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    Materi Kalkulus Purchel Bab 0 - 1 - Compressed (1) - 61-70

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    52 Chapter 0 Preliminaries S4, If the range of a function consists of just one number, then its domain also consists of just one number. $5, Ifthe domain ofa function contains at least two numbers then the range also contains atleast two numbers, $6, I g(x) = [2/2]. then g(-18) “1 ST. flax) = and g(x) = x then fo g= gf. Sh Mf f(x) a and g(x) =a, then (f= @)() Fx) 804). 59, If fand g have the sume domain, then f/g also has that domsin, 60. Ifthe graph of y = f(x) hay an intercept al x = a; then the graph of y= f(x + h) has an x-intercept atx = a ~ fh 61, ‘The cotangent is an odd function. {62 ‘The natural domain of the tangent function isthe set of all real numbers. 6 Ifoos 9 cos then s = & Sample Test Problems 4. Caleulate euch value form = 1,2, and -2, w (ay a (b) (fn +P 2. Simply aC wd, 3. Show that the average of two rational numbers is a ational number. 4. Write the repeating decimal 41282828. ‘ovo integers. as a ratio of 5. Find an irrational number beoween $ and &. 6 Calewlate (WEIS 1 ~ 1.32)/324. 1. Caleuate(w ~-V20}°9 ~ We. [© & Calculate sin?(245) + eos(2.40) ~ 1.0, In Problems 9-18, ind the solution set, graph this set on the reat Tine, and express this set in interval notation 9 1-3x>0 WW, ox + 3>2x-5 M 3-2xS4e +b 1 S247 wtse-3<0 BP - ae s 4 a : 1S (x +4)(Qx—1)(r-3) 50 16 e-4\<6 So 18, [12 — 3x1 = |x 19, Find a value of x for which | 20, For what values of x does the equation |=x| = x hold? s-t 21, For what values of r does the equation |r ~ 5] = hold? 22, For what values of a and ¢ does the equation a= thold? 2B. Suppose [x] = show that Use properties of absolute values to des de42 24, Write a sentence involving the word distance to express the following algebraic sentences: f@ |e sl= © |e-al>o 25. Sketch the triangle with vertices A(~2,6), B(1,2), and (©G5,5), ancl show that iti aright eriangle 26, Find the distance from (3, ~6) to the midpoint of the line ‘segment from (1,2) 10 (7.8) () [xt ils2 21, Find the equation of the circle with diameter AB if A= (2,0) and B= (20,4). 28, Find the center and radius of the circle with equation Sy sy toy =o, 29, Find the distance between the centers of the circles with ‘equations Pade y+ 2y=2 and 2468+ dy = 30, Find the equation of the line through the indicated point that is parallel co the indicated line, and sketeh both lines. (a) (3.2:3e+2y = 6 () (.=1)ey ©) (9y=10 @ (34x = 2 BL. Write the equation ofthe line through (~2, 1) that (4) goes through (7,3): (b) is parallel to 3x — 2y = 5: (6) is perpendicular to 3x + 4y (2) is perpendicular to (e)_ has yointereept 3 32 Show that (2,~1), (5,3), and (11, 11) are on the same line [38, Figure I can be represented by which equation? @ yar a) ray Wyax wx ‘M. Figure 2 can be represented by which equation? (y= ax? + bx + ewitha > 0,6 > Q.and e > 0 0) y= ax? + br + witha <0,b > O,ande> 0 (©) y= ax? + bx + ewitha <0,b > O,ande <0 (@) y= ax? + bx + ewitha > 0,b > Qande <0 Figure 1 Figure 2 In Problems 35-38, sketch the graph ofeach equation. 35.39 — dx =6 36 -2e ty? San x= y-3 Bhy GO. Find the points of intersection of the graphs of you det dandy = 4 40, Among all lines perpendicular to 4x ~ y= 2, find the ‘equation ofthe one that together with the positive x- and y-axes, forms a triangle of area & 41, For fix) =e +1) — 1x, find each value (if possible) @ sa) wy A(-Y © fC) @m-y A) 42, For g(x) = (x + 1)/s find and simply each value () 22) ©) &) 9 sen =40) 43, Describe the natural domain of each function, @ fa)=>* Bu (©) atx) = 44, Which of the following functions are odd? Even? Neither ‘even nor odd? (@) Hx) = (6) glx) = [sin x| + eos-x (9) Mx) =x + sin wae ett Section 0.8 Chapter Review 53 4S. Sketch the graph of each function. @ K= > a6) ¥ itosrs? m= {PSs Me Sigs, mak J te ei, Seer na, ag fly) = 1+ VE for x= 0, Sketch the araph of f for “4sxs4, 47. An open box is made by cutting squares of side x inches, from the four comers of a sheet of cardboard 24 inches by 32, inches and then turning up the sides. Express the volume V(x) in terms of x. What is the domain for this function? 48, Let fx) @) U +82) @) (@ © f2) @ PR)+ 72) 49, Sketch the graph of each of the following, making use of translations. (yt (© ya nteket 27 50, Let fix) = Vi6 = xand g(x) = x4. What isthe domain of each ofthe following? or ©) foe SL. Write F(x) = Vi functions, f © g * he k. 42, Caleulate each ofthe following without using a caleulator. X° + 1. Find each value, © Fe) a= Lrand g(x) ) (f-#)@2) © KD (b) y= Hot 2 Oss F as the composite of four on (a) sin s70° (6) cos = © =() 53. If sin ¢ = 08 and e0s ¢ < 0, find each value (a) sin(-1) (b) cos (©) sin2e © oof 54, Write sin 3¢in terms of sin flint 3¢ = 26 + 6 (0 wt 2) sae 855, A fly sits on the rim of a wheel spinning at the rate of 20, revolutions per minute. Ifthe radius of the whee! is9 inches, how far does the fly ravel in 1 second? 54 REVIEW PREVIEW PROBLEMS 1. Solve the following inequalities: @) 1<2r+1 O,there exists a y such that y > x. ( Forevey 4 Oheeertsan atcha! < (©) For every a > Osthere exists an such that + < a. (a) For every cirele Cin the plane, there exits an m such thatthe circle C and its interior are all within m units ofthe origin. 16, Use the Addition Identity forthe sine function to find sinfe + h) in terms of sinc, sinhc08 ¢,and 60s hi cxarren | 1.1 Introduction to Limits 1.2 Rigorous Study of Limits 1.3. Limit Theorems 1.4 Limits Involving ‘Trigonometric Functions Limits at Infinity; Infinite Limits Continuity of Functions Figure 1 Limits i Introduction to Limits ‘The topics discussed in the previous chapter are part of what is called precaleuus ‘They provide the foundation for calculus, but they are not calculus. Now we are ready for an important new idea, the notion of limit. It is this idea that distin- guishes calculus from other branches of mathematics, In fact, we define calculus, this wa Calculus is the study of limits. Problems Leading to the Limit Concept The concept of limit is central to many problems in the physical, engineering, and social sciences. Basically the question is this: what happens to the function f(x) asx gets close to some constant €? There are variations on this theme, but the basic idea is the same in many circumstances Suppose that as an object steadily moves forward we know its position at any given time, We denote the position at time « by s(.)- How fast is the object moving at time ¢ = 1 We cam use the formula “distance equals rate times time” to find the speed (rate of change of position) over any interval of time; in other words distance speed " time We call this the “average” speed over the interval since, no matter how small the interval is, we never know whether the speed is constant over this interval. For s(2) — s(1) 2-1 over the interval [1, 1.02], the aver- example, over the interval [1,2], the average speed is Cas) s over the inter age speed is 55 56 Chapter 1 Limits An Intuitive Understanding Consider the function defined by ea x= fe) = Note tha it is not defined atx = 1 since at this point f(x) has the form , which is meaningless, We can, however sill ask what is happening to f(x) a8 + approaches [More precisely. 70) approaching some specific number asx approaches 1? Ta get at the answer, we ean do three things We can caleulate some values of f(x) for ¥ near 1, we ean show these values in a schematic diagram, and we can sketch the raph of y — f(x). All his has been done, and the results are shown in Figure 3. vas | 3a13 ue mi | 3310 | —| ro | 3030 1" nap oor | 3.008 an a | at 90 Yau || a9 ft t | t a p>] 0.999 | 2997 sw 92070 99) 2710 on 7s | 2313 Table tales Schematic ings Figure 3 All the information we have assembled seems to point to the same conclusion: {f{s) approaches 3 as x approaches 1, In mathematical symbols, we write raists (thus knowing how to factor the difference of cubes), wwe can provide more and better evidence. KA fig FEDER + ED exsd xo Peisi=3 = lim(x? +x 41) = Note that (x ~ 1)/(x — 1) = Laslong asx # 1. This justifies the second step. The third step should seem reasonable; rigorous justification will come later. ‘To be sure that we are on the right track, We need to have a clearly understood ‘meaning for the word limit, Here is our first attempt at a definition, 001 | 099508 01 | ospesa c* mean that x ap- proaches ¢ from the right, and let xc” mean that x approaches ¢ from the left, Definition Right- and Left-Hand Limits To say that lim, f(x) = Lmeans that when « is near but to the right of ¢ then f(s) '8 near L: Similarly, to say that fim_ f(x) = L means that when « is near but to the left of ¢ then f(x) is near F. Section 1.1 Introduction to Limits 59 ‘Thus, while fim [x] does not exist, itis correct to write (look atthe graph in Figure 7) lim [x] = 1 and imix] = 2 ‘We believe that you will find the following theorem quite reasonable, lim f(x) = Lifand only if tim f(x) = Land fi Figure 10 should give additional insight. Two of the its do not exist, although all bbut one of the one-sided limits exist. Figure 10 Concepts Review 1. Tim f(x) = Lemeans that fx) gets close to gets suficiently close to (but iaiferent from) 2 Let fix) = (x? = 9)/(x~ 3) and note that (3) is unde- d. Nevertheless fim f(x) when x 3 im f(x) = F-means that (0) gets nearto when x approaches c trom the ‘4 If both im (3 M and lim, f(x) = M, then Problem Set 1.1 In Problems 1-6 ind the indicated font 1 lime 5) 2 im (1 2) 3 tims? + 28-1) A im (x? + 201) S& fim? —1) 6 lim (= In Problems 7-18, find the indicate limit. In most eases, twill be wise to do some algebra first (see Example 2), * ana s we ts a tim <— 3 tim EF UE Gr 6F (But 4) (2u— 16. tim nae tm 18, I - In Problems 19-28, use a calculator o fd the indicated lini Use a graphing caleulator to plot the function near dhe limit point 3 Ising sg hate fy = Aa (ane 0. 60. Chapter 1 Limits 29, For the function f graphed in Figure 11, find the indicated limit or function value, oF state that it does not exist (@) Jim, f) by F-3) © fC @ Tim fo) FO) (8) fi fx) (e) tim sx) im.) © Fim. 700) Figuee 11 Figure 12 30, Follow the directions af Problem 29 for the function f araphed in Figure 12 31. For the function f graphed in Figure 13, find the indicated limit or funetion value, or state that it does not exist (@) 3) 0) 70) (© im, fs) (8) Him. 00) (im, F00) (6 im. fe) Figure 13 Figure 14 52, Forthe function f graphed in Figure 4 find the indicated limit or unetion value, late tha i des no exit (2) lim fx) ) tim fx) ©) fim, fl) @ 7) © fin F) #0) 3A, Sketch the graph of =x itx) fim [xix © neve 5] Many sofosare packages have programs for calling line dig although you should Be warned that they are not infil, To dandy conjtlence your prigrim, eo rocatcueie some of the limits in Problems 1-28, Then for each of the following, find the ini or tate hat it doesnot ext. 47. tim VE 48. ig 49. Tim Vx] 50, im |xl* SL. lim(sin 2x)/4x $3, lim cos(1/x) st 58. lim Lae 37. im 12 Rigorous Study of Limits 52, lim(sin Sey/3e lim, x cos(1/) Section 1.2 Rigorous Study of Limits 61 (25]s9, Since eateulus software packages find lim f(x) by sam pling a few values of f(s) for x near a, they ean be fooled. Find a function (for which tiny J(x) fails to exist but for which your software gives a value for the limi ‘Answers to Concepis Review: L Lie 26 3. Livight 4. tim f(x) = ME ‘We gave an informal definition of limit in the previous section. Here is a slightly better, but still informal, rewording of that definition. To say that lim f(x) = LE means that f(x) ean be made to be as close as we like to L provided x is close enough, but not equal to ¢. The first example illustrates this point. HEEXAMPLE 1] Use a plot of y = f(x) = 3x7 to determine how close x must be to2 to guarantee that f(x) is within 0.05 of 12. SOLUTION In order for f(s) to be within 005 of 12, we must have 11.95 < f(x) < 12.05. The lines y = 11.95 and y = 12.05 have been drawn in Figure 1 Ife solve y = 3x? forx we get x = Vy/3.Thus f(-ViL.9523) = 11.95 and f{-V/1205/3) = 1205. Figure 1 indicates that it VILOS)/3 < x < then fla) stisties 11.95 < f(x) < 12.05, This interval for x is approximately 1.99583 < x < 200816, OF the two endpoints of this interval the upper one, 2200416, closer to 2 and it s within 0.00416 of 2, Thus, fxs within 0.00416 of 2 then f(a) i within 0.05 of 12 . ae Figure 1 ‘Absolute Value as Distance Think of wo points and bon number ine Whats the distance between them? Ia < by then b ~ a isthe distance, but fb = «then at bisthe distance. We can com- bine these statements into one Ds saying tha the distances [bal ‘This geomette interpretation ofthe absolute value ofa diflerence a the sistance between two points ona number in is important in under- Standing our definition of te it It we now asked how close x would have to be to 2 to kuarantee that f(x) is ‘within 0.01 of 12, the solution would proceed along the same lines, and we would find that x would have to be in a smaller interval than we obtained above. If we ‘wanted f(x) to be within 0.001 of 12, we would require an interval that is narrow- er still this example, it seems plausible that no matter how close we want f(x) to be to 12, we ean accomplish this by taking.x suiiciently close to 2 ‘We now make the definition of the limit precise. Making the Definition Precise We follow the tradition in using the Greek letters « (epsilon) and 8 (delta) to stand for (usually small) arbitrary positive numbers ‘To say that f(x) is within ¢ of L means that L ~ ¢ < f(x) < L + e,orequiv- alently, [f(x) — L1

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