Problem Statement

Airbnb Inc is an online marketplace for arranging or offering lodging, primarily homestays, or tourism experiences. Airbnb has close to 150
million customers across the world. Price is the most important factor considered by the customer while making booking into a property.
Strategic pricing of the properties is important to avoid losing customers to the competitors.

We have a data of 74111 Airbnb properties across the nations. Based on this data build a simple and multiple linear regression model to predict
the strategic pricing of a new listed property on Airbnb.

import numpy as np   
import pandas as pd    
import seaborn as sns
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn import metrics
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt   
import matplotlib.style

Importing data

# reading the CSV file into pandas dataframe
df = pd.read_csv("AirBNB.csv")  

C:\Users\Shikhar Shrivastava\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_14832\1606136728.py:2: DtypeWarning: Columns (5) have mixed types. Specif

df = pd.read_csv("AirBNB.csv")

EDA

# Check top few records to get a feel of the data structure
df.head()

# drop the id column as it is useless for the model
df = df.drop('id', axis=1)

df.head()

df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 74111 entries, 0 to 74110
Data columns (total 10 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 room_type 74106 non-null object
1 accommodates 74108 non-null float64
2 bathrooms 73908 non-null float64
3 cancellation_policy 74103 non-null object
4 cleaning_fee 74107 non-null object
5 instant_bookable 74111 non-null object
6 review_scores_rating 57389 non-null float64
7 bedrooms 74019 non-null float64
8 beds 73980 non-null float64
9 log_price 74111 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(6), object(4)
memory usage: 5.7+ MB

df.describe(include="all")

unique values for categorical variables

for column in df.columns:
    if df[column].dtype == 'object':
        print(column.upper(),': ',df[column].nunique())
        print(df[column].value_counts().sort_values())
        print('\n')

ROOM_TYPE : 3
Shared room 2163
Private room 30635
Entire home/apt 41308
Name: room_type, dtype: int64

CANCELLATION_POLICY : 3
moderate 19060
flexible 22543
strict 32500
Name: cancellation_policy, dtype: int64

CLEANING_FEE : 2
False 19708
True 54399
Name: cleaning_fee, dtype: int64

INSTANT_BOOKABLE : 2
t 19451
f 54660
Name: instant_bookable, dtype: int64

Converting Instant_bookable from 'f' and 't' to boolean

df.instant_bookable.replace(['f','t'],[False,True],inplace=True )

Converting categorical to dummy variables

df.instant_bookable.astype("object")

0 False
1 True
2 True
3 False
4 True
...
74106 False
74107 False
74108 True
74109 True
74110 False
Name: instant_bookable, Length: 74111, dtype: object

df = pd.get_dummies(df, columns=['room_type','cancellation_policy','cleaning_fee','instant_bookable'],drop_first=True)

df.head()

# Are there any missing values ?
df.isnull().sum()

accommodates 3
bathrooms 203
review_scores_rating 16722
bedrooms 92
beds 131
log_price 0
room_type_Private room 0
room_type_Shared room 0
cancellation_policy_moderate 0
cancellation_policy_strict 0
cleaning_fee_True 0
instant_bookable_True 0
dtype: int64

Imputing missing values

for column in df.columns:
    if df[column].dtype != 'object':
        mean = df[column].mean()
        df[column] = df[column].fillna(mean)    
        
df.isnull().sum()        

accommodates 0
bathrooms 0
review_scores_rating 0
bedrooms 0
beds 0
log_price 0
room_type_Private room 0
room_type_Shared room 0
cancellation_policy_moderate 0
cancellation_policy_strict 0
cleaning_fee_True 0
instant_bookable_True 0
dtype: int64

df.head()

df.describe()

Checking for duplicates

# Are there any duplicates ?
dups = df.duplicated()
print('Number of duplicate rows = %d' % (dups.sum()))
#df[dups]

Number of duplicate rows = 19998

print('Before',df.shape)
df.drop_duplicates(inplace=True) 
print('After',df.shape)

Before (74111, 12)

After (54113, 12)

dups = df.duplicated()
print('Number of duplicate rows = %d' % (dups.sum()))

Number of duplicate rows = 0

Correlation Plot

sns.heatmap(df.iloc[:, 0:6].corr(),annot=True)
plt.show()

The variable 'Accommodates', 'bedrooms','bathrooms', 'beds' are having correlation with each other.

df.head()

df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
Int64Index: 54113 entries, 0 to 74110
Data columns (total 12 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 accommodates 54113 non-null float64
1 bathrooms 54113 non-null float64
2 review_scores_rating 54113 non-null float64
3 bedrooms 54113 non-null float64
4 beds 54113 non-null float64
5 log_price 54113 non-null float64
6 room_type_Private room 54113 non-null uint8
7 room_type_Shared room 54113 non-null uint8
 8 cancellation_policy_moderate 54113 non-null uint8
9 cancellation_policy_strict 54113 non-null uint8
10 cleaning_fee_True 54113 non-null uint8
11 instant_bookable_True 54113 non-null uint8
dtypes: float64(6), uint8(6)
memory usage: 3.2 MB

Outlier Checks

# construct box plot for continuous variables
cont=df.dtypes[(df.dtypes!='uint8') & (df.dtypes!='bool')].index
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
df[cont].boxplot(vert=0)
plt.title('With Outliers',fontsize=16)
plt.show()

def remove_outlier(col):
    sorted(col)
    Q1,Q3=np.percentile(col,[25,75])
    IQR=Q3-Q1
    lower_range= Q1-(1.5 * IQR)
    upper_range= Q3+(1.5 * IQR)
    return lower_range, upper_range

for column in df[cont].columns:
    lr,ur=remove_outlier(df[column])
    df[column]=np.where(df[column]>ur,ur,df[column])
    df[column]=np.where(df[column]<lr,lr,df[column])

plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
df[cont].boxplot(vert=0)
plt.title('After Outlier Removal',fontsize=16)
plt.show()

Data Distribution

df_attr = (df[cont])
sns.pairplot(df_attr, diag_kind='kde')  
plt.show()

Train-Test Split

# Copy all the predictor variables into X dataframe
X = df.drop('log_price', axis=1)

# Copy target into the y dataframe. 
y = df[['log_price']]

X.head()

# Split X and y into training and test set in 75:25 ratio
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.25 , random_state=1)

Linear Regression using statsmodel(OLS)

import statsmodels.api as sm

X_train=sm.add_constant(X_train)# This adds the constant term beta0 to the Simple Linear Regression.
X_test=sm.add_constant(X_test)
model = sm.OLS(y_train,X_train).fit()
print(model.summary())

OLS Regression Results

==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: log_price R-squared: 0.508
Model: OLS Adj. R-squared: 0.508
Method: Least Squares F-statistic: 3813.
Date: Thu, 09 Feb 2023 Prob (F-statistic): 0.00
Time: 11:14:40 Log-Likelihood: -30728.
No. Observations: 40584 AIC: 6.148e+04
Df Residuals: 40572 BIC: 6.158e+04
Df Model: 11
Covariance Type: nonrobust
================================================================================================
coef std err t P>|t| [0.025 0.975]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const 3.4293 0.050 67.981 0.000 3.330 3.528
accommodates 0.0951 0.003 33.288 0.000 0.089 0.101
bathrooms 0.1808 0.007 25.690 0.000 0.167 0.195
review_scores_rating 0.0117 0.001 22.275 0.000 0.011 0.013
bedrooms 0.1581 0.005 32.798 0.000 0.149 0.168
beds -0.0451 0.005 -8.599 0.000 -0.055 -0.035
room_type_Private room -0.6116 0.007 -93.327 0.000 -0.624 -0.599
room_type_Shared room -1.0818 0.015 -72.867 0.000 -1.111 -1.053
cancellation_policy_moderate -0.0600 0.007 -8.318 0.000 -0.074 -0.046
cancellation_policy_strict -0.0058 0.007 -0.887 0.375 -0.019 0.007
cleaning_fee_True -0.0819 0.006 -12.945 0.000 -0.094 -0.069
instant_bookable_True -0.0650 0.006 -11.560 0.000 -0.076 -0.054
==============================================================================
Omnibus: 2618.685 Durbin-Watson: 2.023
Prob(Omnibus): 0.000 Jarque-Bera (JB): 4228.792
Skew: 0.519 Prob(JB): 0.00
Kurtosis: 4.192 Cond. No. 1.86e+03
==============================================================================

Notes:
[1] Standard Errors assume that the covariance matrix of the errors is correctly specified.
[2] The condition number is large, 1.86e+03. This might indicate that there are
strong multicollinearity or other numerical problems.

# let's check the VIF of the predictors
from statsmodels.stats.outliers_influence import variance_inflation_factor

vif_series1 = pd.Series(
    [variance_inflation_factor(X_train.values, i) for i in range(X_train.shape[1])],
    index=X_train.columns,
)
print("VIF values: \n\n{}\n".format(vif_series1))

VIF values:

const 387.863896
accommodates 4.000584
bathrooms 1.478131
review_scores_rating 1.016738
bedrooms 2.491656
beds 3.353111
room_type_Private room 1.464462
room_type_Shared room 1.108158
cancellation_policy_moderate 1.536242
cancellation_policy_strict 1.636879
cleaning_fee_True 1.146757
instant_bookable_True 1.015171
dtype: float64

AS few predictors have VIF values > 2 therefore there is some multicolinearity in the data

We remove those predictors with multicolinarity due to which there is least impact on the adjusted R2

X_train.columns

Index(['const', 'accommodates', 'bathrooms', 'review_scores_rating',

'bedrooms', 'beds', 'room_type_Private room', 'room_type_Shared room',
'cancellation_policy_moderate', 'cancellation_policy_strict',
'cleaning_fee_True', 'instant_bookable_True'],
dtype='object')

#1) Removing predictor 'accomodates' as VIF>2
X_train2 = X_train.drop(["accommodates"], axis=1)
olsmod_1 = sm.OLS(y_train, X_train2)
olsres_1 = olsmod_1.fit()
print(
    "R-squared:",
    np.round(olsres_1.rsquared, 3),
    "\nAdjusted R-squared:",
    np.round(olsres_1.rsquared_adj, 3),
)

R-squared: 0.495
Adjusted R-squared: 0.495

0.508-0.495
# Seems like an important predictor and thus wouldnot choose to drop it .

0.013000000000000012

#2) Removing predictor 'beds' as VIF>2
X_train3 = X_train.drop(["beds"], axis=1)
olsmod_2 = sm.OLS(y_train, X_train3)
olsres_2 = olsmod_2.fit()
print(
    "R-squared:",
    np.round(olsres_2.rsquared, 3),
    "\nAdjusted R-squared:",
    np.round(olsres_2.rsquared_adj, 3),
)

R-squared: 0.507
Adjusted R-squared: 0.507

0.508-0.507
# As very less effect on the adjusted R2 we can choose to drop it 

0.0010000000000000009

#2) Removing predictor 'bedrooms' as VIF>2 
X_train4 = X_train.drop(["bedrooms"], axis=1)
olsmod_3 = sm.OLS(y_train, X_train4)
olsres_3 = olsmod_3.fit()
print(
    "R-squared:",
    np.round(olsres_3.rsquared, 3),
    "\nAdjusted R-squared:",
    np.round(olsres_3.rsquared_adj, 3),
)

R-squared: 0.495
Adjusted R-squared: 0.495

Dropping 'beds' from the training data

X_train = X_train.drop(["beds"], axis=1)

olsmod_5 = sm.OLS(y_train, X_train)
olsres_5 = olsmod_5.fit()
print(olsres_5.summary())

OLS Regression Results

==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: log_price R-squared: 0.507
Model: OLS Adj. R-squared: 0.507
Method: Least Squares F-statistic: 4179.
Date: Thu, 09 Feb 2023 Prob (F-statistic): 0.00
Time: 11:37:17 Log-Likelihood: -30765.
No. Observations: 40584 AIC: 6.155e+04
Df Residuals: 40573 BIC: 6.165e+04
Df Model: 10
Covariance Type: nonrobust
================================================================================================
coef std err t P>|t| [0.025 0.975]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const 3.4145 0.050 67.667 0.000 3.316 3.513
accommodates 0.0809 0.002 34.628 0.000 0.076 0.085
bathrooms 0.1784 0.007 25.348 0.000 0.165 0.192
review_scores_rating 0.0117 0.001 22.305 0.000 0.011 0.013
bedrooms 0.1464 0.005 31.628 0.000 0.137 0.155
room_type_Private room -0.6099 0.007 -93.034 0.000 -0.623 -0.597
room_type_Shared room -1.0921 0.015 -73.733 0.000 -1.121 -1.063
cancellation_policy_moderate -0.0605 0.007 -8.375 0.000 -0.075 -0.046
cancellation_policy_strict -0.0075 0.007 -1.134 0.257 -0.020 0.005
cleaning_fee_True -0.0822 0.006 -12.987 0.000 -0.095 -0.070
 instant_bookable_True -0.0657 0.006 -11.677 0.000 -0.077 -0.055
==============================================================================
Omnibus: 2635.439 Durbin-Watson: 2.023
Prob(Omnibus): 0.000 Jarque-Bera (JB): 4251.095
Skew: 0.522 Prob(JB): 0.00
Kurtosis: 4.193 Cond. No. 1.86e+03
==============================================================================

Notes:
[1] Standard Errors assume that the covariance matrix of the errors is correctly specified.
[2] The condition number is large, 1.86e+03. This might indicate that there are
strong multicollinearity or other numerical problems.

# let's check the VIF of the predictors after removing'beds'
from statsmodels.stats.outliers_influence import variance_inflation_factor

vif_series1 = pd.Series(
    [variance_inflation_factor(X_train.values, i) for i in range(X_train.shape[1])],
    index=X_train.columns,
)
print("VIF values: \n\n{}\n".format(vif_series1))

VIF values:

const 387.413657
accommodates 2.674296
bathrooms 1.475832
review_scores_rating 1.016705
bedrooms 2.295074
room_type_Private room 1.463234
room_type_Shared room 1.100969
cancellation_policy_moderate 1.536157
cancellation_policy_strict 1.635515
cleaning_fee_True 1.146714
instant_bookable_True 1.014953
dtype: float64

Now that we do not have multicollinearity in our data, the p-values of the coefficients have become reliable and we
can remove the non-significant predictor variables.

print(olsres_5.summary())

OLS Regression Results

==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: log_price R-squared: 0.507
Model: OLS Adj. R-squared: 0.507
Method: Least Squares F-statistic: 4179.
Date: Thu, 09 Feb 2023 Prob (F-statistic): 0.00
Time: 11:43:43 Log-Likelihood: -30765.
No. Observations: 40584 AIC: 6.155e+04
Df Residuals: 40573 BIC: 6.165e+04
Df Model: 10
Covariance Type: nonrobust
================================================================================================
coef std err t P>|t| [0.025 0.975]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const 3.4145 0.050 67.667 0.000 3.316 3.513
accommodates 0.0809 0.002 34.628 0.000 0.076 0.085
bathrooms 0.1784 0.007 25.348 0.000 0.165 0.192
review_scores_rating 0.0117 0.001 22.305 0.000 0.011 0.013
bedrooms 0.1464 0.005 31.628 0.000 0.137 0.155
room_type_Private room -0.6099 0.007 -93.034 0.000 -0.623 -0.597
room_type_Shared room -1.0921 0.015 -73.733 0.000 -1.121 -1.063
cancellation_policy_moderate -0.0605 0.007 -8.375 0.000 -0.075 -0.046
cancellation_policy_strict -0.0075 0.007 -1.134 0.257 -0.020 0.005
cleaning_fee_True -0.0822 0.006 -12.987 0.000 -0.095 -0.070
instant_bookable_True -0.0657 0.006 -11.677 0.000 -0.077 -0.055
==============================================================================
Omnibus: 2635.439 Durbin-Watson: 2.023
Prob(Omnibus): 0.000 Jarque-Bera (JB): 4251.095
Skew: 0.522 Prob(JB): 0.00
Kurtosis: 4.193 Cond. No. 1.86e+03
==============================================================================

Notes:
[1] Standard Errors assume that the covariance matrix of the errors is correctly specified.
[2] The condition number is large, 1.86e+03. This might indicate that there are
strong multicollinearity or other numerical problems.

Now as observed from above the predictor 'cancellation_policy_strict' has p-value>0.05 we remove that and build
the model
X_train5 = X_train.drop(["cancellation_policy_strict"], axis=1)
olsmod_6 = sm.OLS(y_train, X_train5)
olsres_6 = olsmod_6.fit()
print(olsres_6.summary())

OLS Regression Results

==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: log_price R-squared: 0.507
Model: OLS Adj. R-squared: 0.507
Method: Least Squares F-statistic: 4643.
Date: Thu, 09 Feb 2023 Prob (F-statistic): 0.00
Time: 11:57:51 Log-Likelihood: -30766.
No. Observations: 40584 AIC: 6.155e+04
Df Residuals: 40574 BIC: 6.164e+04
Df Model: 9
Covariance Type: nonrobust
================================================================================================
coef std err t P>|t| [0.025 0.975]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const 3.4095 0.050 67.828 0.000 3.311 3.508
accommodates 0.0807 0.002 34.658 0.000 0.076 0.085
bathrooms 0.1784 0.007 25.345 0.000 0.165 0.192
review_scores_rating 0.0118 0.001 22.372 0.000 0.011 0.013
bedrooms 0.1465 0.005 31.644 0.000 0.137 0.156
room_type_Private room -0.6098 0.007 -93.031 0.000 -0.623 -0.597
room_type_Shared room -1.0919 0.015 -73.725 0.000 -1.121 -1.063
cancellation_policy_moderate -0.0557 0.006 -9.486 0.000 -0.067 -0.044
cleaning_fee_True -0.0841 0.006 -13.794 0.000 -0.096 -0.072
instant_bookable_True -0.0657 0.006 -11.665 0.000 -0.077 -0.055
==============================================================================
Omnibus: 2650.690 Durbin-Watson: 2.023
Prob(Omnibus): 0.000 Jarque-Bera (JB): 4283.148
Skew: 0.524 Prob(JB): 0.00
Kurtosis: 4.198 Cond. No. 1.85e+03
==============================================================================

Notes:
[1] Standard Errors assume that the covariance matrix of the errors is correctly specified.
[2] The condition number is large, 1.85e+03. This might indicate that there are
strong multicollinearity or other numerical problems.

After dropping the features causing strong multicollinearity and the statistically insignificant ones, our model performance hasn't dropped
sharply . This shows that these variables did not have much predictive power.

Testing the Assumptions of Linear Regression

For Linear Regression, we need to check if the following assumptions hold:-

1. Linearity
2. Independence
3. Homoscedasticity
4. Normality of error terms
5. No strong Multicollinearity

Linearity and Independence of predictors

df_pred = pd.DataFrame()

df_pred["Actual Values"] = y_train.values.flatten()  # actual values
df_pred["Fitted Values"] = olsres_6.fittedvalues.values  # predicted values
df_pred["Residuals"] = olsres_6.resid.values  # residuals

df_pred.head()

# let us plot the fitted values vs residuals
sns.set_style("whitegrid")
sns.residplot(
    data=df_pred, x="Fitted Values", y="Residuals", color="purple", lowess=True
)
plt.xlabel("Fitted Values")
plt.ylabel("Residuals")
plt.title("Fitted vs Residual plot")
plt.show()
No pattern in the data thus the assumption of linearity and independence of predictors satisfied

Test for Normality

stats.shapiro(df_pred["Residuals"])

C:\Users\Shikhar Shrivastava\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\scipy\stats\_morestats.py:1800: UserWarning: p-value may not be accurate f

warnings.warn("p-value may not be accurate for N > 5000.")
ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9837239980697632, pvalue=0.0)

* Since p-value < 0.05, the residuals are not normal as per shapiro test.

Test for Homoscedasticity

import statsmodels.stats.api as sms
sms.het_goldfeldquandt(df_pred["Residuals"], X_train5)[1]

0.4870827072978896

Since p-value > 0.05 we can say that the residuals are homoscedastic.

The model built olsmod_6 satisfies all assumptions of Linear Regression

olsres_6.summary()

The model equation will be as follows:

# Let us write the equation of linear regression
Equation = "log_price ="
print(Equation, end=" ")
for i in range(len(X_train5.columns)):
    if i == 0:
        print(olsres_6.params[i], "+", end=" ")
    elif i != len(X_train5.columns) - 1:
        print(
            olsres_6.params[i],
            "* (",
            X_train5.columns[i],
            ")",
            "+",
            end="  ",
        )
    else:
        print(olsres_6.params[i], "* (", X_train5.columns[i], ")")

log_price = 3.409465703282649 + 0.08069207090736776 * ( accommodates ) + 0.17839663484364524 * ( bathrooms ) + 0.0117527885313658

Observations

1 unit increase in the no.of bathrooms lead to a 0.2 times increase in the log price
1 unit increase in the no.of bedrooms lead to a 0.14 times increase in the log price
if instant booking available for a property it decreases the log ptice by a factor of 0.06
if cleaning fee is charged for a property it decreases the log ptice by a factor of 0.08

Predictions

X_train5.columns
 Index(['const', 'accommodates', 'bathrooms', 'review_scores_rating',
'bedrooms', 'room_type_Private room', 'room_type_Shared room',
'cancellation_policy_moderate', 'cleaning_fee_True',
'instant_bookable_True'],
dtype='object')

X_test.columns

Index(['const', 'accommodates', 'bathrooms', 'review_scores_rating',

'bedrooms', 'beds', 'room_type_Private room', 'room_type_Shared room',
'cancellation_policy_moderate', 'cancellation_policy_strict',
'cleaning_fee_True', 'instant_bookable_True'],
dtype='object')

# dropping columns from the test data that are not there in the training data
X_test2 = X_test.drop(
    ['beds', 'cancellation_policy_strict'], axis=1
)

# let's make predictions on the test set
y_pred_test = olsres_6.predict(X_test2)
y_pred_train = olsres_6.predict(X_train5)

# To check model performance
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error, mean_squared_error

# let's check the RMSE on the train data
rmse1 = np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(y_train, y_pred_train))
rmse1

0.5164036750698142

# let's check the RMSE on the test data
rmse2 = np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred_test))
rmse2

0.52022702567226

Linear Regression using (sklearn)

# invoke the LinearRegression function and find the bestfit model on training data

regression_model = LinearRegression()
regression_model.fit(X_train5, y_train)

# Let us explore the coefficients for each of the independent attributes

for idx, col_name in enumerate(X_train5.columns):
    print("The coefficient for {} is {}".format(col_name, regression_model.coef_[0][idx]))

The coefficient for const is 0.0

The coefficient for accommodates is 0.08069207090736757
The coefficient for bathrooms is 0.17839663484364462
The coefficient for review_scores_rating is 0.011752788531366676
The coefficient for bedrooms is 0.14648103383558508
The coefficient for room_type_Private room is -0.6097641801365741
The coefficient for room_type_Shared room is -1.0918954019651275
The coefficient for cancellation_policy_moderate is -0.05571142140065956
The coefficient for cleaning_fee_True is -0.08412976978082776
The coefficient for instant_bookable_True is -0.06567835677645342

# Let us check the intercept for the model

intercept = regression_model.intercept_[0]

print("The intercept for our model is {}".format(intercept))

The intercept for our model is 3.4094657032826454

# R square on training data
regression_model.score(X_train5, y_train)

0.5073800293325945
50% of the variation in the log_price is explained by the predictors in the model for train set

# R square on testing data
regression_model.score(X_test2, y_test)

0.5011325551678224

#RMSE on Training data

predicted_train=regression_model.fit(X_train5, y_train).predict(X_train5)
np.sqrt(metrics.mean_squared_error(y_train,predicted_train))

0.5164036750698143

#RMSE on Testing data
predicted_test=regression_model.fit(X_train5, y_train).predict(X_test2)
np.sqrt(metrics.mean_squared_error(y_test,predicted_test))

0.5202270256722598