APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION IN PHYSICS A car starts from Greater Noida at 10 am and reaches Agra at 1 pm. The displacement of the car is 180 km. The average velocity of the car is V= =. “= 60 km/h. To know the velocity of t the car at 11:30 am and 12:45 pm, i.e. instantaneous velocities, we require the knowledge of differentiation. _ As Average velocity y = — At As At 0 : ds _ lim — =— =v Aro At dt where v is the instantaneous velocity. . _. Av Average acceleration a = ——~ At As At 0 Scanned with CamScannerIfthe displacement isa function of time r, to find velocity, differentiate s w.rt. ¢ ds dt * Ifthe velocity isa function of time ¢, to find acceleration, differentiate v w.rt. dv fale), v= fn), h at ) * If the velocity is a function of displacement s, to find Acceleration, diferente v wrt and use the expression dv Example 18 A particle is moving in a straight line such that its displacement at any time tis given by s = 47° + 37, Find the velocity and acceleration in terms of Solution: 54h 432 seeeeeeneeeeeee a Gta bP) P4322 = 128 +6 4 yy, 4 a= #4), 4 dt ae * 4G 12224644 =241+6 Example 19 A particle moves along a straight line such that its displacement s =? + Br + x, where ris time and @, B and Yate constants. Find the inital velocity and the velocity abe=2, Solution: s=aPt+Brey v= Bo Fen) 4 Lepr 4 4 i gh Ota Be aM a3 8.240 =3ar+2Br For initial quantities, use time t= 0 Initial velocity = 3@(0) + 26 (0) Atr=2 y 3a¢(2)'+26 (2) =Ra+4p q Example 20 _A particle is moving in straight line such, = P32 + 31+ 2, where sis the displacement in metres tis in seconds. Find the (a) velocity at ‘= 2s, (b) acceleration at ¢=3 s, (©) velocity when acceleration is zero and (@ acceleration when velocity is zero. Solutic s=P-3P 4342 # 32-6143 a a= ® 26-6 dt (a)Ate= 2s, v= 3(2) —6(2)+3=3 m/s (D)Atr=lsa (3) — 2 mvs? (©) Acceleration => 61-6=051=1s Att= 1s, v= 3(1)?—6(1) + (@) When velocity is zero, v = 34 (-1P=050=1s At (1) -6=0 6+ 3=3F 3+ 1)~ s Example 24 _A particle is moving such that the velocity is given by v= 2/5 , where Ais constant and s is displacement. Find the acceleration. Solution: v= Vas = 22s? pylon 0 PE ds Vas 2Vs VIA a PR ag APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION IN PHYSICS We know dv as If the displacement is. given, to find velocity and th: acceleration, We use differentiation, If the acceleration is is given, to find velocity and the displacement, we use inte gration, Use differenti Use integration wesc en ae ee Scanned with CamScannermpie 22 A particle is moving in a staf fu, The motion stants fiom rest, solution: age acceleration is not constant; hence ua ation an Hem plicable. Acceleration depends on time, Os "OUOn are a ime, 4 Upper limit, if we are integrating with respect’ |t0 4, use limits of rin integration Example 23 If a= 37 + 24, intial velocity is $ mis, find the velocity at ¢= 4 s. The motion is in straight line, a is acceleration in m/s” and 1 is time in seconds, hoe Solution: dy SS -37 +2 qt a » 4 v= (oe Je Jo +2t)de v-5= (4) + 4F} - (0) v= 85 m/s Example 24 The deceleration experienced by a moving a it ne is shut- iven by <= —b, motorboat after its engine is shut-off is given by “- [Motion ina Straight Une 39 perm ‘V_TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE 3 1. A particle moves along X-axis in such a way that its co- ‘ordinate (x) varies with time (#) according tothe expression x= 2-514 6? ‘The initial velocity of the particle is (1) -S mis @-3ms (3) 3ms @ 6ms 2. The displacement of a particle after time ¢ is given by x= (P—6F + 3¢+4) metre. ‘What is the speed of the particle whem its acceleration is zer0? (1) -12 mis Q) -9 mis (@) -6 mis (4) 3 ms 3. The position x of a particle varies with time (t) as x = af — bf’. The acceleration at time # of the particle will be equal to zero is 2a a OF Qs OF ) zero 4. A point initially at rest moves along X-axis. Its acceleration varies with time as a= (61+ 5) ns Ifit stars from origin, the distance covered in 2 s is () 20m Q) 18m (3) 16m (4) 25 im. 5. The velocity-time relation of an electron starting from rest is given by v= Kt, where K = 2 mvs’. The distance travelled, in3 sec where k is a constant. If vg is the magnitude of the velocity at ‘shut-off, find the velocity as a function of /. (1) 9m Q) 16m Solution: G) 27m @ 36m dv a kv Scanned with CamScannera 9 BRAIN BOOSTER 22 on a= at +t A particle is subjected to an accelerati ‘ where a and f are positive constants. The position and velocity of the particle at 1 =0 are x, and 5 respectively. Find the expression for the velocity (v ) and position (x) of the particle at time ¢. SOLUTION =at+ pe a = dv=atde+ pede Integrating we get Je -.Q) ott Be 3 at Be. =y —di+—dt = dea nytt ate Integrating, we get Dea : af Si fac=v fared fe are eae a wu o3 ° > pit (3) ‘So, equations (2) and (3) give us the required expression for v and x. @ |AIN BOOSTER 23 For a particle moving along x-axis, acceleration is given as a= 2v". Ifthe speed of the particle is v, at x= 0, find speed asa function of x. SOLUTION av Since, a= v—~ = 2y* inc x => S=2v - |?-)s ie, log.vf, = (2x) = venet {+ Iflog.x=a=x=e"} Scanned with CamScannerST al | (@) For a particle having zero initial velocity it v ef, St? and vs then acceleration of particla must be constant i.e. particle is moving rectilinearly with uniform acceleration. For a particle having zero initial velocity it s = ¢", where a> 2, then particle's acceleration increases with time. For a particle having zero Initial velocity It 6 = t", where <0, then particle's acceleration decreases with time, 9 BRAIN BOOSTER 24 For a particle moving along x-axis, acceleration is given as a =x, Find the position as a function of time if at ¢=0, x= 1m and y=1ms* SOLUTION ES dv Since a=“ ae eta a” Integrating we get fra=fx drie, = yond Pin 3 vex a Pas at Integrating we get Ie = log.x=1 Sx 9 BRAIN BOOSTER 25 For a particle moving along x-axis, acceleration is given as ¥. Find the position as a function of time if at ¢=0, x= Oand y=1ms7 SOLUTION ae Since a= =y, 50 fe-fa a yd = log.v|/=rh ie, log,v = 0 » dx = edt = r=d-1 Scanned with CamScannerMotion in a Straight Line 4.15 © BRAIN BOOSTER 26 So, total distance travelled is SS? BRAINBOOSTER26 “bx, #3041802 210 m Ter apoio wel slg sesh, vancy Ww ghco wt Bo actin os pear tan ene ae feet ai petinedscedrsionacnseeaeece et sr se nape and nc ena tAIN BOOSTER 28 The velocity of a particle moving In the positive direction of SouurioN ar scans vares as v = av, where a Isa postive constant. sine vein? otto den f(a sansa “Assuming that at moment «= the partite was focted at E o ° the point x = 0. Find 2 ve2P-cosr+1 (@) the time dependence of the velocity and the acceleration ?, dv of the particle. Co Since v= 21 +sint ie. a a Mt cose (b) the mean velocity of the particle averaged over the tims that the particle takes to cover first s meters of the =2(0)' +sin(0)=0 and path, So, initial speed is vl, Initial Acceleration is aleg = 4(0)+c05(0)= 1 ms"? SOLUTION }_aRAIN BoosTER 27 (©) Since v= ave er arene ed the graph shown and takes 12 to take-off from the ese > ain) position, Calculate the distance travelled by the airplane oe o Peete deren erence a(m ms!) nterine spacing De dt Ne a at 2 (GB )o=$ dv oe ante dt 2 SOLUTION From 0 A, acceleration is varying linearly with time, so hence a-0=2(1-0)ie, a= a5, 6 dt 6 ; Total Time Taken ¢ Ja ‘To cover a distance s in time ¢ with constant acceleration ant, wohave # 2) z owen S95 For A > B the acceleration is constant and have a value of we Sms”. Now velocity at point A is are 5 4 77 (36)= 15 ms ¥,(6)+3(5)(6)" =180 m Scanned with CamScanner