CHAPTER 2 Postage rates to send postcards, leters and parcels vary depending on the destination and the mass ofthe item. Often, an exact cost is not assigned to a specific mass. Instead, the price is determined by the range that the ‘mass of the parce falls into, In situations that describe a range of values rather than exact values, inequalities serve as more appropriate models than equations. In this chapter, we will learn more about inequalities ‘and how we use them to solve problems in real-world contexts, Learning Outcomes this chapter? What will we lear «+ What linear inequalities are «+ How to solve linear inequalities in one variable and represent the solution on a number line «+ How to apply linear inequalities to solve real-world problems > @® Dipindai dengan CamScannerTat (cole [VT a2 Problem yy oe “The overall mark fora design project 6 caked ve out of I Yas obtained 6 out of 100 mark fori proper ® for the written report. ‘Te mona ar oe pesenaion 8 100 04 alpina for an award. (a) Find the range of marks Yi Hao rust core Ors PSE pained js at least 85. (0) A stadent wl receive funding forthe projet ithe oe Explain fi Hao can receive fading fr tis Po‘eS ar inequalities in one variable, oblems by forming lis In this chapter, we will earn how to solve such P Ginysenatee elites In Book 1, we have leart hove to represent numbers on a number line ‘Amumber on the number line i mor thax any number on its lft and les than any number omits ight (= Fig. 21). 10-9 -8 -7 6 5-4 2345 67 9 10 Since the number 10st the right of the number 5, 10s more than 5 (we write 10 > 5), Similarly, ~5 isto the gt orto, eo 25s more than ~10 (we write -5> -10) Alternatively, we can say that ~10 ses than -5 (owe write =10 < -5). 10 > $ and -10 < -Sare known as inequalities. “The different notations and their meanings are summarised in Table 2.2. a> banda< barecaled [$cc] >b «+ The Law of Trchotoms a aismorethanb. | Fete any too nabs a b | aismore than or equal to b, aanss> ner) asb less than or equal to. | ‘Table 22 Inequalities are used in our everyday lif to relate two quantities Leari is important for us to solve associated problems in our dally contexts ing to interpret the language of inequai™® 34 ure @ Dipindai dengan CamScannerReal-life examples of inequalities (b) Fig 2.2(a) shows a common road sign seen along Singapore roads. tis located at the stat of a demarcated Enhanced School Zone (ESZ), in which motorist are required to reduce their speeds to 40 km/h or less. ‘A motorist is travelling in the ESZ ata speed of x km/h, Write down an inequality which x must satisfy ‘There are six ratings in film classification and Fig. 2.2(b) shows one of the advisory logos, NC16 (No Children under 16). This was introduced in 1993 to protect children from viewing films with themes that are unsuitable for them. Imran, who is y years old, is watching a movie that is classified as NC16. Write down an inequality which y must satisfy. Shufen, who is z years old, is not allowed to watch this movie. Write down an inequality which z must satisfy ‘Can you find other examples in our daily life in which two quantities are related by an inequality? 3. Properties of inequalities In this Investigation, we shall explore some properties of inequ: Fill in each blank with a ‘>" or “ Part 1: Adding/subtracting areal number on/from both sides ofan inequality 1 Consider the inequality 6 < 12. (a) @) 6+2 1242 (ii) 6-4 12-4 (0) 16 < 12 andaisa real number, then 6+ a) 12+ aand6-a (©) If 12> 6 anda isa real number, then 12 +a. 6+aand12-a 6-4. 2. Consider the inequality ~6 < 12. (@) (@) -6+2 0 12+2 (ii) 6-4 12-4 () 1f-6 < 12 and aisa real number, then -6 +a (1) 12+ aand ~6- a (©) 12> -6 and asa real number, then 12 +4) -6 + aand 12-7) -6-a. 3. Consider the inequality 6 > 12. 12-a, R-a (@) () 6425-1242 (i) 6-4.) -12-4 (b) What conclusions can you draw from your answers in part (a)? > Tart caarmns35 | @ Dipindai dengan CamScannerTo 3, can you What about x= y and» i ert 2: Multiplying by areal number on both ies of a8 nega Consider the inequality 6 < 12. @) @ 6x2 2x2 (Wy 6x 2x4 (©) 76 < 12 and aisa postive real number, then 6 xa) 124 16 < 12and aisa negative real number, then 6a 124 (©) 12> Gand aisa postive real number then 2x4) 6X4 112 > 6 and ais a negative real number, then 12%4 | 6% Consider the inequality -6 < 12. (@) i) 6x27 12x02 (i) 6x (-4) [1 12-4) (©) 1-6 < 12anda isa positive real number, then -6xa_ 12% 4. 1f-6 < 12 and ais a negative real number, then -6 Xa 12a. (©) 112 > ~6 andaisa positive real number, then 12x -6X If12 > ~6 and ais a negative real number, then 12a -6X Consider the inequality 6 > -12. (@) (6x27 -12x2 (i) 6x(-4) 12-4) (b) What conclusions can you draw from your answers in part (a)? 8. Consider each of the inequalities in Questions 5 to 7. (a) Divide by a positive real number on both sides of the ‘inequality. Is the inequality sign reversed in each case? (b) Divide by a negative real number on both sides of the inequality. Is the inequality sign reversed in each case? 9, From Questions 5 to 8, can you generalise the conclusions for x < yand x > y? What about x< yandx > y? From the above Investigation, we observe the following: For example, ifx <2 and a isa real number, then x +a<2+aandx-a<2-a; ifx < 2and a > 0, then ax <2aand 2 < ifx <2anda <0, then ax > 2aand % > 2. Dipindai dengan CamScannerRecall he properties of equations which were covered in Rook 1. How ave they similar wo dierent from the Me petien ‘of inequalities? 2, Whydocs the inequality symbol reverse when both ses of the inequality are multiple or divided by « ative maber? Solving simple linear inequalities Foran inequality with an unknown x all values of x that satisty the inequality are called the solutions ofthe inequality: Consider the inequality x > -2, x1. the inequality becomes -1 > ~2, which is true. Tacs -1 aston cof this inequality Similarly, x= 0,2, 34 and 5.6 are also solutions ofthis inequality, Can you think of another solution ofthis inequality? 7 solutions does this inequality have? fx=-3, the inequality becomes -3 > -2, which isnot true ‘Therefore, x= -3 isnot a solution of this inequality. Can you think of another value of x which is nota solution of this inequality? In fact, the solutions ofthe inequality x > -2 areall the real numbers on the right of ~2 on the number line, We can represent the solutions using the number line For example, «the solutions ofthe inequality x > -2 are represented as = ———— (Ona number ine acide Os St used to intiate hat reat take on particu value 3-2-1012 wheres a dot @ is used to « the solutions of the inequality x > -2 are represented as tndloate that oun to the ————— 3-2-1 0 1 2 + the solutions of the inequality x < ~2 are represented as — oo 6-5 A -3 2-1 + the solutions ofthe inequality x = ~2 are represented as -_—__—_ SHE 6 5-4-3 22-1 Tina taogains cwrmns 39 $ Dipindai dengan CamScanner= —————=——_St >| inequality nat satisfy the ality” mean to fin all the solutions arlable and represent the so Saiy means to find al thew quasi one variable ane

42, ; ample if 44 = 32, sovchange inthe inequality ig then the ay, then 48g 32 divide both sales hy ds me chan te the equating Hang men Tamed 0 solution "tags Bat thei ‘ infinitely mary > Intel mnie \ cverse the inequality sign since 6 5-4-3 2 Solving linear inequalities ny ced) Solve each ofthe following inequalities and represent the solutions on a number ne (@) 3e<27 () 2034 Drove = @) 3x<27 Simlarto sing gat 3x _ 27 divideboth sides by 3;nochangein the ecomvert ing *S SF inequality sign since 3 > 0 equivalent forms to sche nx 4 ° 2 tiply both sides by ve seg. Multiply both sides by -1; reverse 1 9 __Yalues or even inne mat 4 solutions. Using anneal) wxS-2 symbol we can wea. —_. Inequality suchasx<-28 expres thee ideas? 6-5-4232 5 ee Solve each of the following inequalities and represent the solutions on a number line (a) 5x>30 () ~4x> 29 (©) 15x<45 (@) ~6<15 i3g ome Tc Dipindai dengan CamScannerduc cua 2 Solving linear inequalities Solve each of the fo ch of the following inequalities, representing each solution on a number line. (@ xe4e (b) -4y-5e 01 *Solution fa) veda BAA 434 subtract trom both sid x 16 1x (Ay) =1 16 multiply both sides by -1; reverse the inequality sign since -I ~ 9 4y S-16 : 4y <-16 divide both sides by 4; no change in the inequality sign since 4 4 4>0 - ys-4 () -2y+4>3 Given an equation in the form ax + b= c, where a, band c are constants and a > 0 list the steps you would take to find the value of x, Would the steps change if < 0? Given an inequality in the form ax + b > c, where a,b and care constants and a > 0, list the steps you would take to find the range of values of x. How would the steps change ifa <0? Worked Penny ‘The inequalities ax + b < ¢, ax +b cand ax + b> ccorrespond tothe linear equation ax + b= ¢. How is the solution of each inequality related to that of the corresponding linear equation? Solving linear inequalities Solve the inequality 8 - x > 3 and represent the solution on a number line. (i Ifxisa prime number, write down the largest possible value of x that satisfies the inequality. (ii) Write down the positive integer values ofx that satisfy the inequality ner fexgualien GurtER: 39 @ Dipindai dengan CamScannerBay 3 8 subtract # from both se ba (cape 1 (65) multiply both skdes by —Ta reverse the Inequality sign since ° 1 2 3 4 5 (The Largest prime value of xis 3. (ii) “The positive integer values of x are 1, 2, Band 4. ive the inequality 5 ~ x < -9 and represent the sol (W Afxisa prime number, write down t inequality. (ii) Given that xis a perfect cube, find the smallest possible value of x Solving more complicated linear inequalities oe Solve each ofthe following inequali a (@) -3>20-9 ie 4 “Solution @ -3>20-3) -3> 2-2 expand the RHS. -3-2>2-24-2 subtract? from both sides 5 >-2x -te<-5 change sides divide both sides by -2 reverse = the inequality sgn since -2< 0 Youcanleve your anor > Sorx> 2! x> Sorx> 2h ax7xbe4x7x24t no changeinthe inequality TheLCMot4and 7x) 4 sign since 4x7 >0 (b) 7<49+1) 7<4y+4 expand the RHS 7-4<4y+4-4 subtract 4 from both sides 3sdy aye change sides 4y 3 divide both sides by 4; no change inthe inequality sign 4 *a since d > 0 a a ® 3 7* a Solve each of the following inequalities, e Le ys 1 (a) 53+x)29 o 54 @ Yer)+2<5 2. Given that p satisfies the inequality >-3(p—3) > ~1, find the largest possible vale? ifp isa perfect square. 27 g(P-3) > afd the largest po = cuarnin? canna i 40 @ Dipindai dengan CamScanner1, What have {earn about the properties of inequalities in Section 21 that co inthis section? 2, How is solvi variable? ld help me to solve the problems ‘linear inequality in one variable similar to or different fom solving a linear equation in one lin each box with "<*>? of" @ soive the inequality 7 + 2 = 16 and represent the (a) 5+h (97 +h, where his a real number solution on a number line, (b) 5k (0) -k, where kis a real number (i) Ifxisan integer, write down the largest (9. thx y, then 5x sy. possible value of x that satisfies the inequality x . 2 (ii) Given that x is a perfect square, find the largest (a) Ifx y, then ~3x [fi -3y, ® xomy Solve each ofthe following inequalities, representing (0 Mexsythen 75 Big each solution on a number line. (@) 2e-5)<2 ) ayen>s Solve each ofthe following inequalities, representing (%) § < 2(7 (@ 522028) ‘each solution on a number line. ‘te an (a) 4x<28 (b) -12x> 126 © 72 O F-2 satisfies the inequality 8 = 7y. (b) Given that x satisfies the inequality 20x > 33, @) state whether each ofthe following statements is find the smallest value of xifx isa prime always, never or sometimes true, Ifa statement number. is never true, then give a counterexample. Ifa (©). Find the greatest odd integer value of x that statement is sometimes true, then state when it is satisfies the inequality -3x > -105. true. Ifa< bande < d, then () ate2 (b) 245b<0 ©) -2-152 @ 1-4d>1 Une tanquabacs curren ay i @ Dipindai dengan CamScannerSolving problems involving linear inequalities 4m this section, we shall use inequalities to solve problems. Solving problem involving inequalities Accurry puff costs $1.60, By forming an inequality, find the maximum numberof that can be bought with $20. Let the number of curry puffs that can be bought with $20 be x. ‘Then 160x < 2000 $1.60 = 160 cents, $20 = 2000 cents 160x _ 2000 divide both sides by 160; no change ‘0. inthe inequality sign since 160 > 0 paz" In such cases, tibet Are} iris UP, 1 esis theansverin iced aa +. the maximum number of curry puffs that can be bought that the lagen easily determined, with $20 is 12. a ‘Abus can ferry a maximum of 45 students. By forming an inequalit number of buses that are needed to ferry 520 students. Solving problem involving inequalities Mer 5 eae sea lis car consumes petrol at an average rate of litres daily. Before Ali begins his journey be tops up the petrol in his car to 100 litres, Given that there must be atleast 15 ltrs of petit (Ay the tankat allies, form an inequality and solve it to find the maximum numberof dys can travel before he has to top up the petrol in his car. “Solution Let xbe the number of days he can travel before he tops up the petrol in his cat 100-8 > 15 100 - 8x 100 15-100 subtract 100 from both sides Alvi both sides by -8; reverse the inequality sign sine “Ali can travel a maximum of 10 days before he has to top up the petrol in his car inimum mark to obtain a Grade Ais 75, Joyce managed vo a achieve an average of A for three of her Science quizzes. What isthe minimum mark she scored in her first 2! she scored 76 and 89 marks inher second and th Further C penne ird quiz respectively? ~ faze ma = = @ Dipindai dengan CamScannerrecesses a Problem ROE) In the Introductory Problein, you had to find the range of marks Vi Hao should score for the presentation in order to qualify for an award and explain if he could receive funding for his design project, After learning how to solve linear inequalities in one variable, by letting the marks Yi Hao scores forthe presentation be x, can you form a suitable inequality to solve the problem? Discuss and work out the solution with your classmates, ae Solving more complicated problem involving inequalities i Weiming has 12 pieces of $10-notes and $5-notes in his wallet. If the total value of all the ha notes is less than $95, what is the maximum number of $10-notes that he has? "Solution Let the number of $10-notes be x. ‘Then the number of $5-notes is 12 - x. 10x + 5(12-x) < 95 10x + 60 - 5x< 95 ‘expand the LHS Sx+ 60 < 95 5x+60-60< 95-60 subtract 60 from both sides 5x<35 5x 235 divide bah kde by 85.00 change i the inequality sign x<7 _&, Weiming has at most 6 pieces of $10-notes. [EESEEEIE — an 1c test consists of 20 muiple choice questions. 3 point are awarded fra corec answer and 1 point is deducted fora wrong answer. No points are awarded or deducted for an ‘unanswered question. Raju attempted a total of 19 questions and his total score for the 1Q test was above 32. Find the minimum number of correct answers he obtained. Taner ga ain? 43 @ Dipindai dengan CamScannerta [eet EST J “| Exercise @® on weckends.a movie chet costs $13.50, Form Ina Math Olymplad quiz. 5 points ae award an inequality and solve it to find the maximum a correct answer and 2 points are deducted fy” umber of tickets Vani can buy with $268. wrong answer or ifa question is left Uunansverey fernard attempted ll 30 questions and his ya score for the quiz was not more than 66. Fing maximum number of OE ANS he oy Cheryl signs up fora savings account that uarantees an increase in her savings ata fixed | __ tate of $15 per month. She plans to withdraw the | money when itis more than twice the amount of $200, Find the least number of complete | __ months that Cheryl has to keep the money in the account for, Siti opened her money box to find 50 pieces of s5-notes and $2-notes. Ifthe total value of aly notes is more than $132, find the minimum nny, ‘of $5-notes she has. | (@ Devi scored 66 marks for her fist lastest and @ Devi wants to rent acar from either Company Ay, | 72 marks for her second class test. What isthe B. Company A quotes a rental rate of $45 per dy | minimum mark she must score for her third lass ‘Company B quotes arate of $38 per day, together | test to meet her target of obtaining an average of with afxed charge of $75. Help Devi decide wis \ 75 marks or more for the three tests? company she should rent a car from. @ tthe sum of three consecutive integers is less than 75, find the cube ofthe largest possible integer. is chapter, we learnt about linear inequalities and how to formulate and solve linear inequalities in one variable Inequalities can be used to model real-world problems to show a range of values instead of a single value. For ‘example, we use inequalities to describe the speed limit within which vehicles can travel. Sometimes, inequalities a used when we are not certain ofthe exact value but we are aware ofthe range of values that it is part of. Therefore itis important that we learn how to interpret the notation of inequalities so that we can express these ideas ina concise and precise manner. Besides the algebraic notation, the number line is another useful diagram to repree the range of values that a variable can take, ‘To solve problems in real-world contexts, we must identify how the quantities relate to each other and write a statement using an appropriate inequality symbol to represent the relationship, As we solve the inequality, we ‘observe that the method of solving is similar to that of solving equations — that each subsequent inequality oie! from our algebraic manipulation is equivalent tothe preceding one. As seen from the examples of equations and inequalities in this chapter, equivalence is the bass for solving linear equations as wells linear inequalities. Tis® an important idea that wll carry us through the solving of other equations and inequalities, @® Dipindai dengan CamScannerJAA AAA ) | | 1, Linear inequality ‘An inequality isa statement that relates two quantities. ‘Anexample ofa linear inequality in one variable isx = 75, + Give two other examples ofa linear inequality in one variable 2, Properties of a linear i ‘The inequality sign is reverse only when we multiply or divide by a negative number on both sides of an inequality. Fill in the blanks in the table below. x>y| xta>yea x-b>y-B | | aay] avebyre = ys | | x 0 x<4 $ divide both sides by -2; reverse the inequality sign since -2 <0 4, Representing solution on a number line We can represent the solutions of inequalities using a number line. For example: (@) x>3 (b) x<-5 oo a 2345 6 47-654 (x22 (@) x<0 — St 4-3 2 0 "nca Inequaines curr 4s, ; @ Dipindai dengan CamScanner6 2 3. cach solution on a number line, (a) a-253 , (b) @ ae} (@) © %e-3>1 () sf-aysi5 () -3> 2-741 (hy 8-364 Solve each of the fllowing inequalities. a s @ ada -p<3% de 1 2 - 2d4+35 @ -€-351 228, 9 aie 2 @ 3 6 a Given that x < 144, state the largest possible value ofxifxis A eels (2) aninteger, (©) a prime number, (c) a rational number. Given that 27 - 2x < 8, find (a) the smallest value of x, (b) the smallest integer value of x Find the smallest integer value of x that satisfies the inequality 4x > 11. Find the greatest integer value of y that satisfies the inequality ~3y > 24. Given that p satisfies the inequality 5p < 125, find the greatest value of p ip is divisible by 12, Solve cach of the following inequalities, representing 8, Given that k satisfies the inequality 5k 4, the smallest value of k ifk isa prime num, ®™ umber 9, ‘The perimeter of a square is at most 81 cm, Isthe greatest possible area of the square Gy answer cortect to significant figures, 10. ‘The masses ofa sheet of writing paper and aq envelope are 3 g and 5 g respectively. It costs 60 cents to send a letter with a mass not exceed 20 g, Albert has 60 cents worth of stamps. fx number of sheets of writing paper, form an inequality in x and find the maximum number sheets of writing paper that he can use, 11, Li Ting is 3 years younger than Kumar. Ifthe sum of their ages is at most 50 years, find the maximan possible age of Li Ting 5 years ago. 12, Weiming only has $1 and 20-cent coins in his pocket. Given thatthe total value ofthe 16 coins in his pocket is at most $11, find the minimum ‘number of 20-cent coins that he has. 13, Ina set of 20 True/False questions, 2 points are awarded for a correct answer and I point is deducted for a wrong answer. No points are awarded or deducted for an unanswered question. "Nadia answered 15 questions and left the emaiiog ‘questions unanswered. Ifher total score is greater than 24, find the maximum number of questions she answered wrongly. State whether each ofthe following statements is true or false. Ii is true, prove it, Ii is false give & counterexample. (a) Ifaand bare real numbers such that 3 > Lthena > b, (b) Ifa, b,c and d are real numbers such that a > band ¢> dj then ac > bd, Find the values of yfor which (a) yxys-h (b) yxy>nk Find the range of values of for which 2&5 > 0, x0, Explain your answer @ Dipindai dengan CamScanner