Multivariable Calculus Concepts and

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Multivariable Calculus Concepts and Contexts 4th Edition Stewart Solutions Manual

COMPLETE SOLUTIONS MANUAL

for Stewart’s

MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS:
CONCEPTS AND CONTEXTS
FOURTH EDITION

DAN CLEGG
Palomar College

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PREFACE

This Complete Solutions Manual contains detailed solutions to all exercises in the text
Multivariable Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Fourth Edition (Chapters 8–13 of Calculus:
Concepts and Contexts, Fourth Edition) by James Stewart. A Student Solutions Manual is also
available, which contains solutions to the odd-numbered exercises in each chapter section, review
section, True-False Quiz, and Focus on Problem Solving section as well as all solutions to the
Concept Check questions. (It does not, however, include solutions to any of the projects.)
While I have extended every effort to ensure the accuracy of the solutions presented, I would
appreciate correspondence regarding any errors that may exist. Other suggestions or comments
are also welcome, and can be sent to me at the email address or mailing address below.
I would like to thank James Stewart for entrusting me with the writing of this manual and offer-
ing suggestions, Kathi Townes, Stephanie Kuhns, and Rebekah Steele of TECH-arts for type-
setting and producing this manual, and Brian Betsill of TECH-arts for creating the illustrations.
Brian Karasek prepared solutions for comparison of accuracy and style in addition to proofread-
ing manuscript; his assistance and suggestions were very helpful and much appreciated. Finally,
I would like to thank Richard Stratton and Elizabeth Neustaetter of Brooks/Cole, Cengage
Learning for their trust, assistance, and patience.

DA N C L E G G

dclegg@palomar.edu
Palomar College
Department of Mathematics
1140 West Mission Road
San Marcos, CA 92069

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 NOT FOR SALE
CONTENTS

8 ■ INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES 1

8.1 Sequences 1
Laboratory Project ■
Logistic Sequences 9
8.2 Series 13
8.3 The Integral and Comparison Tests; Estimating Sums 26
8.4 Other Convergence Tests 32
8.5 Power Series 39
8.6 Representations of Functions as Power Series 46
8.7 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 55
Laboratory Project ■
An Elusive Limit 69
8.8 Applications of Taylor Polynomials 70
Applied Project ■
Radiation from the Stars 81
Review 83

Focus on Problem Solving 95

9 ■ VECTORS AND THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE 101

9.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems 101

9.2 Vectors 108
9.3 The Dot Product 115
9.4 The Cross Product 122
Discovery Project ■
The Geometry of a Tetrahedron 130
9.5 Equations of Lines and Planes 132
Laboratory Project ■
Putting 3D in Perspective 141
9.6 Functions and Surfaces 143
9.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 151
Laboratory Project ■
Families of Surfaces 156
Review 158

Focus on Problem Solving 169

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vi ■ CONTENTS
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10 ■ VECTOR FUNCTIONS 175

10.1 Vector Functions and Space Curves 175

10.2 Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions 185
10.3 Arc Length and Curvature 195
10.4 Motion in Space: Velocity and Acceleration 208
Applied Project ■
Kepler’s Laws 218
10.5 Parametric Surfaces 219
Review 225

Focus on Problem Solving 231

11 ■ PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 239

11.1 Functions of Several Variables 239

11.2 Limits and Continuity 249
11.3 Partial Derivatives 256
11.4 Tangent Planes and Linear Approximations 272
11.5 The Chain Rule 280
11.6 Directional Derivatives and the Gradient Vector 290
11.7 Maximum and Minimum Values 302
Applied Project ■
Designing a Dumpster 318
Discovery Project ■
Quadratic Approximations and Critical Points 320
11.8 Lagrange Multipliers 323
Applied Project ■
Rocket Science 333
Applied Project ■
Hydro-Turbine Optimization 335
Review 338

Focus on Problem Solving 351

12 ■ MULTIPLE INTEGRALS 357

12.1 Double Integrals over Rectangles 357

12.2 Iterated Integrals 362
12.3 Double Integrals over General Regions 368
12.4 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates 380
12.5 Applications of Double Integrals 386
12.6 Surface Area 395

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12.7 Triple Integrals 400

Discovery Project ■
Volumes of Hyperspheres 416
12.8 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 417
Applied Project ■
Roller Derby 425
Discovery Project ■
The Intersection of Three Cylinders 427
12.9 Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals 429
Review 435

Focus on Problem Solving 447

13 ■ VECTOR CALCULUS 453

13.1 Vector Fields 453

13.2 Line Integrals 458
13.3 The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals 466
13.4 Green’s Theorem 471
13.5 Curl and Divergence 478
13.6 Surface Integrals 486
13.7 Stokes’ Theorem 497
13.8 The Divergence Theorem 501
Review 505

Focus on Problem Solving 515

■ APPENDIXES 519

D Precise Definitions of Limits 519

H Polar Coordinates 519
Discovery Project ■
Conic Sections in Polar Coordinates 543
I Complex Numbers 544

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8 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
8.1 Sequences

1. (a) A sequence is an ordered list of numbers. It can also be defined as a function whose domain is the set of positive integers.

(b) The terms dq approach 8 as q becomes large. In fact, we can make dq as close to 8 as we like by taking q sufficiently
large.

(c) The terms dq become large as q becomes large. In fact, we can make dq as large as we like by taking q sufficiently large.

2. (a) From Definition 1, a convergent sequence is a sequence for which lim dq exists. Examples: {1@q}, {1@2q }
q

(b) A divergent sequence is a sequence for which lim dq does not exist. Examples: {q}, {sin q}
q

q 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
3. The first six terms of dq = are , , , , , . It appears that the sequence is approaching .
2q + 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 2
q 1 1
lim = lim =
q 2q + 1 q 2 + 1@q 2
1 
4. {cos(q@3)}9q=1 = 2
>  12 > 1>  12 > 12 > 1> 12 >  12 > 1 . The sequence does not appear to have a limit. The values will cycle

through the first six numbers in the sequence—never approaching a particular number.

 1 1 1 1  1
5. 1> 3 > 5 > 7 > 9 > = = = . The denominator of the nth term is the nth positive odd integer, so dq = .
2q  1

 1 1 1 1
 1
6. 1> 3 > 9 > 27 > 81 > = = =
. The denominator of the nth term is the (q  1)st power of 3, so dq = .
3q1

7. {2> 7> 12> 17> = = =}. Each term is larger than the preceding one by 5, so dq = d1 + g(q  1) = 2 + 5(q  1) = 5q  3.
 1 2 
8. 3
 4 > 9 >  16 4
> 25 > = = = . The numerator of the qth term is q and its denominator is (q + 1)2 . Including the alternating signs,
q
we get dq = (1)q .
(q + 1)2
   q1
9. 1>  23 > 49 >  27
8
> = = = . Each term is  23 times the preceding one, so dq =  23 .

10. {5> 1> 5> 1> 5> 1> = = =}. The average of 5 and 1 is 3, so we can think of the sequence as alternately adding 2 and 2 to 3.

Thus, dq = 3 + (1)q+1 · 2.

3 + 5q2 (3 + 5q2 )@q2 5 + 3@q2 5+0

11. dq = = = , so dq  = 5 as q  . Converges
q + q2 (q + q2 )@q2 1 + 1@q 1+0

q3 q3@q3 1 1
12. dq = = = , so dq  = 1 as q  . Converges
q3 + 1 (q3 + 1)@q3 1 + 1@q3 1+0

13. dq = 1  (0=2)q , so lim dq = 1  0 = 1 by (7). Converges

q

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2 ¤ CHAPTER 8
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INFINITE SEQUENCES
EQUENCES AND
AN SERIES

q3 q3@q q2
14. dq = = = , so dq   as q   since lim q2 =  and lim (1 + 1@q2 ) = 1. Diverges
q+1 (q + 1)@q 1 + 1@q2 q q

15. Because the natural exponential function is continuous at 0, Theorem 5 enables us to write

lim dq = lim h1@q = hlimq (1@q) = h0 = 1= Converges

q q

3q+2 32 3q  q  q
16. dq = q
= q = 9 35 , so lim dq = 9 lim 35 = 9 · 0 = 0 by (7) with u = 35 . Converges
5 5 q q

2q (2q)@q 2 2  
17. If eq = , then lim eq = lim = lim = = . Since tan is continuous at 4
, by
1 + 8q q q (1 + 8q)@q q 1@q + 8 8 4
   
2q 2q 
Theorem 5, lim tan = tan lim = tan = 1. Converges
q 1 + 8q q 1 + 8q 4

18. Using the last limit law for sequences and the continuity of the square root function,
u u v u
q+1 q+1 1 + 1@q 1 1
lim dq = lim = lim = lim = = . Converges
q q 9q + 1 q 9q + 1 q 9 + 1@q 9 3

(1)q1 q (1)q1 1 1
19. dq = = , so 0  |dq | =   0 as q  , so dq  0 by the Squeeze Theorem and
q +1
2 q + 1@q q + 1@q q
Theorem 4. Converges

(1)q q3 q3 1
20. dq = . Now |dq | = 3 =  1 as q  , but the terms of the sequence {dq }
q3 2
+ 2q + 1 q + 2q2 + 1 1 + q2 + 1
q3

alternate in sign, so the sequence d1 > d3 > d5> = = = converges to 1 and the sequence d2 > d4 > d6 > = = = converges to +1.
This shows that the given sequence diverges since its terms don’t approach a single real number.

hq + hq hq 1 + h2q

21. dq = · =  0 as q   because 1 + h2q  1 and hq  hq  . Converges
h2q  1 hq hq  hq

22. dq = cos(2@q). As q  , 2@q  0, so cos(2@q)  cos 0 = 1 because cos is continuous. Converges

q2 {2 H 2{ H 2
23. dq = q2 hq = . Since lim { = lim { = lim { = 0, it follows from Theorem 2 that lim dq = 0. Converges
hq { h { h { h q

 
24. 2q   as q  , so since lim arctan { = 2
, we have lim arctan 2q = 2
. Converges
{ q

 
cos2 q 1 1 cos2 q
25. 0   q [since 0  cos2 q  1], so since lim = 0, converges to 0 by the Squeeze Theorem.
2q 2 q 2q 2q

26. dq = q cos q = q(1)q . Since |dq | = q   as q  , the given sequence diverges.

 {  
2 2
27. | = 1 +  ln | = { ln 1 + , so
{ {
  
1 2
 2
ln(1 + 2@{) H 1 + 2@{ { 2
lim ln | = lim = lim = lim =2 
{ { 1@{ { 1@{2 { 1 + 2@{
 {  q
2 2
lim 1 + = lim hln | = h2 , so by Theorem 2, lim 1 + = h2 . Convergent
{ { { q q

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 NOT FOR SALE SECTION 8.1
SEC SEQUENCES ¤ 3


= (21+3q )1@q = (21 23q )1@q = 21@q 23 = 8 · 21@q , so
q 1+3q
28. dq = 2

lim dq = 8 lim 21@q = 8 · 2limq (1@q) = 8 · 20 = 8 by Theorem 5, since the function i ({) = 2{ is continuous at 0.
q q

Convergent

(2q  1)! (2q  1)! 1

29. dq = = =  0 as q  . Converges
(2q + 1)! (2q + 1)(2q)(2q  1)! (2q + 1)(2q)

sin 2q 1 1 1 1
30. dq =  . |dq |   and lim  = 0, so   dq    lim dq = 0 by the
1+ q 1+ q q 1 + q 1+ q 1+ q q

Squeeze Theorem. Converges

31. {0> 1> 0> 0> 1> 0> 0> 0> 1> = = =} diverges since the sequence takes on only two values, 0 and 1, and never stays arbitrarily close to

either one (or any other value) for q sufficiently large.

(ln {)2 H 2(ln {)(1@{) ln { H 1@{ (ln q)2

32. lim = lim = 2 lim = 2 lim = 0, so by Theorem 3, lim = 0. Convergent
{ { { 1 { { { 1 q q
   
2q2 + 1 2 + 1@q2
33. dq = ln(2q2 + 1)  ln(q2 + 1) = ln = ln  ln 2 as q  . Convergent
q2 + 1 1 + 1@q2

3q 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 27
34. 0 ? |dq | = = · · · ··· · ·  · · [for q A 2] =  0 as q  , so by the Squeeze
q! 1 2 3 (q  1) q 1 2 q 2q

Theorem and Theorem 4, {(3)q@q!} converges to 0.

35. From the graph, it appears that the sequence converges to 1.

{(2@h)q } converges to 0 by (7), and hence {1 + (2@h)q }

converges to 1 + 0 = 1.

36. From the graph, it appears that the sequence converges to a number
greater than 3.
  
  @ q
  sin
lim dq = lim q sin  = lim  ·
q q q q @ q
sin { k  l
= lim · { = @ q = 1 ·  = =
{0+ {

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4 ¤ CHAPTER 8
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INFINITE SEQUENCES
EQUENCES AND
AN SERIES

37. From the graph, it appears that the sequence converges to 12 .

As q  ,
u v u u
3 + 2q2 3@q2 + 2 0+2 1 1
dq = =  = = ,
8q + q
2 8 + 1@q 8+0 4 2

so lim dq = 12 .
q

38. From the graph, it appears that the sequence converges to 5=


q q
  q

q
5= 5  q 3q + 5q  q 5q + 5q = 2 5q
 k l
lim 21@q = 20 = 1
q
= 2 · 5  5 as q  
q

Hence, dq  5 by the Squeeze Theorem.

Alternate solution: Let | = (3{ + 5{ )1@{ . Then

 3 {
ln (3{ + 5{ ) H 3{ ln 3 + 5{ ln 5 5
ln 3 + ln 5
lim ln | = lim = lim = lim  3 { = ln 5,
{ { { { 3{ + 5{ {
5
+1
 
so lim | = hln 5 = 5, and so q q
3 + 5q converges to 5.
{

 
q2 cos q
39. From the graph, it appears that the sequence {dq } = is
1 + q2
divergent, since it oscillates between 1 and 1 (approximately). To
q2
prove this, suppose that {dq } converges to O. If eq = , then
1 + q2
dq O dq
{eq } converges to 1, and lim = = O. But = cos q, so
q eq 1 eq
dq
lim does not exist. This contradiction shows that {dq } diverges.
q eq

40. From the graph, it appears that the sequence approaches 0.

1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2q  1) 1 3 5 2q  1
0 ? dq = = · · · ··· ·
(2q)q 2q 2q 2q 2q
1 1

· (1) · (1) · · · · · (1) =  0 as q  
2q 2q
 
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2q  1)
So by the Squeeze Theorem, converges to 0.
(2q)q

41. (a) dq = 1000(1=06)q  d1 = 1060, d2 = 1123=60, d3 = 1191=02, d4 = 1262=48, and d5 = 1338=23.

(b) lim dq = 1000 lim (1=06)q , so the sequence diverges by (7) with u = 1=06 A 1.

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q
q 
 q
q 


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 NOT FOR SALE SECTION 8.1
SEC SEQUENCES ¤ 5
 
1=0025q  1
42. (a) Substitute 1 to 6 for q in Lq = 100  q to get L1 = $0, L2 = $0=25, L3 = $0=75, L4 = $1=50,
0=0025

L5 = $2=51, and L6 = $3=76.

(b) For two years, use 2 · 12 = 24 for q to get $70=28.

43. (a) We are given that the initial population is 5000, so S0 = 5000. The number of catfish increases by 8% per month and is

decreased by 300 per month, so S1 = S0 + 8%S0  300 = 1=08S0  300, S2 = 1=08S1  300, and so on. Thus,
Sq = 1=08Sq1  300.

(b) Using the recursive formula with S0 = 5000, we get S1 = 5100, S2 = 5208, S3 = 5325 (rounding any portion of a
catfish), S4 = 5451, S5 = 5587, and S6 = 5734, which is the number of catfish in the pond after six months.
+1
2 dq if dq is an even number
44. dq+1 = When d1 = 11, the first 40 terms are 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5,
3dq + 1 if dq is an odd number

16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4. When d1 = 25, the first 40 terms are 25, 76, 38,
19, 58, 29, 88, 44, 22, 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4.
The famous Collatz conjecture is that this sequence always reaches 1, regardless of the starting point d1 .

45. (a) d1 = 1, dq+1 = 4  dq for q  1. d1 = 1, d2 = 4  d1 = 4  1 = 3, d3 = 4  d2 = 4  3 = 1,

d4 = 4  d3 = 4  1 = 3, d5 = 4  d4 = 4  3 = 1. Since the terms of the sequence alternate between 1 and 3,
the sequence is divergent.

(b) d1 = 2, d2 = 4  d1 = 4  2 = 2, d3 = 4  d2 = 4  2 = 2. Since all of the terms are 2, lim dq = 2 and hence, the
q

sequence is convergent.

46. (a) Since lim dq = O, the terms dq approach O as q becomes large. Because we can make dq as close to O as we wish,
q

dq+1 will also be close, and so lim dq+1 = O.

q

1 1 1 1 1 2
(b) d1 = 1, d2 = = = = 0=5, d3 = = 1 = 0=66667,
1 + d1 1+1 2 1 + d2 1+ 2
3

1 1 3 1 1 5
d4 = = 2 = = 0=6, d5 = = 3 = = 0=625,
1 + d3 1+ 3
5 1 + d4 1+ 5
8

1 1 8 1 1 13
d6 = = 5 = 0=61538, d7 = = 8 = 0=61905,
1 + d5 1+ 8
13 1 + d6 1 + 13 21

1 1 21 1 1 34
d8 = = = 0=61765, d9 = = 21 = 0=61818,
1 + d7 1 + 13
21
34 1 + d8 1 + 34
55

1 1 55
d10 = = 34 = 0=61800. It appears that lim dq 0=618; hence, the sequence is convergent.
1 + d9 1 + 55 89 q

(c) If O = lim dq then lim dq+1 = O also, so O must satisfy

q q

O = 1@(1 + O)  O2 + O  1 = 0  O= 1 +
2
5
0=618 (since O has to be non-negative if it exists).

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6 ¤ CHAPTER 8
NOT FOR SALE
INFINITE SEQUENCES
EQUENCES AND
AN SERIES

47. (a) Let dq be the number of rabbit pairs in the nth month. Clearly d1 = 1 = d2 . In the nth month, each pair that is

2 or more months old (that is, dq2 pairs) will produce a new pair to add to the dq1 pairs already present. Thus,

dq = dq1 + dq2 , so that {dq } = {iq }, the Fibonacci sequence.

iq+1 iq iq1 + iq2 iq2 1 1

(b) dq =  dq1 = = =1+ =1+ =1+ . If O = lim dq ,
iq iq1 iq1 iq1 iq1 /iq2 dq2 q

1 
then O = lim dq1 and O = lim dq2 , so O must satisfy O = 1 +  O2  O  1 = 0  O = 1+ 5
2
q q O
[since O must be positive].

 t s 
 s   q q q
48. For 2, 2 2, 2 2 2, = = = , d1 = 21@2 , d2 = 23@4 , d3 = 27@8 , = = =, so dq = 2(2 1)@2 = 21(1@2 ) .

q)
lim dq = lim 21(1@2 = 21 = 2.
q q

Alternate solution: Let O = lim dq . (We could show the limit exists by showing that {dq } is bounded and increasing.)
q


Then O must satisfy O = 2 · O  O2 = 2O  O(O  2) = 0. O 6= 0 since the sequence increases, so O = 2.

1 1 1 1
49. dq = is decreasing since dq+1 = = ? = dq for each q  1. The sequence is
2q + 3 2(q + 1) + 3 2q + 5 2q + 3
1
bounded since 0 ? dq  5
for all q  1. Note that d1 = 15 .

2q  3 2{  3
50. dq = defines an increasing sequence since for i ({) = ,
3q + 4 3{ + 4

(3{ + 4)(2)  (2{  3)(3) 17

i 0 ({) = 2
= A 0. The sequence is bounded since dq  d1 =  17 for q  1,
(3{ + 4) (3{ + 4)2

2q  3 2q 2
and dq ? ? = for q  1.
3q 3q 3

51. The terms of dq = q(1)q alternate in sign, so the sequence is not monotonic. The first five terms are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

Since lim |dq | = lim q = , the sequence is not bounded.

q q

1 1
52. dq = q + defines an increasing sequence since the function j({) = { + is increasing for { A 1. [j 0 ({) = 1  1@{2 A 0
q {
for { A 1.] The sequence is unbounded since dq   as q  . (It is, however, bounded below by d1 = 2.)

53. Since {dq } is a decreasing sequence, dq A dq+1 for all q  1. Because all of its terms lie between 5 and 8, {dq } is a

bounded sequence. By the Monotonic Sequence Theorem, {dq } is convergent; that is, {dq } has a limit O. O must be less than

8 since {dq } is decreasing, so 5  O ? 8.

54. (a) Let Sq be the statement that dq+1  dq and dq  3. S1 is obviously true. We will assume that Sq is true and
 
then show that as a consequence Sq+1 must also be true. dq+2  dq+1
2 + dq+1  2 + dq

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Multivariable Calculus Concepts and Contexts 4th Edition Stewart Solutions Manual

SECTION 8.1
SEC SEQUENCES ¤ 7


2 + dq+1  2 + dq
dq+1  dq , which is the induction hypothesis. dq+1  3
2 + dq  3

2 + dq  9
dq  7, which is certainly true because we are assuming that dq  3. So Sq is true for all q, and so

d1  dq  3 (showing that the sequence is bounded), and hence by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem, lim dq exists.
q


(b) If O = lim dq , then lim dq+1 = O also, so O = 2 + O  O2 = 2 + O
O2  O  2 = 0

q q

(O + 1)(O  2) = 0
O = 2 [since O can’t be negative].

1
55. d1 = 1, dq+1 = 3  . We show by induction that {dq } is increasing and bounded above by 3. Let Sq be the proposition
dq
1 1
that dq+1 A dq and 0 ? dq ? 3. Clearly S1 is true. Assume that Sq is true. Then dq+1 A dq  ? 
dq+1 dq
1 1 1 1
 A  . Now dq+2 = 3  A3 = dq+1
Sq+1 . This proves that {dq } is increasing and bounded
dq+1 dq dq+1 dq
above by 3, so 1 = d1 ? dq ? 3, that is, {dq } is bounded, and hence convergent by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem.

If O = lim dq , then lim dq+1 = O also, so O must satisfy O = 3  1@O  O2  3O + 1 = 0  O = 3± 5
2
.
q q

3+ 5
But O A 1, so O = 2
.

1
56. d1 = 2, dq+1 = . We use induction. Let Sq be the statement that 0 ? dq+1  dq  2. Clearly S1 is true, since
3  dq
d2 = 1@(3  2) = 1. Now assume that Sq is true. Then dq+1  dq  dq+1  dq  3  dq+1  3  dq 
1 1
dq+2 =  = dq+1 . Also dq+2 A 0 [since 3  dq+1 is positive] and dq+1  2 by the induction
3  dq+1 3  dq
1
hypothesis, so Sq+1 is true. To find the limit, we use the fact that lim dq = lim dq+1  O= 3O

q q
 
O2  3O + 1 = 0  O = 3± 5
2
. But O  2, so we must have O = 3 5
2
.

q ln(0=000001)
57. (0=8) ? 0=000001  ln(0=8)q ? ln(0=000001)  q ln(0=8) ? ln(0=000001)  q A 
ln(0=8)
q A 61=9, so q must be at least 62 to satisfy the given inequality.
 
58. (a) If i is continuous, then i(O) = i lim dq = lim i (dq ) = lim dq+1 = lim dq = O by Exercise 46(a).
q q q q

(b) By repeatedly pressing the cosine key on the calculator (that is, taking cosine of the previous answer) until the displayed

value stabilizes, we see that O 0=73909.

esq e lim sq es
q
59. (a) Suppose {sq } converges to s. Then sq+1 =  lim sq+1 =  s= 
d + sq q d + lim sq d+s
q

s2 + ds = es  s(s + d  e) = 0  s = 0 or s = e  d.
 
e
sq  
esq d e sq
(b) sq+1 = = sq ? sq since 1 + A 1.
d + sq 1+ d d
d

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