DIFPinttion of Reseach => Reseaich 15 defined ot Systematic approach towards purpaseful investigation - ft aluayt begeulns with a quettions of & problem Rts purpose fg te Find amswer to quahon thetegh the application method » This necel Ramleting. a b hypothesis, colleuton of data on velevart, yoriable , and analysing and Pnterpresting jhe esults and veaching conclusfons ether | tn the form of a Selutfon of a certain generalisation. researcher who diff inquiry thed obilices of Sys femattc and Serenbifiec There ce many fen vesedich - Grinnell => veseatch hs a shwetured | acceptable cotengebre methodology + that is generally applicable - Solve, problems anol recede hea krowsed ge Francis Bacon > Reseatch fs a power of Sus pending Judgernes wlth patience, oP edited tng with pleasure , of scone with caution of correk-bing with readiness and of arranging though with scrupudeus plan: Ghanacteristics of teed Reseauich - five chonacten'stres Oom- mnathmaticod preciso o - — obgeativity vi- vest Fiability I~ Tmpatiolity n and Accuracy = Sepeoktness ~ A ecor cing, 4o B. W. Tukmann (7) - - Systematic be a logicol 7 - &m piriced . - — pedwetive - — Peplicable % Transm/Hable . ‘Scanned with CamScanner=> PREGUENCY. DISTRIBUTION, => When observations, discsede of single cheractenish'e 6 become necesseuly to without losing any in A better way may be decending order: Culeulatisn+ Quest: data ALE rt fres# we eonany the conden EME, ae, Co nbinous, ere auellable “on a Py lange no: of Prdividuals . often i+ ce the data a4 fas a4 possible fo enpress-td we A Bi BH aay oo formation of Paterest- Jhe date in ascending or and used tally marie method data In ascending form © in Most les fealty movtls, Total Frequancy HAWS E qne 19 do v7 ar ay iw ' t ' ' un t Ht 3 t 4 4 4 = 1 3 ee 3 — pep ‘Scanned with CamScanner Ud IIIS pred. f. a pp rppprprraverrry=> Histogram => Tn dloiausing phe “histogram of a given tontinue a ; Frequency dighuibuion we Fick mark off oberg, “ aes ciao ee clay intervals on a Sultable scale. on do the fr inteorals erect veedangles with bey height proportional equency of the corresponding clase interval So thot femeres : ; the claus of the veelangle fs pooperttonad to the Frequency of => ! => Frequency Pe 49°? pe equal doasinbervals the ore polygon can be obtained by oinming the mickdle points of the upper Sides of dhe adyarents xectangles of dhe histo gram by means of strafght lines. ‘Scanned wth CamScannerae eases of Central tend ene 4 Set 0 © Anithmetic Mean Asiithmatic mean of cbseraton tna Gum clivided by the no. of observadions- tb ts demoted by % and n= hoof observattfon eee) when frequancy 7S given a 2. nw = € firm Gus | fi J # SISSSSSSSIII. rene # Jn case of grouped oF Zontinuous Frequency disinibub’on, ye is taken as the yor mid- value . Quest. Calevlate the anrthmatic mean moth, | mid valve | frequency a 2 {x (f) = ore |S 2 | be = ve ys ua 290 i Bo-30 | as oI | as = etc oe ao a > ee as Uke wer Sebo | ss 330 loo 2B00 x Properties =~ Ms Zhu D sum of squares of cleviations of & A Set of valve i'¢ minfmum when taken hom mean if oo = 9G [® Cannot be useel when cheubing with loo qualitative date 26 I AfPeoteed by emtreme vale oper tiilliddd , ‘Scanned with CamScannerSK Shortout method => % = at < tus d= nx-aA A =) Assumed mean Guest Calculate mean by Shortcut method (ee eden [aard fidi o-3 | 4 | -24 6 =142 @-1b 1m -16 + - ye 1¢-24| 20 ae 16 -128 94-30 ° wa . 32-40| 36 8 1S 120 40-40] 44 | 16 + [ez ese pols 218 = 200 A | Fe | H = 28 + l-200) +F = 26 - 2e0 V4 ='20- 2-60 eee ‘Scanned with CamScanner+ Median = 7 The median by definilion refers fo the micelle. Uoloe mn a claibubion. TA Coe of meclian one-half of dhe fLems in dhe cist bulion have o value the Ste of the Median ucdue OF simillant and one- hedf have co uctl'e Gre of the median value of fostger- When odd ho. Medltan(M) = Size of NEL wn item [i Sortel & when data In even | M = Strq of Nth item + Size of NH th item © a *® for lontineus sesies [group eo! clot m =L + Neth g L = Lower lintt of the median class GF = Gumulatve Frequeney of the clags preceding, the Median class $ = Simple Prequency of the median class. Lo = the cel clacs interval of the median class Qua- Codeulate mealtan mort o-lo lo-Bo . 3e-bo Go-Go Ga -q0 Nov of Student s Is Se 8 2 Soludton — moth No, of student(f) oP o-Jo s c Jo-30 Is @® bo ~80 6 Se Ge -90 2 a 60 ‘Scanned with CamScannermig. vale = Mee a 8 De = Med- = Bo + 32°_— Be 30 Bo = so tle * Mede => mode or the model volve in @ Sesttes of obsecvalton which ocours with dhe qrectee Frequency - for continues Serf m= Et hick xi 25,-fo fa. L = lower [nat of medal cow $, = freqweny of the prodel Clow fo > frequen} oh the precery, model oloH a frequent of the succeeting. mroelel Class M = S® 43. x18 Qt? ‘Scanned with CamScannerCalculation of Geometyic mean => m@ 2B EVE SOA Gn = feos Me # Hotmonte mean Hem = Maasurmene of variah’on ., rR ory => LS Coffterents of Ran L-S" J i b+ Fo tequattile tans G3-- & G0 = O&- 4 a Cofficrent of 8.9 = Os-Or . 4 + 8, * Mean deviation < of mechan © ta wie Oo mo = 2[x- med ‘Scanned with CamScannerSh * STAvp acy pevi ATION, => J'¥on by kant pearson in 1993+ teak VS most important and widely used mea measure of studying. vartiatron + TH ts a measuse. of how much “spaced” or uarlabidtty I's presed~ "nthe Sample. Sf all the no, th the Semple ane very close fo each ofher, the Stendaro devicdion is close fe 200. Th the no. evte well disepersed, the Sp will fend t be lange - —_ so fe) = [ER N Vanianee veonane = © = \vanianc # calculat’on of Stendarel detaboh @ Devletton taken fom fictual mean we calclate Sd without taking deviations 6 = [et ev «= [en* (a FREE ors [a @® deviations taken from Assumed mean _ [za (£4) e aa. (4) “er ad =(x-A) 2K Reation blw measures of yortiation - Gb = 5 SD mo = 4 Sb a ‘Scanned with CamScanner2 yrs ferdau, «5 Plalidosn x 1e0 CM = A sharma, a) John mo PSlam, MN Hossain miefsiqnm + PR pry een myn Awrer ‘Scanned with CamScanneroThi's technique fs used when muldipul sample taser are volved . This tat emamin the signiFicand (signiPieance) oF the tiff brence amongst’ more than typ Sample mean ok the same time - The nova technique 1s important in the Content of AN those situation where we want fo Compare more then +u0 populatans such ad fn comparing tht qied oP CMP Fem several veritis of Seeds, the Smoking habit of tive group of university Stud ent Vortiance 3 1s an important staked measure and Is cleersubet of the mean of +he Squares of deviahons taken From dhe mean of giver secret of data. £4 is a Prequersy Frequently used of vantation ts Squaner moot hs krawn co SO SP = variance w Estimate of populaton vaniance. bas ed on blu) sample Estimote 0" pepulo ten F= Estimate of population variance bewedl on within sam. dor Qual + bre prochreton lala 7 7 poh oF | ary of whenF i lanol ‘Scanned with CamScannerPu- neta wes ef 2 Totel sum of tredlment aul sw PH SAD BITE EH OIIEN = Be 1d. a1 of wb LLL ke ae oa oe F } c nn c ~ uu Tiss = 242+ 2% + 16 _ Zoo P’ qe — = = > flrss = Bl = 7 = S| eros = 32-9 =/d4 a “| source of wwvane) dqrefice | wprss| SS) Prato | feeb | F cul - | . + | gdweensampte [EV-G-Y2/ @ atl thie Je.og | se " | witht Sample | (h-v) (12-3) 7 | 2 G- [29-2644 VS 9 e The above talae show thet |$he cal Cainc| Ts he TS \leb femme then ae e £ Job (4.16) fel €Y level] hecuwe fitere | tao hi: Jn | neil hypovh|ss | $2 ‘ Hee hypotsi |S net - vlyeutael I , . = ‘Scanned with CamScannerQues Seuss a — 3 Pertbzer } 6 s a y 2 3 = ay 7 2 | oe ne Ki3 be3, rea Gf = og alpssisea tse assests H oy il = 200 Cf = 300 ‘ Tss = B6r2s¢osperprr 41679 47 tg ebb toatl = of = 332 - 300 TS = 322 Tess = 20 +00" 100" 356 - = 308 -3a bss = Uy +(e)? 40402)”. S00 3 a 318-300 bss = 4: @ Ess 2 TSS - Trss — bss z- 32-6 -i6 nl ‘Scanned with CamScannerso [we 1 143 neye ket) TAT bee 49-904 20 419-19 721418 +19 tie pia tio $IR# ets? peg tie th Ie ef = > _[as + = ee 2 $924 ~ nade awn nee encore e aes ee gg pe 2p 19 Hd Tss < sty 23t4re>pa0r-d19? HIF 2418 Boom =) 27] Trss = (esteer+ GV HES a a Tiss 4S , ‘ pss = (88 1@U* +09" 4 #3) - S14 : ‘ ae ‘Scanned wth CamScannerRe Ss tty 1 cer seo ef 4 UG ONS AIR GG of 1 339- — fun = MOE SOLE 27. 8924 : lari - 8- EOS te = Sd 97-5 - $929 ESS =z ¢Rot Sov | dof 3s coon F eed Be [¥v- 3 Ww ae |p FN 498 Bie ler | 4eS [iss Wss > 9 OS 4% bo Mrrcg 23] + oF » ey Jap=? | tar flere ean 6 | ros | gar ‘Scanned with CamScannerRegression Analysts, [ Francis Galton] a The Statice! tool with help of which we ate i ce pasitfon to estimate Cos prectat) dhe unknouln valve of one vorttable Pom cc vatiable 1's called regression. Known clue of -vettites of anothe with the hefp of regression aneilysts , finel cut dhe cg probetble change In one vosttable gi amount of change, in another: a a # jn linear segre sston equation = Y= our bx7 we arte (na positron to ver a Certain ot ange ative correlakion feat paibive of perfeat neg when thee Is either pel regression lines w biw the feo vasuable , the 10 {Il Coincide - we will have one dine x The farther the tw? regression Iines ane Pam each ait - dd the nearer $C Jesser ic the dlegree of correlalfor an ; = | d the bigher & wae legee® o -~ regration Hine +0 enth other, Correlation - _— fndependent . © fg nero and the lines f & Th tre vartable one ! lepe ; repression ote. at ght angle! » -_ - - Regyession equation of Y on™ ~ Yoo +b” ma nvldipdied! by & - ~ Zy =Na 4 b2x - paulipubiedl by x - . o ° * 9 e Zuy = 26x rhe] ¥ ‘Scanned with CamScanneras 6 | 1" yy ony xe at by bx = Rlaytbey O éey eazy tbsyr 0 Yaa +bx Zyenatbex oxq> txt bse @D aa =25a + igth BBB =axnw + buss [eset isi = 26] 68 = Kadssh os = Sat lsh ” a oad @ 4 2 Sad Berg =e Satish = oo Sq = 2 - 19.7 Sat ssb = 88 a -S$e hiss jfa + §Sb = BF 7 lob = UY eq" yon & = Yo pty b3X yom fsithmatte mean of xandy => Yeutatton tekken F (n -%) Y-F = byy bye = 2a 4 ‘Scanned with CamScannerDeviation taken from assumed mean Deviation taken fom assumed mean Regration equation of Kony’. @-¥)> bey Y-D) where = Nédedy — Zeke Ech NEdy — (Edy)™ Pedration eq” of yon = ly-G) = byw cx-) where bye = NEdedy ~ Eck Sal NEdy> - Edn)” Reg raHon coefficients BS ieee eae by, The regression coefficient of #0” Y The wegvession tofficient of y or Propecties of the Regression Coefficients Properes OO T =f xy byy . istribution, = : d Frequency Dis i i in Bivatiake Crovpt => Regression equation In bay = NEP — Efe Zhe) x Néfa> — (Zfdy)™ , W = width of the class - inferval of the X vasiable k= = width of dass - intecud of the y varlable i buy = _NEbdoly — ZF che Efely K NEF de — (£fdhe)™ h ss o ~ oo o oe ° * ® 4 ‘Scanned with CamScannerTime Senies Analysis servation ethen modhynerti cell + Gime _ of o variable 4 at tima 4 — is a ser af ob od specified series A time sesties goservels - Himes, usually ot " equal is defimecl by qhe valles rth ~~ Thus y is @ fonation of £, Ex- 1f we observe production , sles, imports. er the lost S or lo yeu the set of 2 time Sesies. Thus + in the analy sis ‘uetor beGo use the vi month eee, dey eke, at diff. point of observed fon formed of time series ime, Soy ov aniabie is related Shall lonstitet dime fg the most important f do time which may be. e'ther yeu Role of time seoties Anclysis =F ® Lt helps tn the understanding of poss: behavior ®t helps tin planning folure operetions (@ Tk helps in evelucding current accemplishmert ® rt fecit! facilites lompatisem- ‘Scanned wth CamScanner> Vebiclite, > aeenea i | and iedjadics a YS the meet nitical ceeat eniterion whet thre the oleguce to which an tnStrmenh measures is the ead Supposecl to meature. In other worels, vablolity mieater sett to whuch olifferences found +Hred= with ow + "0 inthument refleak true oliff among those betty Three supe of valioly tn tv's Connection ON eee Comperion ~ related velility -relakes te our ability #2 ae come or exhmete tne existence of Some curred’ Condi'ben form of yallel'ty rePleaks the cuccess of measures uses for Some empirical sabimodig. purpose: © tonstrvet vobiclity => predrot Some > Rellabibity 3 The tet of reliabraity ts another important ted of sourdl mmeasurmemed. G meus unr ~ cep humedt oF ord table iP it provides conedteat cesults . Qirowte measuny tnstrumenth dow toninibste te valiol’hy , bub reliable 1 “ume heed nok be a valid inswment - vebrabity " nok os validity , bub it is easier to assess wellability I comparishn +o valiliFYy To aspeet of seliabidity viz. stab\bty Spectall mention - The stability aupeek toncemes with sequen’ tonsistank results with repeeties) meesurarenr of dhe came sarne inskeumet peek Conslolert how much error me] geh s of ath sample of the perk pe vhe equivalence 5 to Compare dheip observalan and equivalence oleserve’ person and with The equivalence as, tWrelueee by clierent” Nnver Hgator item being Stuelieol* A good wary 12 sf measurment by te inverrigetors | of dew Same ever. ~ ~ « a « 4 ‘Scanned with CamScannerUW os ; N = : wet Likert seodes- Likert seale, of S x eveloped by utilizing the Mem analysy wach dees ge » alo alysit @pprocch wherein co b jan Them re evnbiatee! Inthe bouts of how well 14 diseotiminad: sniminate Jw those. person whase, fotal Score Is Wgls and those whass: bere ‘ chore low. These Hems of statements thad bub meet dhis short of- Aisenimincdtion feud are ynclde! in dhe Final ingbrumend- malt FeequeunHy used Sormated Secles tn the study of Socied atliteda fotlewe the pattern divice! by d'kent Th ; a Liltert Scele , tee regporelent iis agked to responol to ‘wn of: the statement in term of Sevecal degree, gsunlly five cleqoe.e. ck Vi “4 e [but cb Hine Sor 7 may oso be sel] of greene or oltc ay reenneal ++ ion Shongly Agree. wndlecicled —_—_—_—; res pee VY disagree “Strongly Alsty ree ZF Expeoments And sueveys we Ccolleats potimany deta, curing He course of doing pesecteh . an expestiment refers fo an Inveshigation os estiable under teak IS isolates! ahd is effecats mes gevor measures dhe effects of con expeoiments experiment which a factor ureel. Pn cm experi ert: The inves which he condwets trtentionslly « in coye we do seseaich o} Jher Sample sueveyS oF censu wobservalion or f the. desconiptive type aHand Howewer, 5 surveys > pesPormorm surveys, whe yirnevty deta eijher Jhsough than we can obtain py tion with respondents. in.one fo heough chireedt Communtecs 6 yheough petsonal interviews . Tr ov survey. she Tnveghgetor extn which egigk tn the cniverse independent of Wie a blu an expesitinent ancl a survey Con be depicted as under am or cunother alions these phenomene thor » The divference. ‘Scanned with CamScannervom ee eee eevlon tr, * ‘end — . S very poputant The term ‘seculay trend’ of Simply “Hrencl ” US: We often, on ed doy to day Converscebion: fer exemple hed the populog’on, pone, production ee Os easonal vortabt tations wmovemends i'n Suef) = Sentonal von'utfon art eoenperioste Ueur ustness cxtcdiuit' : ond) haw . a whith -oceura regulanky eve Since & their ontgin ih by Hetty » these vortubton x " fey ie nature of yee Tiself Com be pyechicteal Fai pe ctreg. rete of 12 months Hey Th rly cee urabely. he Foetor taut A © obimade tase Season voarations D wrather ConcliHons Coustems, Ereseliton: @& Ss and habits D Cyclical vaniaton > : The + a oom oe wefers fo the vecutte . ty lout longer than ce yeat anol regular. ome # tucle hor tn length: re @ Teregulen_ vowehons s refer to Such venation in business achuity ince clefinite pedterns ™ faut the cedbyory tabion tS reelly infancteel to inctuclt clk thos. cuecoud ies Por trend, bb nk vest'cdion in-time senes neither In lost voriietion repeat uior vom vether than yctical rroverne| Treg which de hot fabetledl TG tgee of vearalon for the frend, seasonal easyer ert oF dime Sedu Graphite method» and ¢ ® Method of Mi Oo freehand or precluction of suget Yeon productioh of Ssugat ~~ Cs ° ¢ e ‘ ‘ quest 7 Ne Tae & on 4 a2 ub 98 aw nr 94 y : ao of ‘Scanned with CamScannerED be Sy . s * Re Zo with . cludes sLivicled Intwe pad ©® Methecl of Semi- Averages (a shis method eludes ane eli quel nos of Yeo) ye: Yyeont Sale of finn | Aug. of thes“ 199% ver 1o2 los} 1 3 98 | los | = let 99 | a 2000 | IIo ot | ig log +16 PID ie on fan , IE 63) te Method of leek squaies > This methedl oP leak Squats canbe either to Pit co steaightbine trent or & parabolic. trend. The Steaight line vend vis repeetteel by Y= ot bx | En order fo cletermine the value of the constant cv end b phe Fo tours, too hotmal egechon ar fo be. Solves! ‘Scanned with CamScannerfy= Na +b 2x -@ Emy = ase e bane -@ So tht Ex <0 in © eq" éy= Na a = zy N Em =o In Ww eg” Exy = bene bo = 2ny . ax 89) sean | a>) y Lr eas Me lq9@ | y-3 q| @ |-24 | @& et 99 | 4-2 +10 |-'8° | Zo et 200 | $y Ulan | -92 hs a8 ob ke ° oo lds |, | 8 ae (e™ | og 2 7 w Oo lon 99 | 196 -| see faq or PB A qe | 298 |e Lae x2 B fer oe [54-90] 556 eo | 4, at bx Ye 0 + cee Lee 25 vo Ui = Vos 2¥-3 = 84 a= ¢€y _ = 90 | We > Te t2%-2 - 06 anes Ys = Jot2x-1 = 68 Ups lop eke = Jo S = WUpAt - I : be Ft > Ye = dotrer = x > Se Ye -dopexe 7 It L 4 2 wtres = ‘Scanned with CamScannerProclvet b> ot (Hee) dey Up = eu thy O £4 =Nat bex te = ba t+ Sb O xy = awh bex® 126 = Ba +195 ey" ba O & G2 Vetaxt = 98 ee fd |x] te 4 to [2 | ! 3 13 ° te ° ' at 21 + fo ee it Be | 40 Ze fue | 126 = Y= at bx gatsb SatlIb + 36 (. cq +306 2005, x would be #4. pulting. the ¥ =4 in eq” = Nt = 126 = 114 282 £y = va t be Nas 6a + 3% 3948 s]o2-TH ba = ‘Scanned with CamScannerJe = wtbee Y= 1perqtaqeax-2 = 4.108 Ss IFrorg + 3-943K-1 = 13-066 4a UA-0r9g + 3:943XO = 1}. 02% My SU 027 + 369434) 5 20-THD Ys. VA 029 + 2 9F3N2 = 24-15 Ge = 19-024 +3-94¢3N% = 28.880 %@ ay ee ok Song » year 4 Second degree a Y= atin tox™{ eee oO zy = Natbsx + ceu> D ony cagwtbeur+ cen? ASwrtbsnd ¢ CLxE @D axry when gx g zx? =o " ‘Scanned with CamScannera= 2y—-Cz£x™ N boa Zxy Ext C= Naxty ~zyhey NExb — (Zye)> => Confidence Limits for popeledtion mean — A + 6. [Nan Me TR Inod = 200g, = be 62.00 ey, Iss a Doo. 146 ute > hoot TA NI2g a 3 treet 4 = 62t4 ® =) 6200 aS xX 196 = 6/5) Hence the 45% Conficlence linits are GMI to 6244 N S00 % = 450 6 =e 2. 2 98% ‘Scanned with CamScanner(0 Wr 2% [en TOSSA Fret ASe + 2.32 X1So y (Sooo = Sad Het 35.95 20 22-33 = 48) 30% He - 2-33 she [Fe wie Jy > FI .69¢ = tonfilence Limits for population proportion Pepuladion perpcion = pt 2, [FE where pis the perpochdn of success im the Sample size h, | Bug: P= ovlse ®D nebo Y = Io olse P = peeportion oP mitral y = B48 1 ' = ts = 00% 152 1-96 [oto : iy ° * sa 4+ 1-008 = oFarr = O-lL+1-4xo0279 OFS X04 = wotFe 6 182 ©-0FS #196 X eo © o ye — 16 0st 5PM = 0.0960 Hiyheyt Levert = 6.0535 = ole ‘Scanned with CamScannerSS Conf iclence Linuds fob urine (BH JER 2 Gin n= 150 H, = [4o0 hrs GC, = 120 bet Ze = Sy Lower Unit = [Ioe-Iren)— 196 /L (Ise° Ire0)— 1-96 Jr : ere [130xue »- BoKd? J Tse deo - 196 ¥/2.6F = zeo- |" L = I#S.t0 4v0-)200) - 96 [BP fe Heute Irelt = = 224.74 Thecfos the requiree! 15% ConFtelerce Linn’ |tS.20 to 224-77 =) conficlence Lint for Difference of Two proportions =) (AAJ Et “on, > Sp 2 [it pat ‘Scanned with CamScanner=7 Deteominadion of a proper Scurple Si2< oO Sample sire for estimating a» population meen Ris ZxKor EE Svat) py Ze = 997 22.58 6s + n= Qsa*x@~ = [h_= 106-50 @ Sample Sire for echimating a populebton pecportion h= Z?p¢ = 4 OA Tes 1in = bee 2.33 = ole n= 460 Gv: _ 6 = 0005 Ber n= te Wo a otit tsexonrw % = Sie ee 2 0: 1194 0-00 ay Zh 2 99, 2258 sae & = o $96 AY99¢ lonfder = 0 FUE fe B49 y ‘Scanned with CamScanner@ P= 46 tf = 033 he lee > Eee Pee Sea Le= o = 1-96 x [e353 K0CF #3 vee L = 033-1-96X0-039 Les o2S54 H =< o'406 Ad 45% Level wf lonf. level 0-256 +0 0-426 @D n= 4oo p ° doo = 0022 22SK 1.640% conn etre” 6-0 £} | “pro > o-ofo3 to 0. 034¢4 — ‘Scanned with CamScanner