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  • FALLSEM2019-20 MAT1011 ETH VL2019201004382 2019-08-07 Reference-Material-I

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    SAIKAT MUKHERJEE 19BEE0132
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    Preference for Electricity—Comparison of Sources of Power—Sources for Generation of Electricity—Brief Aspects of Electrical Energy Systems—Utility and Consumers—Why is the Three-phase a.c. system Most Popular?—Cost of Generation—Staggering of Loads during peak-demand Hours—Classifications of Power Transmission—Selecting A.C. Transmission Voltage for a Particular Case—Conventional Sources of Electrical Energy—Steam Power Stations (Coal-fired)—Nuclear Power Stations—Advantages of Nuclear Generatio

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    FALLSEM2019-20_MAT1011_ETH_VL2019201004382_2019-08-07_Reference-Material-I

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    Preference for Electricity—Comparison of Sources of Power—Sources for Generation of Electricity—Brief Aspects of Electrical Energy Systems—Utility and Consumers—Why is the Three-phase a.c. system Most Popular?—Cost of Generation—Staggering of Loads during peak-demand Hours—Classifications of Power Transmission—Selecting A.C. Transmission Voltage for a Particular Case—Conventional Sources of Electrical Energy—Steam Power Stations (Coal-fired)—Nuclear Power Stations—Advantages of Nuclear Generatio

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    14 views10 pages

    FALLSEM2019-20 MAT1011 ETH VL2019201004382 2019-08-07 Reference-Material-I

    Uploaded by

    SAIKAT MUKHERJEE 19BEE0132
    Preference for Electricity—Comparison of Sources of Power—Sources for Generation of Electricity—Brief Aspects of Electrical Energy Systems—Utility and Consumers—Why is the Three-phase a.c. system Most Popular?—Cost of Generation—Staggering of Loads during peak-demand Hours—Classifications of Power Transmission—Selecting A.C. Transmission Voltage for a Particular Case—Conventional Sources of Electrical Energy—Steam Power Stations (Coal-fired)—Nuclear Power Stations—Advantages of Nuclear Generatio

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    of 10
    s+3 3{ |e? +3 -2 | 2s? +24 7-36 1 41 ee s-3 46] @+D@ +9) # On inversion, we getx= 1L sine + 3b sin at; which are the same as the solution in (vit) on p. 499. = 42 sint—2 si = 4 sint—} sin st (1) UNIT STEP FUNCTION At times, we come across such fractions of which the inverse transform cannot be determined from the formulae so far derived. In order to cover such cases, we introduce the unit step function (or Heaviside’s unit function*). Def. The unit step function u(t a) is defined as follows : 1 — (0 fort em 1de= 04 ‘Thus Liu(t—a)} = “7s. o fort e™ flu) du=e™ Fis). (0, O, = cos wt, L-1| eee EE Eee F (gear L752) and Ele f(s) =fit—a). wlt—a) AA) Seabee atebe' fatal = cos w(¢— 1/2). u (¢— V2) + sin x (@- 1). ue = sin nt. u(t 1/2) — sin at. u(t — 1) = (u (t- 1/2)—u (@—1)} sin mt Fava Pte“ ‘Using (A) above, we have grt fled a + at ga. ult on Ae ©). u(t alle J beat-o, -u(t=o)} Jia t-)- 146 8t-O}ut 0), @ Solution. The constant force F acting from ¢ = 0 to ¢= T can be expressed as FOl-ut-7),0 T = Bp leash 1) — cos BT for t > 7 or 2 ani sin h (t= 1/2) for > T Hence the amplitude of subsequent oscillation (i.¢., for > T) = asin aT Bfor0a taking the Laplace transform of both sides, (i) becomes (s+ Ri= [oe Bode = f° eo Bat-Z ae“) A lo $ Solution. We have i = 0 at ¢ = 0 and E(t) = { or ja s(Ls+R)~ (s+ R) faversi ie) E pl be™ On inversion, we get L faz om} L (sm {2 Re(ij-o 1_\\_B q_ rm Now 9 L { ag ()-2'(=4az)}-Sa-em and ze { EB tte Rt-9tyu (ea) [By the second shifting property] - E Ruy E Rit—a¥ey ‘Thus (i) hecomes Epa — erm Egy me-orty ua) Henee Etre tity forda, a antraran d ts halfte AY gs Solution. Taking the origin at the end.A, we have ‘“ Br © = w(x) ax where w(x) = wlulx ~ 1/4) — u(x — 31/4) Taking the Laplace transform of both sides, (Fig. 21.6), we get Elis‘ ¥ ~ s'y(0) — s%y'(0) — sy(0) —y"(0)] ptr gre p oo(-*) Fig, 21.6 5 Using the conditions y(0) = y'(0) = 0 and taking y"(0) = c, and y"(0) = ¢,, we have fe 3 On inversion, we get Ely = z Ue — U4)" we — UA) — (a — 81/4)* lx — 31/4) + Fey? + Lege? i) For x > 30/4, Ely = Fe le — WAP (a — BUA) + Seg? + dogs? and Ely’ = FUG — WAY (— BUAP| +e Ser? a Using the conditions») = 0 andy) = 0, we get 0 = {J -(} +}ey+ fest and onw {ay a (3) +el+ ded? - 2 ‘Thus for 1/4 < x < 30/4, (i) gives Fly = (+4) ee Henee the maximum deflection = y(1/2) = _18u1*_ 6144EI (1) UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION ‘The idea of a very large force acting for a very short time is of frequent occurrence in mechanics. To deal with such and similar ideas, we introduce the unit impulse function (also called Dirac delta function*). Thus unit impulse function is considered as the limiting form of the function (Fig. 21.7): 8.(¢-a)=Ve, astsare 0, otherwise as €— 0. It is clear from Fig. 21.7 that as € > 0, the height of the strip increases indefinitely and the width decreases in such a way that its area is always unity. Thus the unit impulse function &(t —a) is defined as follows = &t—a)=@fort=a;=0 fort za, such that fp 8) dt=1. @20) As an illustration, a load w, acting at the point x = a of a beam may be considered as the limiting case of uniform loading w/e per unit length over the portion of the beam between x = a and x =a +e. Thus wa)=wje acxcare, § =0, otherwise ie w() = weBle +a). (2) Transform of unit impulse function. If f(t) be a function of ¢ continuous att = a, then fF 10 30-a.ae= [f" peo.2 at Fig. 2.7 =(a+e-a) fim). 2 =/tm), wherea /(®3(t—a) dt =/(a) Jj sin 208 - x/4) dt = sin (2. n/4)=1 (ii) We know that L (8 (t—a)} = e°% L [fae-a]- * Afler the mechanics. physicist Paul Dirac (1902-84) who was awarded the Nobel prize in 1933 for his work in Quantum Solution. The equation of the circuit governing the current i is to arisd fiae- ES) where i=0, when! =0. ‘Taking Laplace transform of both sides, we get by Cs Lisi -#0)) +Ri+ [Using § 21.7 and 21.8] or (#+ 844) Ee or (+200 +024 B97 = (BIL) o where R/L=2a and UCL=a? +b? E (+a)-a _ stad Losray+h? L\stayr+s? (stay +o? On inversion, we get i= Efe cosbr- Se sin bi} ‘Taking limits as t > 0, i E/L Although the current i = 0 initially, yet a large current will develop instantaneously due to impulsive voltage applied at ¢ = 0. In fact, we have determined the limit of this current which is E/L. Solution. The differential equation for deflection is #2. Bae wa) ‘Taking the Laplace transform, we have ‘7 — s%y(0) — 8%y’(0) — sy"(0) — (0) = He welt Using the conditions y(0) = 0, 9"(0) = 0 and taking (0) = c, and y"(0) = cy, we get ya 5+Se* = On inversion, it gives yeog tet +e Bou UA eA) ie, y=qxtdenx’, O. 2b Biprpa the followin fsrtions ferns fal hep function bot henge find its Laplacd tram: ost, O2n H oe at, ¢> (Mumbai, 2008 ; V..U., 2003'S) (?, O* u(t -1)) ti) Le DP ue = DE (iid) L C1 + 2¢ ~ 30% + 40°) 2) (Mumbai, 2007) Gu) LAC we - i 5. Evaluate L etatat+eyuce-2 dt. 6, Find the inverse Laplace transforms of aes (Mumbai, 2006) eee PDL, 201 iv) e | wor) 0) wes 2 (PTW, 2002.8) 7. Solve using Laplace transforms y + 4y= fib) with Poneiigos aie | flwhen0

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