped in the class. 2. The people ran fast. 3. The nation of Pakistan daydreams all the time. 3, He playsin the park 4. i the morning, on the grass runs arasshiopoer 4, On the top floor ves Al M Hassan Sabir(ane s C aa 2. verb 3. Object 4. Complement 5. Adverbial a ad | a, Predicate Subject- word Subjectattribute (Essential) (Non-essential] Quaid-s-Azam, — theereatest leader of the muslims fought a.warof logic with the British Ra SUBJECT WORD (SW){Essential component) SUBJECT ATTRIBUTES (SA) (NON-ESSENTIAL) The word about which Verb spazks; therefore, Words appearing as qualities of subject-word directs $-V agreement, You cannot erase a subject-word, PRE MODIFIERS POST MODIFIERS EXAMPLES 1. Bilal killed 2 snake. (Only SW ‘Bilal’, No SA) 2, Avery brilliant student of intermediate topped the exam SW= STUDENT SA=A very brilliant (PRE MODIFIER) of Intermediate (POST MODIFIER) 3, The nation of Pakistan daydreams all the time. 4. Acool breeze of the spring ameliorates life. Play elayed paved | | Eat ate eaten rr Enjcyerioyeenjjed|_Tatetootalen a ee finefined ines _ Buyout bought pase at els M Hassan Sair (MAIN VERB (MY) a uae ik wc be) (Recular Verbs | sepals ) 00 {do, does, die} {Nerbed) (Verb + other morpheme)_ (Has [Has, have, had) —— lean set Receive ofthe action target ofthe ect on (Nun Phaseluse| Direct Object (00) nis what the verb is being done to. sparct object answers the question "what?" or"“wheri?* ize hi a (What dae repr?) ented Mary 1 the prt. (Wham edhe inte?) se Quaid fought nar of loge (fought what?) Indirect Object (10) An ind ret objects the recipient ofthe direct object Anindrect ject arsners the question "wo who? “forwhom?’, “tr what?" They sent him posted. He bought his son a bike EET Ee ell Awordfahrase/cleuse that exeeses'the manner, ‘lace ane time’ the ver I rT sd ‘Adverbials of manner ‘Adverbials of Place Adverbials of Time st/ very fast, Inthe park. Inthe morning, ina besvttu sve ‘On theroted00% Dally everyday althe time tht Beith ; va wh i da Brave in a rave manne ut ofthe sounary ay before ester. | a —— Advetbialsof manner | Aduerbles of Time Mic3 itin a minal ‘ulti Nora ei) | atari ane te ke andpam gtothesane bo ils inslenee, (verb prvase) Do not wait fr the ast joe. tales lace avery da, ils ke amonk mectates. (verbal louse vest yee 5 ‘Adyerbial of Place | used to nor€ na fieshvdant factory. You cot parkanrmere near the place (Opera ie when 2 guy gets st2bbed in the back and, instead of bleeding, he sing. uraore aroun of words the comoletes a ramet cal censtntion (vp 9 nano an et! The hse sal, ‘They elated ber president =—— ‘Subject Complement Object Complement Verb Complement Folows/modtes/efers to adivect object. Aver rcmplementisa direct Followsa linking verb and We poorced him treasure or indec object of verb uaifiesthe subject. Ther sited the hous whit. (Discussed ete) | have aflowerin my hard Theytheugtt himaninterestingspeaken, -«Hegwemea present, Aelceris huge body fie. sent Arshad ets. The travelers became sleepy. Summary: These three initial pages are just | like blood in the arteries of Grammar. The points discussed ‘on page 4,5 and 6 impart the reader the basic knowledge of sentence synthesis. This brief chunk of knowledge guides the learner all the way to understanc grammar as a whole, Two very essential components Subject-word and Verb are the minimal requirements to compase one dause. Subiect-word anc Verb are the minimal requirements ta compose one clause. NMCATIANS tnow you are ready to pick the rules that bind one word/ phrase with another within a sentence. Ina sentence the usage of one word influences the usage of another word. section No. 1 covers ail such possibilities of influence. Subject Verb Agreement being the most prominent example of suc influences is given on the next page. Hassan SabirS1+and+$2 First Subject They live/-Jives- in this city. He has/-have knitted @ sweater. Usman was/.were taking his medicine in the morning. The people of the caves. -was-/ were making tools. The teacher with his students is/are traveling to the north. The blessings of God boost /-boosts our confidence S(N/P) Vv +0 (N/P) Singular Subject YS1+o0f+52+V+0 jingularVerb Plural Subject = Plural Verb Rules: $1 + and + 2 1. S1+and + S24 Verb Plural (Bilal and Ali were studying English under a tree) 2. S1+and +$2+ Verb Singular (If S1 and $2 refer to the same object / concept) (a) Time and tide waits for none. (B) Honor and glory is his reward. (C) My friend and benefactor is dead. 3, A/an/the + adj + and + adj +S (singular) + Verb Singular. (Awhite and red cow is /.are grazing.) 4, Afan/the + adj +and + a/an/the +adj + S (singular) + Verb plural. (Awhite and a red cowis/ are graring.) 5, Each + S1+and + every + $2 + Verb SINGULAR, (Each boy and every gir! is present] First Subject=5> tmp (When Singularity and Plurality of the verb is declared by the First Subject) 6, (Ilk of + $2 + V+0 [The teacher alone with his students is here.)(|as well as he am a doctor) IFS1 and 82 are joined by: off as well s/ together with, and not, but not, besides, with, jn addition to, except, like, along with; Consider 51 For the adjustment of verb. Exomples: Al; like his brothers quarrels / quacral all the time. ‘My friend and not his relat wes wece./ was coming to the ceremony, Al) the students excapt mewas/ were protesting, M Hassan Sapavn Grea Acces ETE SS Second Subject™=2>Verb (when singularty and Pluralty of the verb is declared by the Second Subject) r+ $i +nor 59 HV +0 “Vefther Ahmed nor his parents was / were present. Nelthar the directors ror the chairman is/are interested in this plan 8, Either *S1 4 or #52:V + 0 (Either his friends or Ahmed was /avere present) 5. Not only + $1 + but also.+$2+\+ 0 (Not only Ahmed but also his parents was/ were present.) 10. $1 +.0:+ 82+ Verb (Ahmed or Zahra has/ravelost ner/thier notebook, (Ahmed or hs friends lost thelr books] FRACTION of Something: 1. halfofthe 2. Quarter of S.Heapof____¢. Heaps of S.Therest of 6 Mostof_ 7, Alotoi/lotsof 8. Somecf__ Exanples: — (a) Halfof the plete isematy (b) Half ofthe plates are ematy, (c} Aquarter of tis fresh/ A quarterof them are fresh, (0) There isheap oftime before the olan erives. (2) oto sugar has been sold Second Subject —— Second Subject —_—_—_c_clrs; 11, (No +any + some + every] + (body + one ¢ where + thing) 16 words e.g No hody, No one 16+ (each + either + neither) = 13 words With these 19 words SINGULAR VERB is used (Each of the boys is oresent) Anybody whe comes onte the stage will get a chance ta win a return ticket to the UK. Nothing costs higher than the wastage of imo, 12, Plural Compound Noun referring toa particular quantity fs considered SINGULAR. {2}Four years was/were a long time. (b) Sixty quintals aofis 2 huge weight. (C Fifty rupees is/are not a large amount. (2) Fifteen minutes are/is allowed to each speaker F.3tees wrinihes oxte veammding 13, Relative Pronoun follows its Antecedent in agreeing to ts verb (singular or plural) {e) Yasicwho is my brother willhelp you. (b) Lio am at your service should not be ignored. 14, Oneof the/ None of the + Noun Plural + Verb Singular (One ofthe boys is/are absent) [Name of the candidates is present. 15, Onecof the + Noun Plural + who Verb plural (Hels cne of the boys whos/ are absent.) Ge ofthe stientists who study culture is coming here. 16. Only +One of the + Noun Plural + who + Verb plural (eis only one ofthe boys who is absent) | am only ont ofthe residents who protests 17, A number of/ A majority oft plural + Verb Plural, (e) Anumber of studentsis/ are out ofthe campus. (b) A majority of workers were /-was been paid on Fridays, 18, The number off The majority of + N plural + Verb Singular. {a) The number of students is/ete rising in the college, (6) The majority ofthe students has/have paid thelr fee. 19, The vast/ great majority + Verb Plural. (al The vast majority of candidates has/have arrived (b) The great number of seopleefare joining us. 20, The two third/ 50% majority pf + Verb Singular (al The one third majority of candidates has/Have arr ved (0) The 60% majority of my town ate/is Christian, One of the] peteceded 2 Wolde sellin ora ee hit dae seme uoun utc ic We outan Qohodive Pioveur > Winch, whe show ole, Shel uo Hasse SAR active eowwn =M Hassan Sapir ‘21. Following phrases + Noun Plural + Verb SINGULAR A bond of Achain of ‘Arange of I A galaxy of ‘Aseries of ‘Ateam of Aherd of Abewy ofiftock) Astop | Acrowd of Aregiment of flock of Aclass of A batch of Fist of band of singers has parformed well Aregiment of solders was fighting against the enemy 22. Agteat many + N Plural + Verb Plural + plural possessive ‘A great many solders hae / have participated inthe wars to please thelr gods. AA great many miscreants were /-wasrrested with weapons in their hands. 23, Many a +N Singular + Verb Singular Singular possessive. ‘Many a soldier has Phave met his death, Many 2 student is /sre-getting rid of old methods of cramming, 24, Clear Reference: istand Al were ging cn the road where he saw an accident. INCORRECT (he 8 confusing pronoun} Bilal and Ali wore going on the road where, ilof/ Alf they/ the latter the former saw an accident 25. 1n the sense of income, salary or finance the words Wages and Means are PLURAL. (a) His wages are low. — (b) His means of income ars poor 26, Wages + Singular verb [if taken a reward or outcome of something) (a) Wages ofsin isha. (b) Wages of his life long struggle is inspired by sagaclyBlue! OUISE Tenet) or Fm going to buy either a camera or @ DVD player with this money, aa _— He sin afxelther to stay orto leave Neither Nor Trelther brew nor cared what had happened to him. _ Their house is neither big nor small. Raisin Gita Trent only treats wel but aso behaves wel wih is pveRTS Ilice im net eniy because of his wistom but also because of his patience. To Too fe negative sentence] He s too weak to walk This question seems too dffcuitto solve, Such AS ‘They lke such pecple as are hones. / He prefers such books as are: casy Ast Adj 8 He sas tall as | am. / This lower ses beautiful asthe floner in your hand Rather Than Think Ft have a Gold Grnk rather than coffe Why edt you ak for help, rather than tring to dc ton your ann? | Weutd rather | Than ‘She would rather ie than five a speech | I would rather drive car than riding bicycle 2nd degree Than He is wiser that his brother / You are more inteligant than him. The 3rd Degree This 6 the biggest shop in our colony. Russia has the longest rail ack knowin 25 Trans Siberian track, Not But {didn't come to tke lunch, but | am hare to ask you about your health Both Between Both the baggers divided alms between themselves, all Among All the baggars dived alms amang themselves. whether OF He seemed undecided whether to go or Stay Frm going whether yu lite it ar not “Though she pave no sign yet wos sare she had recognized me Timer Athoigh [Yet ‘Though I'm aocr my heat is ful of sympathy forthe bind. ‘Aithough the sun was shining, 't wasnt very warm [Aithough the sun was shining yeti wasn’ ory warm. Other Than ‘don't know any Afghan other than you. | have never known him to behave other than selfishly Nouther Than ‘No other manis more powerful than my father No other anim is more ferocious than a tiger. Then any Other He is taller than any other boy ofthe class ‘This car is more expensive than any other car inthis exhitition, Any +N Other than He Fas any ability other than camming. ‘This carpenter can develop wood into ary design other than screwing. Nesooner Than No sooner had] avived atthe station than the tran came. (1eame first and the train arrived right after me) No sooner hac closed my ayes than | fell sleep. No sooner dé we hear the nose than we rushed to the spot. No sooner ic put the phone down than it ang again, Hardly When Hardly had I reeched the station when the train came. Searcely When Scarcely had | eached the station when the train arrived. —, ‘As son a5 \arrved atthe station the train came. ‘As soon as she finished one project she started working onthe next, M Hassan Sabirshay seam os Docoants Timea Me EL Word IC Combination Word Asif/Asthough | Were She walks asf she warea super moc, (Past Subjunct Ml were a great cardiologist! (Present wish) I would nap tne por if were aking (Present wish) Asif / Asthough | had been Tir had been a king, | would have helped the poor. (Past ‘nish) He speaks as though he had been a scalar. (Subjanct ve) NOE Ine Ahaoughs | 4 yen He walks walhecas if he had been a king. (Susjunctive) Thesame That ‘This the same book that ! lost in the ark during the game. Lest should + V1 ‘Workchard est you should fll He doesn't dare eave the hotel lest he shouldbe recognized if If he runs fast, he will win the race, 1. Asifords though + past subjunctive (Wegeneralyuse'asif for comparisons! The verb ater ASIF i ahwaysin the past subjunctive, no matter of what tense the sentences ASIF HI He spends money as ithe owned a bank. He looks as fhe knew the answer He acted asf he owned everything around m2, b, Ifthe vetb BE directly follows AS IF, we use were! fr all personal pronouns. She walks as if she were a super model. He boarded the alrplane as if he were a seasoned traveler, Jim acts asif he were important. sim acts as though he were important. 2. Lest to avoid the risk of forthe fear that) Lest + subjunctive mood He spent whole cays in his room, weering headphienes lest he disturb anyone, ‘She is ordered to stay at home for three months, lest sne suffer a relapse Lest! means "for the fear that" and is followed by should + V1. He doesn't dare leave the hotel lest he should be recognized. He didn't dare leave the hotel lest he should be recognized ‘Work hard lest you should fail. M Hassan aT _Mann iene Recounts yy SF AT ArT (For and atest option: Present indeinive + Future definite) (a) Two actions happened at the same time in| Ea the past: Past indefinite + Past indefinite) Time ended as soon | finished writing (b) Two actions; One in Far Past other in Near Past Past Perfect + Past indefinite rescectively Hela killed the snake when reached. 3. Past Use: would] should/ could/ might DON'T USE: wil, Shall, Can, May He played well, so newit/ would win. You said you-ean/ could investigate this matter The combination can be used only for comparison He was lawyer, uthe has charged his jb. I gave him more candies than | give you. Re AL ifSentences: a _ (BETS Tesi ehell if + Present Indefinite, + Future Indefinite (will/ shall + V1) If he runs fast, he will win the race. This painting will win the first prize if the jury remains disinterested. Eset corsa if + Past Indefinite, + Future Indefinite (would + V1) Ifhe ran fest, he would win the race. He would complete this work if you paid him well. Thirdconcitional If + Past Perfect, + Future Perfect (would have + V3) If he had run fast, he would heve won. @izera.conditionall Zero Conditional is used when the result of the condition is always True “iF+ Present Tense, + Present Indefinite IF you put iron in the air it rusts |F unemployment is rising, people tend to stay in their present jobs. assan Sabie M Hassanif + were (Clause 1), Subject + would + V1(Clause 2) Ihe were a hardworking student, ne would pass the exam. if + had been (Clause 1), Subject + would have +V3 (Clause 2) If he had been a hardworking stucent, he would have 02s5ad the exam. a. Past Perfect + when/ before + Past Indefinite The train had gone before/ when the passengers arived atthe station. b. Past Continuous + when/ before + Past Indefinite He was playing when | saw him. «. Future Perfect Tense + when/ before Present Incefinite The patient willhave died before/ when the doctor arrives ae Tenens \While | wes working on my assignment, | performed beyand my capacty. 4, Comparison : (Past + Present) ‘a. Clause 1 Past Tense + than + Clause 2 Present Indefinite He gave me more books than he gives you: {saved mare money for this Eid than | usually do. b. Two actions in two different time frames with a sense of comparison: Clause 1 Past + Clause 2 Present |). Anmad graduated rom Oxford University, and now he is working with his father in Karachi i), Pakistan faced a number of problems at the time of independence, but unfortunately few of them are still unresolved FS) i @ Hasentence starts wth Whefany wore, HY comes before the subject. Formula: Wh-family ward + HV + Subject + Ver + Object Examoles: Where are you coming from? How did you purchase this car? ©) survwt-fomiy word comesin between wo clauses, HY comes ater the subject, Formula: — Wh-famly word + Subject + H¥ + Verb + Object Exomples: He inquired where twas coming frem. Iwas a great surprise how you purchased this car only after six months of your job, CONSTRUCTION MISTAKES M Hassan Sabirhays iermar Aces Fs Gels Wet slareas aces ‘Methods to combine two independent clauses in a compound sentence: PrOprese TPR Tncoreeck rristeke ‘Sateguard-protection | ewinnovation taal mrornymous stranger | Advance reservations | Fake nisctatement ‘Cooperate teaether Riseup Fidded borus | ~atternatve— ‘Transitive (vt) cin ver ties Obit ie, wom, pe, wots, Have PASSIVE FORM ACTION Ven -” Oso? Vester acrons Eat, drink stay, bir, lock, Speat, listen Teen Gee aN ete) MV-+ An action still to happen LINKING VERB/<.cargyyoras, tha Stitt nition All Helping Verbs/ turn seem grow took eel prove appear Remain, smell, taste Intransitive (u.1) er ake. go. ste, wun NO PASSIVE VOICE py understand, ike, love, hate, want, need, prefer, ind, own, agree, sound Imagine, hear, disagree, satisfy, coubthelieve, guess, mean, think (Aun ark dess0 (een) MV-+An action already in progress He wanted to purchase a ear tHe enjoyed going there ‘aree, dee, hesitate, need refuse, appear, demand, hope, | Admit delay. ish permit est, vba, dany ford, ey, saree, deer Ira, tena expect, | Pedpone, sume, pore, detest gt threugh, praia cy] [sere reer di marge eed ek, | Riki, it spn thal enn aay Eonar aeumwin pore racer ropa dtek [eal sept coma, ape reper ete B \, [ewe foes sar a arange bea Conse, exes, mis, Secu, regret, mention, kee Approve of, nsist on, keep on, count on, lock forward to, Dont mind objeto ert abou, thnk abo, et hough [fritter eoedat interested in e 1 : > ia e & oe i waste / were to +¥ (Intention + pas: recommendation) 2 re. 1am to accomalish this tack ‘ar | _____23 "ylpe crt Section 2 Section 3 PTO 2. Has tof Have to will have to + VI "Have to” is used to express certainty, necessity ard obligation, Examples; This answer has to be correct. CERTAINTY. The soup hast be sired continuously to aravent burning. NECESSITY They have te leave e2y, OBLIGATION 3. Goingto / About to / used to+ VI (tis about to rain/ He used to smoke/ The program is going ta start) 4. Exception for ‘used to’: be + used to + Ving (He is used to smoking) (He used to smoke), 5 Wouldather-+VI (would rather drvethe tap) wewhdh sethess obyr2 oem 5, Had better+ V1 | You had better check the schedule) 7, Can't help but + VI (an't help kt wonder) &. Can't helo + Ving You cant help siting) 9, Look forward to + Ving (We look forwrd to seeing you t 9:002.m) 10. He never has and never will take such bold steps. INCORRECT LL. He has never taken and will never take such bold steps. CORRECT 12. Dynamic Verb is followed by Dynamic Preposttion, in/into On/ onto { There is 2 bock on the table) (| placed a book onto tha table) Write five sentences in English Translate five sentences into English 13. | want that you should meet him, INCORRECT 14. I want you to meet him. CORRECT 15, Following verbs are NOT followed by any preposition especially TO’. Pony in achive voice Request, love , hate, tell, question, rare, reach, resemble, attack, obey, ask, order, ray es SRN Senkouce Ae yaieack, GehRng Yen aes CS cores bere subyecy CUERiD Feeachee Stenees i : Inversion means putting the verb before the subjec.Itisa literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed, generally for emahasisor special effect. it makes a sentence sound striking or unusual. It also sounds quite Formal, Sentences with inversion are less common in ordinary Englsh.n a sentence with no special effect or emphasis, the normal order of words is retained Example 1: | have never seen such a beautiful rose, ‘Example 2: Never have | seen such a beautiful rose In evample 2, inversion is used to emphasize the fact that in your whole lifetime you have not seen such a beautiful rose. (nee ee es © Under no circumstances can we accept credit cards. © Inno way can he be held responsible. © Ata time did she say she would come. ‘© Notuntif| heard my neme did | believe | had won the race. (Een aes © Round the comer came the postman. © Onthe doorstep was a bunch of flowers. Hassan Sabira Arn ceomens necouns Te © Seldom have | seen such a beautiful view. © Rarely did he pay anyone a compliment. © Never had | felt o happy. © Little did he imagine how dangerous it would be, ECAC eee ee eMC ns eels neem & Hardly had | begun to speak when | was interrupted, 4 Scarcely had we started our meal when the phone reng. 4 Nosoaner had | arrived than they ll started to argue. EE © Only after the meeting did | realize the importance of the subject. Only when the plane landed safely did he calm down. Not only was the car slow, it was also very uncomfortable. In conditional sentences we ean sometimes replace the ‘if with an inversion: © Had | knovin its difficulty level, | would never have enrolled. WELT ene @ Here comes the winner! @ There goes all our money! Section 3 (For unreal stuatlon/ nfulflled cesre/ Incomplete hope/ wish} Sentence Clause 1 Conjunction ‘Clause 2 (that clause) He said That ‘Ahmed went to study in the college. He insisted. That Ahmed go to study in the college, Section 4 ‘$+ (demand, recommend, desire, request, insist, require, profer, suggest, propose, urge) that +5+Vi+ Object The doctor suggested that he not smoke, Big bed Wok + Cau | recommended that the vote be secret ballot, crud |tis essential that you be honest Besa It's important that he be cured Cree x Wage ake wrgoe hdles make wave Gut Kelp Causetive verbs express an action which is caused to happen. in other words, when | have something done for me I cause it te happen. tn other words, | do not actually do anything, but ask someone else todo for me, This s the sense of causative verbs. ‘The English verbs let, make, have, get, end help are called causative verbs because they cause something else to happen Example: My hair was cut. (Passive) Vhad my hair cut. (Causative) Section 4, THAVE-4 PERSON 4 VERB (base form) HAVE + THING + VERB (WN) ‘Subject + Get + THING + VERE (1) Subject + Get + PERSON + 70 + VERB) Subject ~ HELP + PERSON + TO ~ VERE (|| Subject + HEL? + PERSON + VERB (| HELP The tencher mado the udnis say afer ess, SIE Tay TST VO PRCATIO TNC apHOTRTTETT The businessman had is secretary make coves of the reper. rs ig cur hance parted Ws wooed on going to eve my hele et tomorrow, Biol had his teeth whstened; hssmile looks great ET The Fuse pated Bat wee My anele goths ca” repaired yesterday Tow can we get a the employees to arive en time? | could never get him to wesh the dishes! He Falped ie 3 ary EHS Her brother 2laaysFelps her todo the aun Tie elped me cary the Doves. Her brother always Delps he do the land. seemed 7 \sfamfare ‘Was/ were Been HELPING VERBS Modals (AV= always VI) |—wit |—shall |__Woul <2. Request As the Second form of wind shal «. Probability, Presuppasition 4. Woulé that (An imaginary situatic | —should advice suggestion |_rust_ (Religious Obigation) |_—ught to (ttoralobligcton) |_—tay/ ight a.Permission 4. Pr5y bPosilty © Doubt Wish | —canj could 2.Ablity Capacity Hassan Sabir= NW aac cian oleeta eZ CEN CONES ‘The active and passive quality of the sentence depends upon the rale of doer in the sentence, The sentence would be active if the following two qualities appear. 2). Active Voice means thatthe Doer is active’, and the doer (at any place) cannot be kicked out of the sentence. b]. Doer may come in the start and essentially become es the subject of the sentence, j Aran fast during the annual sports inthe groune. Think of removing ‘A from this sentence] During the years, Pakistan has struggled for peace in Asia {Tink of removing “Pakistan' from this sentence] Inactive voice you cannot get rid of the doe” For the easy understanding of the students following five stens are important Memeo ‘The function of a ‘tense’ isto tell us the TIME of action. SREENELSZamE (and the nomenclature of tenses) Time (3 phases) [ = I 1 ; Present Past Future | ‘We have four aspects of the varb for each time phase. Aspect L T T Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous [DEREAEEITSINNNN" active voice we have twelve tenses. (1 Time phase + 1 Aspect) PRESENT PAST FUTURE Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future Indefinite Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous ; Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect : Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous1 Gere A050 fia coalsofearner i, To cram the Sentence Structure of each tense (for grammatical evaluations) ii, Toconvert his ideas into English (for composition) i. Indirect Method |Thought into Urdu into English) ji, Direct Method (Thought into English) oi Language Learner (you) —D&t 5 Target anguage (Enaish) S77 Mother Language |ML) i. Identification (the action you want to talk about resembles to which tense) ji, Sentence Structure 5 V O To fuffil the basic function ofa tense (to add time into action) you need to amend only ‘verb! with two ways v 0 Mv Main Verb) (Fors) Primary [> it em singe) co (te, as) (i, stl oaldet) second Far Fast) Wert “ie (a ne) Gore For Prasert Partie) Golng Youare to leern for each tense which HV and what form of the verb is to be used. Ir some Tenses you merely change the form, In some you put only Hv, In some you make both the changes. Ii, Conversion (After identifying and knowing the SS, do the conversion either; a). Thovet into English (Direct) '), Urdu into English Indirect) [present ndetini =! Ma action + Universal truth) Sandesh a Doer + V [s/es) + Obj. .l'sfes wit He, 4 |\PeSmTIve ‘They create jobs forall. He entertains the public as an arts, Doer + dof does + not t Vero 1st + Ob). 2: ae ‘go ror learn my lesson. She does not inspire the spectators. ‘Do/ does ++ Verb Ist = Ooj+? 3 | INTERROGATIVE: Does my hat look good? M HassarSabir - ~barman recone OS mi Rom ame mr enone ees era nas 1| Positive ( The action being continue with the present) Cave a scr ueatUie iunese\ yes 2| NeGarive Itis raining outside, Doe Blow (e+ not + Ving + Od). This manis not creating problems for us, 3 | INTERROGATIVE Isfam/are + doer+ Ving + Objr? ‘Am Looking for a new ides? Saisie yas AZT {The action has just completed) Gay hye sorrel co-ed ase WL 4 | EOSIN: The untrymen hao harvested the cops Doer + has/havet not + Vard~ Obj. 2) LSEGATINE ‘haven't told anyone else yet. Has/ have~ doer+V3rd+ Obj +? 3 | INTERROGATIVE | i155 he achieved his goals? SHE 1} Posmive SUL] (The action started in the past and beir carried out in the present) SENTENCE STRUCTURE WITH EXAMPLE He has bean riding a bicycle since morning 2| NEGATIVE ‘Doer + has/ have + not been + Ving+ Obj + since/for + Time Period. The patient has not been taking the pills for five days. 3] INTERROGATIVE Has/ havet coer +been + Ving+ Obj + since/for + Time Period +? Have the cricketers been playing a test match since Monday? Fast Inciefinite’ Bexar # SENTENCE TYPE 1] Posmive Ses 1e whether the action belonged to near past or far past) SENTENCE STRUCTURE WITHIEKAMPLE Quaid » Azam graduated in law from Lincoln Inn in London. # | NEGATIVE Doer + did + not + Verb Ist + Obj. Wecidnottringourtooksonwelcomepary, | 3 | interrocarive | Did+S+ Verb Ist+ Obj? Did they investigate the matter? ea ly MHassagggabir.SENTENCE TYPE POSITIVE Sata tie enn Ugh Doer+ was/ were + Ving * Obj. {is raining outside NEGATIVE oer + was/ weret not Ving> OD). The administration was pursuing its ennuel goals INTERROGATIVE Was/weret doer + Ving Obj? Were the people abrogating law? (The action completed in the past) # ‘SENTENCE TYPE NTENCESTRUCTURE PFA ots Door = had + V3rd= Obj. i| post ili My neighbors had whitewashed their home before | suggested. 7 Re Door = had + not + VSrd> Obj ‘The pedestrians had damaged the footpath since it was oaved in 1965. 3 [ INTERROGATIVE Had doer #V3rd* Obj? Had you taken tea before the guests arrived? Fates # SENTENCE TYPE 1 | Posmmive (The action started in the past and was continue in the Fast) a uaya=cn atl waipaa,chilgl ‘oer + had + been + Ving* Obj + sincef‘or + Time Period. He had been living in Multan since 1988. 2] NEGATIVE Boer + had + not tbeen + Ving> Obj + sinca/for + Time Period, The nation had not been showing interest in politics for many decades. 3 | INTERROGATIVE Had doer +been + Ving+ Obj + since/for + Time Period +? Had the camel been eating debris since night? SENTENCE TYPE clue whether the action would happen near in the future or fer in the future) FUTURETENSES: S51 escent eh Mar. 1| posmive I shall ry my best to get the highest marks. Doer + will shall + not + + Obj. 2 [SEGRE ‘The local community will not concentrate on health and care issues. 3 | INTERROGATIVE Will/shall +5 + Verb Ist + Obj? Will you return to home in an hour?lena crn Assn BENTENCE TYPE # “Dorr + will shall + be +Ving + Obj. “The country willbe orogressing leaps and bounds. Doer F will shall+ not +he + Ving + Ob. My partiality wll not be affecting the selection of the Will/shall+ doer +be+Ving + 0b)? 3 | INTERROGATIVE | ch we he managing such a large gathering? POSITIVE 2| NEGATIVE seni lity of the completion of action in the future) aie inlse init (EUEEEIEDG] (Probe haver V3rd* 4) POSTIVE matiten will hve developed into a benchmark for other nations ‘Does + will/ shall + not #have + V3rd* Obj | NESAINE The concept of harmony wil have brought the pean together Will? shall = doer +! have +V3rdt “Obj +? 3 | INTERROGATIVE | Shai j have completed my dve task on time? HB (The action started in the past and would continue in the future) Sethe less eterno =n Man seeUl ae 4\| pOskWe Doer + will/ shall + have + heen-+Ving+ bj + since/for + Time Period. He will have been fshing since Bam. You will have been waiting far more than two hours. Doer + will/ shall+not+ haver been + Ving* Obj + since/for + TP. Students will na: have been waiting for the result, He will not have been exercising so hard. ‘Will/ shall+ have+ doer +been + Vina+ Obj + since/for + TP+? Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane sinally arrives? ow long will you have been studying when you graduate? 2) NEGATIVE 3] INTERROGATIVE SINCE/ FOR Since: used with the point in time: Clock time: 9:00 p.m,, 7°0 clock, Quarter to ten, ete. Phases of a day: morning, evening, noon, night, ete. Days of a weeks Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, ete. Months ofa year: June, luly, August, ete Years of a century: 1995 A.D, 2005 CE, 1438 A.H, 10000 B.C, etc. Definite century or age: 15th century, 20th century, The Renaissance For: used with the period intime. For S hours For many days For seven months etc., ete, M Hassari@ebirshen cman recur ATO SATS MOTE UOT Te TD Year English Objective Par N ve My very dear First yaar students of the whole country! These tiwo pages have been added especially for you to achieve {five cut of five marks of tense evaluation CQs in the Objective paper. In all the board-exams of Intermediate Part J in Pokistan, nothing comes beyond these 17 rules. Prepare them well under the kind guidance of your teacher. Whenever yousee 'il ina sentence get conscious and consider the ‘ollowing rules (1 to 5}: If Present Indefinite, + Future Indefinite (will/ shall + V1) if he runs fast, he will win the race. | shall not come ifit rains. een) I=Past Indefinite, + Future Indefinite (would + V1) fhe ran fast, he would win the race. I+ Past Perfect, + Future Perfect (would have + V3), if he had run fast, he would have won, Zerc conditional i used when the result of the condition is always True If + Present Tense, + Present indefinite \F you putiron in the ai, trusts. If unemployment is rising, people tend to stay in their present jos, ‘If As if/ As though/ Would that’ are followed by 'were' for present wish. \Woul that | were & awyer if he were aking, he woule help the poor She walks as if she were a super model RUM e ee Crm erry aate ERSTE Sy He always speaks the truth, | play football daily. He seldom visits the doctor. | go to theatre quite often. Pema me Pe Ae Slow and steady wins the race. ‘The sun rises in the east. Bilal studies with the help of his brother, MELE ae He has not completed his assignment yet. | have not reached the station yet Hassan Sabtr- Ea —CPUS EVE CU He came to meet me yesterday. Last year he completed his graduation, | visited this place ten years ago. He died two days ago. TESTS ee ee ees ‘Work hard lest you should fail Walk slowly lest you should tremble. Toa RETA a sul pst aie He has been ill for to weels. They had been ploughing in the field since Monday. SRV He will come to my village next month. He will return to his native after two years. DON'T USE: Will, Shall, Can, May with past fxomple: ‘He ploughed the field so that he may get gocd crop. INCORRECT He ploughed the field so that he might get good crop. CORRECT | considered that he ean bring chang2 in his schedule. INCORRECT | considered that he could bring change in his schedule. CORRECT ancy Ea Past Perfect + when/ before + Past Indefinite The train had gone before/ when the passerigers arrived atthe station. ‘The patient had died when/ before the doctor arrived. While +Past Continuous, + Past indefinite White | was doing my assignment, | saw him in the library. RMR ee Formula 1: No soaner + past indefinite + than + past indefinite Example: Nosooner did | reach the station than the train arrived. No sooner did we hear the noise than we rushed to :he spot. MECN eee Mu nn Formula2: No sooner past perfect + than + past indefinite ‘Example: No sooner had | reached the station than the train arrived. No sooner had we heard the noise than we rushed to the spot. 7] [itienon cnet Ali will have completed his task till Monday. | shall have finalized my mission by the time you return, M Hassagg@sabirmr Psy (e)te The sentence would be passive if the following two qualities appear a, Passive voice means that ‘the Doeris passive’, and thedoer (at any place) can be kicked ut of the sentence. ', "The receiver of the action’ preferably becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence. © Dor may come in the end and essentially becomes the prepositional object, Example 1: Ali played a cricket match during the annual sports in the ground. ‘The sentence is Active because you don't find any of the three qualities given above, fxample 2: A cricket match was played by Ali during the annual sports in the ground. The sentence is Passive because you find all cf the three qualities given above, Example 3: Acricket match was played during the annual sports in the ground. Removing the doer from the sentence provides us the flexibility to hide the coer in so many cases of daily language use, and the same i the reason for the existence of passive voice. Example 4: He stole my purse. ‘The voice of the sentence is Active. A direct olame may spoil personal relations Example S: My purse was stolen. The voice ofthe sentence is Passive and the doer has been kicked out of the sentence to maintain sobriety. This impersonaiity trait becomas the rain motif behind the pessive voice constructions of any language. A direct blame may be avoldee to maintain personal relations, ntify whether the sentence is Active or Passive. It's none other than vero which helps you identify the voice. Example 1: He goes to school by bus. ‘active Voice Present indefinite / doer inthe stat/ "by 2s an eye catcher Example2: The dog was kicked by a stranger. Passive Voice Past Inde‘nte/ the receiver ofthe action i the subject of this sentence, Here Was is followed by the third form. in Active Voice we know “was' is followed by the present participle Verb Forth form | Example 3: On the grass was running a grasshopper. ‘Active Voice Past continuous [even though the doer isin the end). t's only the verb which identifies the sentence as AV or PY, 'M Hassan SabirIdentify the object of the AV sentence ; Example 2: | bought a book. (Object =a book) Object Is always @ noun OF 8 Pronoun ise noun phrase siosoeh Example 2: He has generated a new philosophy (Object = @ new philosophy) [EERE] Bring that object (the receiver of the action) in tho start (In PV sentence this noun phrase will become the new subject) Example 1: A book was bought by me. Example 2: Anew obilosaphy has been created by him. Apply suitable form of be! (be, is, am, are, was, were, been) Apply Verb 3rd form ‘Add preposition ‘by’ or 'with'(by' for the doer/ ‘with’ Example; A dog was beaten by him. A dog wes beaten with a stick. for instrument) SSE «Add the objective case of the dor Example 1: He kills a snake, (Doer + verb + obj) 1, Objof the AV=A snake 2. HVzis 3, Ver’ 3rd form = killed 4, Preposition= by 5. Agent/ doer= him Asnakeis killed by him, (Receiver of the action + hv+ Vill + by + doer) Example 2: He killed a snake. (Doer + verb + abj) L. Objof the AV =The snake 2. HV=was 3. Verb 3rd form : 5 d }. Preposition= by » Agent/ doer= him A snake was killed by him, (Receiver of the action + hy + Vill + by + doer) From the above examples its clear that four out of five changes are constant while @ student needs to focus on only one change which is change No. 2 addition of Helping Verb as basic condition of PV. The salection of HV in PV depends unon the tense ofthe AV, so one musttate it? account the tense of AV in first look, Te below given table correlatas the AV with fs PY- M Hassar-Sabir