FERROUS AND NONFERROUS METALS

FERROUS - METAL IN WHICH IRON IS THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENT.

NONFERROUS - CONTAINING NO, OR VERY LITTLE IRON.

I. FERROUS METAL

STEEL - A MALLEABLE ALLOY OF IRON AND CARBON PRODUCED BY MELTING AND REFINING PIG IRON AND / OR SCRAP
STEEL, GRADED ACCORDING TO. THE CARBON CONTENTS.

PRODUCE BY THREE BASIC RAW MATERIALS, IRON ORE, AND LIMESTONE. THESE ARE CATTED SINTER, A HIGH-
GRADE BLAST-FURNACE CHARGE MATERIAL.

FROM THESE, RAW MATERIALS WHICH IS MELTED INTO INGOTS PLACE IN MOULDS, A GREAT VARIETY OF
PRODUCTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION ARE MADE.

THEY INCLUDE:

1. ROLLED STRUCTURAL SHAPES 7. BOLTS

2. RODS 8. RIVETS
3. BARS 9. NAILS
4. PLATES 10. SHEET STEEL
5. PIPE 11. STEEL STUDS
6. WIRE 12. PANS AND DOMES

COLD-ROLLED SHEETS ARE GALVANIZED (GIVEN A ZINC COATING). PIG IRON IS USED TO MAKE CAST IRON WHICH IS
HIGH IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BUT LOW IN TENSILE STRENGTH, AND HAS LITTLE USE FOR CONSTRUCTION.
HOWEVER, SINCE IT IS CHEAP AND EASY TO CAST, IT IS USED FOR PUMPS, MOTORS, ENGINES AND BECAUSE OF ITS
CORROSION RESISTANCE IT IS USED FOR PIPES TO SOME EXTENT.

WROUGHT IRON IS PRODUCED WHEN PIG IRON IS MELTED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO REMOVE NEARLY ALL OF THE CARBON
AND OTHER IMPURITIES. IT IS EASILY WORKED AND IS TOUGH AND DUCTILE. ITS MAIN USE IS FOR ROOFING SHEETS,
WIRE AND METAL ORNAMENTS.

ALLOY STEELS ARE MADE BY COMBINING OTHERS ELEMENTS WITH THE MOLTEN STEEL. NICKEL, CHROMIUM COPPER
AND MANGANESE ARE USED.

NICKEL STEEL IS STRONGER THAN CARBON STEEL AND IS USED TO MAKE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS FOR BUILDINGS
CHROMIUM STEEL IS VERY HARD AND CORROSION-RESISTANT.

STAINLESS STEELS ARE MADE WITH CHROMIUM OR A COMBINATION OF NICKEL AND CHROMIUM USED IN BUILDINGS
FOR EXTERIOR WALL PANELS, FRAMES FOR DOORS, EXPANSION JOINTS, FLASHINGS, COPINGS, FASCIA AND GRAVEL
STOP.

COPPER - BEARING STEEL HAS HIGH RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND IS USED FOR MAKING SHEET STEEL AND METAL
LATH.

MANGANESE STEEL - OFFERS GREAT RESISTANCE TO ABRASION AND FINDS IMPORTANT USE IN THE CUTTING EDGES OF
HEAVY DIGGING TOOLS.

WEATHERING STEEL- RECENTLY DEVELOPED GRADE OF STEEL. IT FORMS ITS OWN PROTECTION AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC
CORROSION AND THUS REQUIRES NO PAINTING. IT ALSO UNDERGOES A UNIQUE COLOR TRANSFORMATION DURING
THE WEATHERING PROCESS, FROM ORANGE TO BROWN AND FINALLY TO BLUE-GRAY. THIS IS USED ON BRIDGES,
BUILDINGS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS.
STEEL PRODUCTS

1. ROLLED STRUCTURAL SHAPES

Z CHANNEL WIDE FLANGE

T ANGLE I-BEAM

2. SHEET PILING -SECTIONS ARE MADE TO INTERLOCK AND ARE AVAILABLE IN SEVERAL SHAPE.

3. STEEL PIPE -SEAMLESS OR WELDED. SMALL DIAMETER PIPE AND ELECTRICALLY WELDED LARGE DIAMETER PIPE.

SEAMLESS PIPE MADE BY FORCING A SOLID HOT ROD OVER A POINTED MANDREL
TO FORM A HOLLOW TUBE.

EITHER HOT-ROLLED OR COLD-ROLLED STEEL STRIP CALLED SKELP, CAN BE USED TO

MAKE RESISTANCE-WELDED PIPE OR TUBING. COILS OF SKELP ARE WELDED TOGETHER END
TO END, AND ROLLS FORM THE STRIP INTO A CONTINUOUS CYLINDER.

A LARGE DIAMETER PIPE IS MADE BY HAVING PLATES WITH PROPER WIDTH,

BEVELED EDGES AND PLACED IN A PRESS WL1ICH FORMS THEM INTO CYLINDERS. THE TWO
EDGES ARE WELDED TOGETHER AND THE PIPE IS BROUGHT TO ITS FINAL DIAMETER BY
HYDRAULICALLY EXPANDING THE WELDED SHEET AGAINST A RETAINING JACKET.
4. REINFORCING STEEL-MADE FROM NEW STEEL OR FROM DISCARDED RAILWAY-CAR AXLES OR RAILS. REINFORCING
STEEL COMES IN PLAIN OR DEFORMED BARS, THAT IS, BARS WHICH HAVE LUGS OR DEFORMATIONS ROLLED ON THE
SURFACE TO PROVIDE ANCHORAGE IN CONCRETE.

SIZES - START WITH NO. 2 OR 1/4 IN. (DIVIDE A NUMBER OF BARS BY 8 TO GET THE EQUIVALENT IN INCH DIAMETER).
NO. 2 = 2/8" OR 1/4" 0 = 8MM
NO. 3 = 3/ 8" - 3/8" 0 = 10 MM
NO. 4 = 4/8" OR 1/2" 0 = 12 MM
NO. 5 = 5/8" - 5/8" 0 = 16 MM
NO. 6 = 6/8" OR 3/4" 0 = 20MM
NO. 7 = 7/8" - 7/8" 0 = 22MM
NO. 8 = 8/8" OR 1" = 25MM
NO. 9 = 9/8" OR 1 1 /8" 0 = 30MM

5. WELDED WIRE FABRIC - ANOTHER TYPE OF REINFORCING MATERIAL. LT CONSISTS OF PARALLEL, LONGITUDINAL
WIRES WELDED TO TRANSVERSE WIRES AT REGULAR INTERVALS. (COLD DRAWING PROCESS)

6 IN X 12 IN X 1 0/4
FIRST FIGURE SPACING OF LONGITUDINAL BAR.
SECOND FIGURE SPACING OF TRANSVERSE WIRE.
THIRD FIGURE GAUGE OF16NGITUDINAL BAR.
FOURTH FIGURE GAUGE OF TRANSVERSE WIRE.
IN ROLLS-5 TO 6 FEET WIDE AND UP TO 200FT. LONG
IN SHEETS- UP TO 32FT. LONG, NOT USUALLY ·OVER 8FT. WIDE.

6. STEEL WIRE-OVER 150,000 USES FOR WIRE INCLUDING PINS, NEEDLES, NAILS, BOLTS, CABLES, PIANO WIRE, FENCES.

7. BOLTS AND NUTS - (EITHER HOT FORGED OR COLD-FORMED FROM WIRE OF THE APPROPRIATE DIAMETER).
FOR BOLTS, WIRE IS FED INTO AN AUTOMATIC BOLT-MAKING MACHINE CUTS TO
LENGTH HEADS, TRIMS, POINTS, AND, IN MANY CASES ROLLS THE THREAD.

8. STEEL STRAPPING-MADE FROM HIGH-TENSILE FLAT WIRE IN A NUMBER OF SIZES. USED FOR BANDING COLUMN
FORMS TO KEEP THEM FROM BULGING UNDER THE PRESSURE OF FRESHLY POURED CONCRETE. A TIGHTENER TIGHTENS
IT AND THE TWO LAPPED ENDS IS SEALED.
9. OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS -LIGHTWEIGHT WARREN-TYPE TRUSSES MADE IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT STYLES.

10. SHEET STEEL -BLACK AND GALVANIZED, CAN BE USED TO MANUFACTURE CORRUGATED ROOFING AND SIDING AND
FORMED STEEL DECKING. CORRUGATED SHEETS HAVE ONE EDGE TURNED UP, ONE TURNED DOWN.

COMES IN 27 1 /2" WIDE AND LENGTHS 5 FT. UP TO 12FT. SIDING SHEETS ARE MADE WITH BOTH EDGES
TURNED IN THE SAME DIRECTION.

CORRUGATED ROOFING SHEETS ARE ALSO UTILIZED AS DECKING FOR FLAT ROOFS WITH LIGHT LOADS. IN SUCH
CASES THE CORRUGATED DECK IS USED AS A BASE ON WHICH TO" POUR A CONCRETE SLAB OR AS A BASE FOR A BUILT-
UP ROOF.

FORMED-STEEL DECKING IS PRODUCED IN A VARIETY OF SHAPES AND STYLES USING VARIOUS THICKNESSES OF
METAL FROM 12 TO 22 GAUGE AND SECTIONS ARE MADE IN SPANS OF FROM 4 TO 36 FEET.

TWO BASIC STYLES ARE OPEN-FACED DECKING AND CELLULAR DECKING WHICH ALLOW EASY DISTRIBUTION OF
ELECTRIC SYSTEMS AND OUTLETS.

OPEN - FACED

CELLULAR

11. STEEL STUDS -LIGHTWEIGHT, REQUIRING MINIMUM STORAGE SPACE AND DOES NOT WARP OR SHRINK. FASTENERS
DO NOT POP, AND JOINTS STAY CLOSED. MUCH FASTER TO INSTALL THAN WOOD-STUD INSTALLATION. AVAILABLE IN 1
5/8, 2 1/2 AND L' 5/8 INCHES.
PLUMBING STACKS AND ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS FIT EASILY INTO A STEEL-FRAMEWALL.
12. PANS AND DOMES - MANUFACTURED FOR USE IN FORMING ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY RIBBED CONCRETE FLOOR
SYSTEMS.

MOULDS

SHAPE OF CONCRETE CEILING AS SEEN BELOW

II. NONFERROUS METALS

ALUMINUM - ITS ORE, BAUXITE, REQUIRES 10 KILOWATT HOURS FOR EACH POUND OF METAL ALUMINUM
EXTRACTED. THE REDDISH BROWN ORE IS WASHED AND TREATED IN A SODA SOLUTION TO YIELD A
CHALKY-WHITE POWDER CALLED ALUMNA, CONTAINING A HIGH CONCENTRATION OT ALUMINUM.

ALUMINUM IS A LUSTROUS, SILVER-WHITE NONMAGNETIC, LIGHTWEIGHT METAL WHICH IS VERY MALLEABLE;

HAS GOOD THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; A GOOD REFLECTOR OF BOTH HEAT AND LIGHT. IN
CONSTRUCTION, MOST ALUMINUM IS USED IN ALLOY BECAUSE OF ADDED STRENGTH; FURTHER STRENGTHENED BY
HEAT TREATMENT; USED IN EXTRUSIONS, CASTINGS AND SHEETS. EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO OXIDATION; OFTEN
ANODIZED FOR BETTER CORROSION RESISTANCE, SURFACE HARDNESS, AND/ OR ARCHITECTURAL COLOR
REQUIREMENTS.

STRUCTURAL SHAPES ARE USED AS STRUCTURAL MEMBERS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. IN THE SAME WAY
THAT STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ARE USED.

ARCHITECTURAL SHAPES ARE WIDELY USED FOR DOOR AND WINDOW JAMBS, CURTAIN-WALL, PANEL FRAMES;
THRESHOLDS; TREADS, HANDRAILS; DOOR AND WINDOW STILES, RAILS, MUNTINS AND BARS.

WINDOW STILE

WINDOW SILL

DOOR RAIL

TUBING

ONE OF THE ADVANTAGES OF THE EXTRUSION FABRICATING PROCESS IS THAT COMPONENTS FOR CERTAIN
PARTS OF A BUILDING MAY BE DESIGNED TO INTERLOCK.
 SHEET ALUMINUM, PLAIN SHEETS ARE USED FOR FLASHING, ROOFING, ROOF DRAINS, CHIMNEY CAPS, AIR
DUCTS, LOUVER BLADES, ETC.

TO IMPROVE ITS APPEARANCE AND TO INCREASE ITS RESISTANCE TO WEATHER AND CORROSION, A
TREATMENT CALLED ANODIZING IS DONE. THIS IS A COMBINED ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESS, WHICH HARDENS
AND INCREASES THE THICKNESS OF THE NATURAL OXIDE COATING ON ALUMINUM AND TO PROVIDE A HARD,
NONCORROSIVE, ELECTROLYTIC, OXIDE FILM ON THE SURFACE OF ALUMINUM OR OTHER METALS, BY ELECTROLYTIC
ACTION.

SUCH ANODIZED SHEETS ARE USED FOR SHINGLES SIDING, CURTAIN WALL PANELS, AND ACOUSTIC CEILINGS.

ALUMINUM FOIL - USED AS A VAPOR BARRIER ON WALLS AND CEILINGS AND AS REFLECTIVE INSULATION.

COPPER - A LUSTROUS REDDISH METAL, HIGHLY DUCTILE AND MALLEABLE; HAS HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH, IS AN
EXCELLENT ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CONDUCTOR, IS AVAILABLE IN A WIDE VARIETY OF SHAPES; WIDELY USED FOR
DOWNSPOUTS, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS, FLASHINGS, GUTTERS, ROOFING, ETC.

COPPER ALLOYS ARE BRASSES, AND BRONZES. WHICH CONTAIN PRIMARILY ZINC AND TIN, RESPECTIVELY,
AND THE ALLOYS CONTAINING NICKEL.

BRASSES ARE USED IN ARCHITECTURAL AND HARDWARE APPLICATIONS. BRONZE ARE USED IN THE PRODUCTION
OF SPRINGS.

LEAD - A SOFT, MALLEABLE, HEAVY METAL; HAS LOW MELTING POINT AND A HIGH COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
EXPANSION. VERY EASY TO CUT AND WORK, ENABLING IT TO BE FITTED OVER 'UNEVEN SURFACES.
USED FOR ROOFING, FLASHING AND SPANDREL WALL PANELS.

TIN -A LUSTROUS WHITE, SOFT AND MALLEABLE METAL HAVING A LOW MELTING POINT; RELATIVELY UNAFFECTED
BY EXPOSURE TO AIR; USED FOR MAKING ALLOYS AND SOLDER AND IN COATING SHEET METAL.