Theory / Main Tenet/s
Proponent
Melanie Klein:  She insisted that the infant’s drives
Object Relations are directed to an object a breast, a
Theory penis, a vagina, and so on.
 According to Klein, the child’s
relation to the breast is fundamental
and serves as a prototype for later
relations to whole objects, such as
mother and father.
 Object relations theory places less
emphasis on biologically based
drives and more importance on
consistent patterns of interpersonal
relationships.
 As opposed to Freud’s rather
paternalistic theory that emphasizes
the power and control of the father,
object relations theory tends to be
more maternal, stressing the
intimacy and nurturing of the
mother.
 Object relations theorists generally
see human contact and
relatedness—not sexual pleasure—
as the prime motive of human
behavior.
Key Terms Development of Application Critique/ View of
Psychopathology Humanity
Psychic Life of the Infant  Relationship with  Klein believed that both Critique
 Phantasies objects in disturbed and healthy Research generation: low
- are psychic representations of (especially in early children should be Falsifiability: low
unconscious id instinct. stages of life) psychoanalyzed. - problems with
- infants possess unconscious determines our  Disturbed children - falsification due to very
images of “good” and “bad. personality. benefit of therapeutic few testable hypothesis;
 Objects Childhood Trauma (and treatment but attachment theory
- drives have some object; can be Abuse)  Healthy children - rates as high
external (concrete or physical) or - object relational prophylactic analysis Organization: low
internal (introjected thoughts functioning/object  Play Therapy - object relations theory
about external objects) relations plays a big  Klein provided each child lacks usefulness as an
Positions role; quality of with a variety of small organizer of knowledge
- ways of dealing with both relationship between toys, pencil and paper, The guidance of action:
internal and external objects young children and paint, crayons, and so moderate
- 2 basic positions: their caregivers is forth. Internal consistency: high
 Paranoid-Schizoid Position - a internalized as a model  Klein believed that young Parsimony: low
way of organizing experiences for interpersonal children express their
that includes both paranoid relations conscious and View of Humanity
feelings of being persecuted - people with traumatic unconscious wishes Determinism vs Free
and a splitting of internal and childhoods see other through it. Choice
external objects into the good people as dangerous  Kleinan Therapy  high on determinism;
and the bad; developed and rejecting and may  substitution to Freud’s low on free choice
during first 3-4 months of life. result in development dream analysis and free Pessimism vs Optimism
 Depressive position - begins on of shame and association; believes  can either be both;
5th or 6th month f life; the unworthiness feeling that young children depends on quality of
feelings of anxiety over losing within themselves express their conscious early mother-infant
a loved object coupled with a - was correlated with and unconscious wishes relationship
sense of guilt for wanting to symptoms of post- through play therapy  healthy relationship =
destroy that object traumatic stress  Expressing negative psychologically
constitute. disorder (PTSD) and low transference; Klein healthy (optimism);
Psychic Defense Mechanisms self-esteem interpreted unconscious non-healthy
- from very early infancy; adopted motives from verbal relationship =
by children to protect their ego attacks of her young pathological self-
against the anxiety aroused by patients. absorbed personality
their own destructive fantasies.  Aimed to reduce (pessimism)
- several psychic defense depressive anxieties
mechanisms: and persecutory fears Causality vs Teleology
  Introjection - infants fantasize and to mitigate  leans more on
taking into their body those harshness of causality
perceptions and experiences internalized objects. Conscious vs Unconscious
that they have had with the  Encouraged patients to Determinants
external object, originally the reexperience early  high on unconscious
mother’s breast. emotion and fantasies determinants
 Projection - is the fantasy that but this time the Biological vs Social
one’s own feelings and differences between Influences
impulses actually reside in reality and fantasy,  biology was more
another person and not between conscious and important than
within one’s body. unconscious are being environment in
 Splitting -keeping apart pointed out by the shaping personality
incompatible impulses in therapist.` Uniqueness vs Similarity
order for infants to manage  little concern with
the good and bad aspects of differences but more
themselves and of external towards similarities
objects, infants split them.
 Projective Identification -
infants split off unacceptable
parts of themselves, project
them into another object, and
finally introject them back
into themselves in a changed
or distorted form.
Internalizations
- the person takes in (introjects)
aspects of the external world and
then organizes those introjections
into a psychologically meaningful
framework.
- 3 important internalizations:
 Ego - has the ability to sense
loving and destructive forces;
though it is mostly
unorganized at birth, it
nevertheless is strong enough
to feel anxiety, to use defense
mechanisms, and to form
early object relations in both
phantasy and reality.
  Superego - would not begin to
be activated until Oedipus
complex had died down;
harsher and cruel; early
superego does not produce
guilt but terror.
 Oedipus Complex - begins
during the earliest months of
life, overlaps with the oral
and anal stages, and reaches
its climax during the genital
stage at around age 3 or 4;
children of either gender can
direct their love either
alternately or simultaneously.
 Female Oedipal
Development - little girl
fantasizes that her father’s
penis feeds her mother
with riches, including
babies, and will develop a
positive relationship to it. If
the female Oedipal stage
proceeds smoothly, the
little girl adopts a
“feminine” position and has
a positive relationship with
both parents.
 Male Oedipal Development -
a boy shifts some of his oral
desires from his mother’s
breast to his father’s penis.
At this time the little boy is
in his feminine position;
that is, he adopts a passive
homosexual attitude
toward his father.
Karen Horney:  In Horney’s psychoanalytic social The Impact of Culture Neuroses Horneyan Therapy Critique
Psychoanalytic theory, it suggests that social and - cultural influences are primary - are a person’s attempt - aimed to help patients grow Research generation: low
Social Theory cultural conditions. Especially bases for both neurotic and normal to find paths through gradually in the direction of Falsifiability: low
 childhood experiences, are largely
responsible for shaping personality.
 Man is not ruled by pleasure
principle alone but by two guiding
principles: safety and satisfaction.
 She repeatedly emphasized cultural
influences as the primary bases for
both neurotic and normal
personality development.
personality development.
The childhood experiences
- Childhood is the age from which
majority of problems arise though
conflicts can stem from any
developmental stage.
Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety
 Basic Hostility - parents fail to
meet safety and satisfaction of
the child; seldom expressed by
children and parents lack
awareness; often repressed.
 Basic Anxiety - when repressed
hoatility leads to profound
feelings of insecurity and a
vague sense of apprehension;
feelings of isolation and
helplessness in a potentionally
hostile world.
 Reactive Hostility - developed
by children aas a defense from
their parents whom they feel
threatened with.
 4 defenses against Basic
Anxiety:
1. Affection - does not always lead
to authentic love; soe
purchase love with self-
effacing compliance, material
goods or sexual favors.
2. Submissiveness - neurotics may
submit themselves either to
people or to institutions such
as an organization or a
religion; they often do so in
order to gain affection.
3. Power - is a defense against the
real or imagined hostility of
others and takes the form of a
tendency to dominate others.
the wilderness (which is self-actualization-- give their
created by society and idealized self-image.
not by instincts or - encourage patients to achieve
anatomy). self-understanding and self-
- grows out of basic analysis.
conflict that usually - employed Freudaian
begins at childhood. rechniques: dream
- cultural influences are interpretation and free
primary bases for both association.
neurotic and normal  Dream Interpretation
personality - Horney saw dreams as
development. attempts to solve problems.
- When therapists provide a
correct interpretation, patients
are helped toward a better
understanding of their real self.
 Free Association
- patients are asked to say
everything that comes to mind
regardless of how trivial or
embarrassing it may seem.
- they are also encouraged to
express whatever feelings may
arise from the association.
- this eventually reveals
patients’ idealized self-image
and persistent but unsuccessful
attempts at accomplishing it.
Organization: high
The guidance of action:
low
Internal consistency:
moderate
- concepts and
formulations are
consistent but terms
were not clearly
differentiated.
Parsimony: high
View of Humanity
Determinism vs Free
Choice
- higher on Free choice;
concept of humanity is
deterministic but healthy
people are large on free
choice.
Pessimism vs Optimism
- more optimistic; if
people can avoid basic
anxiety they can develop
healthy personalities.
Causality vs Teleology
- adopted the middle
position; self-realization is
the actual goal but can be
blocked by childhood
experiences.
Conscious vs Unconscious
Determinants
- adopted the middle
position; however, she
believed that most people
only have limited
awareness of their
motives (unconscious).
Biological vs Social
  prestige - is a protection Influences
against humiliation and is - more on social
expressed as a tendency to influences than biological;
humiliate others psychological differences
 possession - acts as a buffer are more cultural and
against destitution and societal than anatomical.
poverty and manifests itself Uniqueness vs Similarity
as a tendency to deprive - highlights similarities but
others. puts emphasis on
4. Withdrawal - neurotics individual differences of 3
frequently protect themselves categories of neurotics.
against basic anxiety either by
developing an independence
from others or by becoming
emotionally detached from
them.
Compulsive Drives
- normal individuals are able to use a
variety of defensive maneuvers in a
somewhat useful way, neurotics
compulsively repeat the same
strategy in an essentially
unproductive manner; neurotics do
not enjoy pain and suffering.
 Neurotic Needs
 10 categories for neurotic
needs:
1. The neurotic need for
affection and approval.
- attempt indiscriminately to
please others; They try to live
up to the expectations of
others.
2. The neurotic need for a
powerful partner.
- overvaluation of love and a
dread of being alone or
deserted.
3. The neurotic need to restrict
one’s life within narrow
 borders.
- downgrade own abilities and
dread making demands on
others; content with very little.
4. The neurotic need for
power.
- manifests itself as the need to
control others and to avoid
feelings of weakness or
stupidity;usually combined with
the needs for prestige and
possession.
5. The neurotic need to exploit
others.
- frequent evaluation toward
others on the basis of how they
can be used or exploited, but at
the same time, they fear being
exploited by others.
6. The neurotic need for social
recognition or prestige.
- one tries to be first, to be
important, or to attract
attention to themselves.
7. The neurotic need for
personal admiration.
- need to be admired for what
they are rather than for what
they possess. Their inflated self-
esteem must be continually fed
by the admiration and approval
of others.
8. The neurotic need for
ambition and personal
achievement.
- often have a strong drive to be
the best—the best salesperson,
the best bowler, the best lover;
they must defeat other people
in order to confirm their
 superiority.
9. The neurotic need for self-
sufficiency and
independence.
- many neurotics have a strong
need to move away from
people, thereby proving that
they can get along without
others.
10.The neurotic need for
perfection and
unassailability.
- by striving relentlessly for
perfection, neurotics receive
“proof” of their self-esteem and
personal superiority; they dread
making mistakes and having
personal flaws, and they
desperately attempt to hide
their weaknesses from others.
 Neurotic Needs
- general categories each relating to
a person’s basic attitude toward self
and others.
 3 basic attitudes:
1. Moving toward people -
either or both of the first
two neurotic needs; that is,
they desperately strive for
affection and approval of
others, or they seek a
powerful partner who will
take responsibility for their
lives in an attempt to
protect themselves against
feelings of helplessness.
 Spontaneous movement:
friendly, loving
personality
 Compulsive movement:
 compliant personality
2. Moving against people -
tend to appear tough or
useless; motivated by a
strong need to exploit
others and use them for
their own benefit and as
protection against real or
imagined hostility.
 Spontaneous movement:
a survivor in a
competitive society
 Compulsive movement:
aggressive personality
3. Moving away from people -
expression of needs for
privacy, independence, and
self-sufficiency; solving
basic conflict of isolation.
 Spontaneous movement:
autonomous, serene
personality
 Compulsive movement:
detached personality
Intrapsychic Conflicts
- inner conflicts; intrapsychic
processes originated from
interpersonal experiences but willl
eventually develop a life on their
own.
 2 important intrapsychic
conflicts:
1. The Idealized Self-image -
painting a godlike picture of
oneself
- the desperate need to
acquire a stable sense of
identity.
- the idealized self-image is
expressed as:
 1) neurotic search for glory -
incorporaring ideal self into
all aspects of their lives.
- includes 3 elements: the
need for perfection, neurotic
ambition, and the drive
toward a vindictive triumph.
2) neurotic claim
- building a fantasy world
that’s out of sync from
reality; believing that there is
someyhing wrong in the real
world.
3) neurotic pride
- a false pride based not on a
realistic view of the true self
but on a spurious image of
the idealized self.
2. Self-hatred - irrational and
powerful tendency to despise
oneself.
- self-hatred is expressed as
either self-contempt or
alienation from self.
- may result to:
1) relentless demands on
the self
2) merciless accusation
3) self-contempt
4) self-frustration
5) self-torment
6) self-destructive actions
and impulses
Feminine Psychology
- Horney insisted that basic anxiety is
at the core of men’s need to
subjugate women and women’s wish
to humiliate men.
- there is no more anatomical reason
why girls should be envious of the

Erich Fromm:  Modern-day people have been torn
Humanistic away from their prehistoric union
Psychoanalysis with nature and also with one
another, yet they have the power of
reasoning, foresight, and
imagination.
 Humanistic Psychoanalysis consisted
basic anxiety which is the feelings of
loneliness and isolation and this is
caused by humanity’s separation
from the natural world.
 Individual personality can be can be
understood in the light of human
history.
penis than boys should desire breast
or womb.
 Masculine protest - women
have pathological belief that
men are superior to women
Fromm’s Basic Assumptions
 Self-awareness - contributes to
feelings of loneliness,isolation,
and homelessness.
 Human Dilemma - experienced
by people basic dilemma
because they have become
separate from nature and yet
have the capacity to be aware of
themselves as isolated beings.
Human Needs
- as animals, humans are motivated
by such physiological needs as
hunger, sex and safety;
 human/existential needs:
1. Relatedness - the drive for
union with another person or
other persons.
 3 basic ways in which one
may relate to the world:
1) Submission - a person
can submit to another,
to a group, or to an
institution in order to
become one with the
world.
2) Power - when
submissive people
search for a relationship
with domineering
people, power seekers
welcome submissive
partners.
3) Love - is the only route
by which a person can
Personality Disorders: Humanistic Psychoanalysis Critique
Necrophilia - Fromm believed that the aim Research generation: low
- the term “necrophilia” of therapy is for patients to Falsifiability: high
means love of death come to know their selves;and Organization: average
and usually refers to a was much more concerned The guidance of action:
sexual perversion in with interpersonal aspects of high
which a person desires therapeutic encounter. Internal consistency: high
sexual contact with a - Therapy should be built on a Parsimony: low
corpse. However, personal relationship between
Fromm (1964, 1973) therapists and patients View of Humanity
used necrophilia in a because accurate Determinism vs Free
more generalized sense communication is essential to Choice
to denote any therapeutic growth. - middle
attraction to death. Pessimism vs Optimism
- Necrophilia is an Dream Analysis - both pesssimistic and
alternative character - He believed that dreams as optimistic
orientation to biophilia. well as fairy tales and myths Causality vs Teleology
People naturally love are expressed in symbolic - slightly favor teleology
life, but when social language Conscious vs Unconscious
conditions stunt - the only universal language Determinants
biophilia, they may humans have developed; - middle
adopt a necrophilic Fromm would ask for the Biological vs Social
orientation. patient’s associations to the Influences
dream material. - somewhat more
Malignant Narcissism importance on the impact
- Narcissistic people  In this field, Fromm of history, culture, and
possess what Horney believed that therapists society
called “neurotic should not try to be too than on biology.
claims.” They achieve scientific in understanding Uniqueness vs Similarity
security by holding on a patient; the therapist - moderate emphasis on
to the distorted belief should not view the similarities among
that their extraordinary patient as an illness or a people
personal qualities give thing but as a person with
them superiority over the same human needs
everyone else. that all people possess.
 become united with the
world and, at the same
time, achieve
individuality and
integrity.
2. Transcedence - the urge to rise
above a passive and
accidental existence and into
“the realm of purposefulness
and freedom”.
- through creating or
destroying life one can
trancscend their passive
nature.
 Malignant agression -
only used by humans; to
kill for reasons other
than survival.
3. Rootedness - the need to
establish roots or to feel at
home again in the world.
 Fixation - a tenacious
reluctance to move
beyond the protective
security provided by
one’s mother.
4. Sense of Identity - the capacity
to be aware of ourselves as a
separate entity; without
sense of identity, people
could not retain their sanity.
5. Frame of Orientation - enables
people to organize the
various stimuli that impinge
on them; humans need a road
map, a frame of orientation,
to make their way through
the world.
The Burden of Freedom
- the burden of freedomresults in
- Because what they
have looks, physique,
wealth is so wonderful,
they believe that they
need not do anything to
prove their value
- Their sense of worth
depends on their
narcissistic self-image
and not on their
achievements. When
their efforts are
criticized by others,
they react with anger
and rage, frequently
striking out against
their critics, trying to
destroy them. If the
criticism is
overwhelming, they
may be unable to
destroy it, and so they
turn their rage inward.
The result is
depression.
 Hypochondriasis -
an obsessive
attention to one’s
health; developed
from
preoccupation of
one’s body.
Incestuous Symbiosis
- Incestuous symbiosis
originates in infancy as
a natural attachment to
the mothering one.
- The attachment is
more crucial and
basic anxiety, the feeling of fundamental than any
beingalone in the world. sexual interest that may
Mechanisms of Escape develop during the
- in an attempt to flee from the Oedipal period.
burden of freedom and basic anxiety,
Fromm identifued 3 primary
mechanisms:
1. Authoritarianism - the
tendency to give up the
independence of one’s own
individual self and to fuse one’s
self with somebody or something
outside oneself, in order to
acquire the strength which the
individual is lacking.
 the unite with a powerful
partner in two forms:
1) Masochism - results
from basic feelings of
powerlessness,
weakness, and inferiority
and is aimed at joining
the self to a more
powerful person or
institution.
2) Sadism - is more
neurotic and more
socially harmful.
2. Destructiveness - rooted in the
feelings of aloneness, isolation,
and powerlessness; seeks to do
away with other people.
3. Conformity - people who
conform try to escape from a
sense of aloneness and isolation
by giving up their individuality and
becoming whatever other people
desire them to be.
Positive freedom
- A person “can be free and not
alone, critical and yet not filled with
doubts, independent and yet an
integral part of mankind”
- represents a successful solution to
the human dilemma of being part of
the natural world and yet separate
from it.
- Fromm held that love and work are
the twin components of positive
freedom.
Character Orientation
- a person’s relatively permanent
way of relating to people and things.
 Personality - in Fromm’s
definition, it is “the totality of
inherited and acquired psychic
qualities which are characteristic
of one individual and which
make the individual unique
 Character - defined as “the
relatively permanent system of
all noninstinctual strivings
through which man relates
himself to the human and
natural world”; the most
important of the acquired
qualities of personality is
 People relate to the world
through:
 Assimilation - by acquiring
and using things
 Socialization - relating to
self and others
Nonproductive Orientations
- to suggest strategies that fail to
move people closer to positive
freedom and self-realization.
 4 nonproductive orientations:
1. Receptive - feel that the
source of all good lies
 outside themselves and
that the only way they can
relate to the world is to
receive things, including
love, knowledge, and
material possessions.
2. Exploitative - believe that
the source of all good is
outside themselves.
3. Hoarding - seek to save that
which they have already
obtained.
Marketing
- Marketing characters see
themselves as commodities, with
their personal value dependent on
their exchange value, that is, their
ability to sell themselves.
The Productive Orientation
1. Work - Healthy people value
work not as an end in itself, but as
a means of creative self-
expression.
2. Love - characterized by the four
qualities of love discussed as -
care, responsibility, respect, and
knowledge.
 Biophilia - is a passionate
love of life and all that is
alive
3. Thinking - motivated by a
concerned interest in another
person or object.
 Erik Erikson:  Erikson’s post-Freudian theory The Ego in Post Freudian Theory Basic Mistrust  Erik Erikson’s Theory Critique
Post-Freudian extends Freud’s infantile  Ego - was held by Erikson as a - too little trust leads to offered a new way of Research generation:
Theory developmental stages into positive force that creates a self- frustration, anger, looking things as an higher than average
adolescence, childhood, and old identity, a sense of “I’.s hostility, or depression. extension of Freudian Falsifiability: average
age.  Erikson identified 3 interrelated theory. Organization: low
 Offers a new “way of looking at aspects of ego: Core Pathology  The extension of - theory lacks sufficient
things” 1. Body Ego - experiences with - a psychosocial disorder personality development scope to be rated high on
 Each stage a specific psychosocial our body; a way of seeing at any of the eight stages to adulthood --Stages of this criterion.
struggle contributes to the our physical self as of development that Psychosocial The guidance of action:
formation of personality. different from other results from too little Development became high
 From adolescence on, that struggle people. basic strength. one of his major Internal consistency:
takes the form of an identity crisis- a 2. Ego Ideal - image we have of  Withdrawal - contributions to noticeable
turning in one’s life that may either ourselves in comparison antithesis of hope; if psychology. It is utilized Parsimony: moderate
strengthen or weaken personality. with an established ideal. infants do not in clinical settings in
 Social and historical influences plays 3. Ego Identity - the image we develop sufficient seeking to understand View of Humanity
a role in the elaboration of have of ourselves in the hope during infancy patients in all age group. Determinism vs Free
psychosexual stages beyond variety of social roles we the core pathology  The stage identity versus Choice
childhood. play. of infancy; with little role confusion relates to - somewhere in the
Social Influences hope, they will them perfectly as it is middle
- the ego emerges from and is largely retreat from the obvious they are Pessimism vs Optimism
shaped by society. outside world and struggling to find where - tended to be optimistic
 Anality - compulsive neatness, begin the journey they fit in with family, Causality vs Teleology
stubbornness, and miserliness. toward serious peers and society. - high on causality; people
 Pseudospecies - an illusion psychological  Erikson insisted that are influenced more by
perpetrated and perpetuated by disturbance. personality is a product biological and social forces
a particular society that it is  Compulsion - of history, culture, and than by their view of the
somehow chosen to be the inadequate will; the biology; and his diverse future.
human species. core methods of investigation Conscious vs Unconscious
Epigenetic Principle psychopathology of reflect this belief. Determinants
- the epigenetic development implies early childhood.  Found that apathy was - Erikson’s position is
a step-by-step growth of fetal  Inhibition - the an expression of mixed.
organs, thus, the ego develops antipathy of extreme dependency Biological vs Social
throughout the various stages of life. purpose, constitutes upon the investigation of Influences
the core pathology Sioux children. - More social than
Stages of Psychosocial Development of the play age; if biological.
 Requires an understanding of guilt is the dominant Psychohistory Uniqueness vs Similarity
several basic points: element, children - is a controversial field that - More emphasis on
 growth takes place according may become combines psychoanalytic individual differences
to the epigenetic principle. compulsively concepts with historical than on universal
 in every stage of life there is moralistic or overly methods. characteristics.
 an interaction of opposites— inhibited. - Although Erikson (1975)
that is, a conflict between a  Inertia - the deplored Freud’s later work,
syntonic (harmonious) antithesis of he took up the methods of
element and a dystonic competence and the psychohistory and refined
(disruptive) element. core pathology of them, especially in his study
 at each stage, the conflict the school age. of Martin Luther and
between the dystonic and - if the struggle Mahatma Gandhi.
syntonic elements produces between industry
an ego quality or ego and inferiority
strength, which Erikson favors either
referred to as a basic inferiority or an
strength. overabundance
 too little basic strength at any of industry,
one stage results in a core children are likely
pathology for that stage. to give up and
 although Erikson referred to regress to an
his eight stages as earlier stage of
psychosocial stages, he never development.
lost sight of the biological  Role repudiation -
aspect of human pathological
development. counterpart of
 events in earlier stages do not fidelity is, the core
cause later personality pathology of
development. Ego identity is adolescence that
shaped by a multiplicity of blocks one’s ability
conflicts and events—past, to synthesize various
present, and anticipated. self-images and
 during each stage, but values into a
especially from adolescence workable identity.
forward, personality  Diffidence -
development is characterized extreme lack of
by an identity crisis. self-trust or
 Identity crisis - Erikson self-confidence.
called “a turning point, a  Defiance - Is the
crucial period of act of rebelling
increased vulnerability against
and heightened authority.
potential”  Exclusivity -
 The 8 stages of development: antipathy of love is ,
the core pathology
1. Infancy - a period of young adulthood.
encompassing approximately Exclusivity becomes
the first year of life and pathological when it
paralleling Freud’s oral phase of blocks one’s ability
development; time of to cooperate,
incorporation. compete, or
- marked by oral-sensory compromise.
psychosexual mode, the  Rejectivity -
social crisis of basic trust antipathy of care is,
versus basic mistrust, and the core pathology
the basic strength of hope. of adulthood. It is
 Oral-Sensory - infants’ principal the unwillingness to
psychosexual mode of adapting; take care of certain
characterized by two persons or groups. It
incorporations: receiving and is manifested as self-
accepting what is given. centeredness,
 Basic Trust versus Mistrust - provincialism, or
infants’ most significant pseudospeciation:
relations are with their primary other groups of
caregiver ordinarily their people are inferior
mother; on one’s own.
 Basic Trust - syntonic;
pattern of accepting things  Disdain - antithesis
corresponds with culture’s of wisdom and the
way of giving things. core pathology of
 Basic Mistrust - find no old age; areaction to
correspondence between feeling and seeing
their oral-sensory needs others in an
and their environment. increasing state of
 Hope - the first basic strength being finished,
of infancy; infants learn to confused, and
expect that future distresses will helpless.
meet with satisfactory
outcomes; withdrawal as core
pathology.
2. Early Childhood - children
develop sense of control over
their interpersonal environment
as well as a measure of self-
control.
 - is characterized by the anal-
urethral-muscular
psychosexual mode and by
the crisis of autonomy versus
shame and doubt.
 Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode -
children learn their body,
especially in relation to
cleanliness and mobility.
 Autonomy Versus Shame and
Doubt - as children stubbornly
express their anal-urethral-
muscular mode, they are likely
to find a culture that attempts
to inhibit some of their
self
expression; both are
dystonic.
 Shame - is a feeling of self-
consciousness, of being
looked at and exposed.
 Doubt - is a feeling of not
being certain, the feeling
that something remains
hidden and cannot be seen.
 Will - the basic strength of early
childhood; compulsion as
inadequate will and core
pathology of early childhood.
3. Play Age - same with Freud’s
phallic stage- rough 3 to 5 years
of age; Oedipus complex is but
one of several important
developments during the play
age.
 Genital-locomotor - primary
psychosexual mode during the
play age.
 Initiative Versus Guilt - children
adopt an intrusive head-on
mode of approaching the world.
  Initiative - selection and
pursuit of goals.
 Guilt - the consequences of
these taboo and inhibited
goals.
 Purpose - the basic strength of
the play age.
4. School Age - development from
about age 6 to approximately
age 12 or 13 and matches the
latency years of Freud’s theory.
- social world of children is
expanding beyond family to
include peers, teachers, and
other adult models.
 Latency - important because it
allows children to divert their
energies learning the technology
of their culture and the
strategies of their social
interactions.
 Industry Versus Inferiority
 Industry - syntonic quality,
means industriousness, a
willingness to remain busy
with something and to finish a
job.
 Inferiority - the dystonic
quality of the school age;
work is insufficient to
accomplish their goals.
 Competence - basic strength
of school age; the confidence
to use one’s physical and
cognitive abilities to solve the
problems that accompany
school age; inertia as its core
pathology.
5. Adolescence - the period from
puberty to young adulthood, is
 one of the most crucial
developmental stages because,
by the end of this period, a
person must gain a firm sense of
ego identity.
 Puberty - defined as genital
maturation, plays a relatively
minor role in Erikson’s
concept of adolescence.
 Identity Versus Identity
Confusion
 Identity - a climax during
adolescence as young people
strive to find out who they are
and who they are not.
 Identity Confusion -
syndrome of problems that
includes a divided self-image,
an inability to establish
intimacy, a sense of time
urgency, a lack of
concentration on required
tasks, and a rejection of
family or community
standards.
 Fidelity - the basic strength of
adolescence; faith in one’s
ideology; adolescence no longer
in need of parental guidance but
have confidence in their own
religious, political, and social
ideologies; role repudiation as
core pathology.
6. Young Adulthood - A time from
about age 19 to 30;
circumscribed not so much by
time as by the acquisition of
intimacy at the beginning of the
state and the development of
generativity at the end.
 Genitality - can develop only
during young adulthood when it
is distinguished by mutual trust
and a stable sharing of sexual
satisfaction with a loved person.
 Intimacy Versus Isolation
 Intimacy - the ability to fuse
one’s identity with that of
another person without fear
of losing it.
 Mature Intimacy - means an
ability and willingness to
share a mutual trust.
 Isolation - the incapacity to
take chances with one’s
identity by sharing true
intimacy.
 Love - the basic strength of
young adulthood; the antipathy
of love is exclusivity.
7. Adulthood - that time when
people begin to take their place
in society and assume
responsibility for whatever
society produces.
 Procreativity - refers to more
than genital contact with an
intimate partner.
 Generativity Versus Stagnation
 Generativity - defined as “the
generation of new beings as
well as new products and new
ideas”
 Stagnation - together with
self-absorption is the
antithesis of generativity;
productivity and creativity is
crippled when people become
too absorbed in themselves.
 Care - basic strength of
 adulthood; a widening
commitment to take care of the
persons, the products, and the
ideas one has learned to care
for; rejectivity as core pathology
of adulthood.
8. Old Age - the period from about
age 60 to the end of life.
 Generalized Sensuality - final
psychosexual stage; it means to
take pleasure in a variety of
different physical sensations—
sights, sounds, tastes, odors,
embraces, and perhaps genital
stimulation.
 Integrity Versus Despair
 Integrity - means a feeling of
wholeness and coherence, an
ability to hold together one’s
sense of “I-ness” despite
diminishing physical and
intellectual powers.
 Despair - literally means to be
without hope.
 Wisdom - strength of old age;
disdain as core pathology.