HEAT TRANSFER eat PAGE NO.: DATE J 1 Vishal -M-peshpande TY. B-tech (Sem-5) Mechanical HT _C sabale sir) = Refer (prt: Raj poot Cthis only) @ pewlt & incre pera ® 1- cenge| LEEW eee aoaeeHT Clntveduction ) DATE: = lees 1/8/23 => Thermodynamics Ys Heat Transfer Cretiles) CTeules|sec = Watt) —* Thermed is General approach of energy transfer Ht is more _specifie § actuah mechanisms that how heat transfers. — Eneray transtor by virkue of temp. dikh” is HEAT: — Heat is Path dependent 4 hence not a property k Systere! =>. Modes of H:T @ Conduction @ convection @® fadiation — Conduction:-_ HT by molecules without actual displacement § needs medium. (molecular vibration) | —» convection!- HT by molecules with actual moleculay move ment eds _medium- — Radiation: H:T in abscence of matter & more |_ekkicient tn vacuum Cless in medium). tt ibration, —= conduction 3. In solids ( clectron motion (in metals) estas : —Metals ore good conductors of heat clecbic-ty| due to presence of; both rnalecutae vibra Hen fp electron median: | <> “Thermal conductivity Ch): virene by hich heat is TT Bs 1) 1G) 1G) | “4 @ € £1 61 b! conducted _{ transferred: | =r piamend being nen-metal sill has highest *hY value of axsund 2300 Wimk due 4 itis highly ordered molecular ctructuze Cured ip precise sensors? | Tee Genexall metals have higher “k” than non-metals i td 1d \ieccepempianendnc er ||pare |) L+ mest Ht applications prefer _coppee Ks 400 wink) 4 og. a LY Liguids eat é convection era ces conduction convection «| Xk" AS temp. TT value of sh" J+ because molecular vibrations 17 but electron motion ++ due to which overall value of "kY Wy (ean be linear ay non-linear relation) Fate Sus SS 2K ae [—* for liquid § frases as temp. TT value of“ k" 11 | Cexceptions axe there)» Kk, i a Gn shiiayT > Gfutas 7 i ose ap > Temp Fiala + when Root =hot , floor=cold_H:T iS done ool conduction : Ly» when Refs cold» floors het H:1 {ts done by. both conduction £¢ convection: L+ Het by tadiation ts done with help of EMW by speed of light (3xio'mls) & iS ‘surface phenomenon" and -fastert mode of _H:T in_sollds, yadiation is_aloays suriace pheno<= Laws Governing H:T:- © conduct on + “Fourley Law of heat conduction (uni directional Heat conduction) applicable for both Sieh Gu cae Siate- Qeent? g Fourier Lato: eh ened ; ha atoi- Heat conducted is divectty proportional +0 | area (normal +40 direction of H:T), divectt propertiona| to temp: geadient alma flow j-e aT w 3x de | Co) Co) fo} tat th CA fe _€s ji } 1 { | 1 | u Tor, F (here hts constant) isi ax Ta ATE T-T2 » 4) Uy here jim st . OT OL40 De Ox r According 40 fourier Law, je Qeond «K A _Cllax) Peond ch OT ox i Beond & AM Ax BT Osod = = £A( ar] Ke cor repartee _| he Level sign cause AT along #100 of heat iS deortasing . didlo dl & 4 & =, jewatt =| Fic | emo estar eens te ) A (at As Se i= Ge) aes a ke heat conduction rate at unitared unit temp: ge8 dient»Q@ || convection 7 Newton's Law of Heating/ cool! He convection rea uives solid-sui fort Ccomputtory condition) 3 Dher have a According to newien's law Qeonv X AT (for solldgriuid boundary) | Qeony K_A (Aurtace aveq of solid ) a (em not Max as in cond” ) * Qtonv AST a Geonv = haat | h= omstant ef propor ttonali he Heat tyanster coe bbicient Gt untt of “he Wo w bbb lg mk Pe MT he Geonv, L A6T tae woollevatue of Sh" depends on "solid- slut’ fn eontack Ly jor _poiler p= 107 Whyay because here 1 AT—ro(zexo) Cause water steam conyers! bakes place at constant Temp ZGs & ®@_Radiation —+ stefah- Boltzmanh Law: = Oyad KA (Surface axed) Zi Brad A T* Cabsolube rongwan temp:) 3) >) oh Grad = CAT!| for black body Ce=-1) >| ~| *[Qrad= € AT for General baly C E<4) ~| lena | emmistvity of body l both axe | Shape factor aA) unitless Quads TheeaT') >! T= Constant of proportional l+4 = Stefan -Boltzmann constant cre Qrad_|_Glackbedy) att x ae “| S11 untt of to" = mM Se com pulsory kadar mgt not °%* calusel we are = dealing with absolute temp Qnet_ oT =| =| te _Ap 14) 1d)g 4 $a 28 ve vate of heat = Csoules sec) leea 48/g/e3 Cpivit+2 combined) cl steady + unsteady uniforms non-uniform ete--- ) T nevat heat conduction eq! :- aT wsigat Ss een 7 4 wa 3 a a Generally Ox Aytdz. im a Considey a smatt elemental volume ates small constant dimension x) a4)o2 along x,y,2! giecton d a respectively « = Let ; Kas ky, ke be the theemal conductivity along co-cvdinate axes ZY s sres pect vely- consider conduction alona‘z’ divectonin the elemental volume ( Through face ABCD) - Acerding 0 fousien's Tee dueden (eae Lr area 16 x-axis ee [i= = Fx Cayar)-dT | U conducted" in" 22 | let, Gs dx be the heat conducted out" trom Phe elemental vol” C through face EF 4H)| 84 tay lov series exparsion 5 an f(ton) = flade+ 6x glee) + fd” sO be iy 21 a b2— small , ax where nZ2 —rn) by neglecting higher order texms 3 14, ALF; 2. | fetta = F0+ axf'coo | thus, [Qysde= Gu+ 2%. 4z]__dusing taylor series { expansion mate of de) js 1 S/ Here, hence net heat accumulated inthe elerental vol” due +9 conduction ang ‘%! direction js — T fs BQx = O-Sy,ax Lire Cheat 7p )=Cheat out) ¥ tee gedes, Sea eae an = - 9 |-k2T 5|-tadt ayalax 2, [p37] (xayex) Ee ax/04,02 =conssanth B J} Ol UO Ul UO _& busing small inteevale¢ tfme ot +he net heat | actumulated due to conduefon dleng acdivece? are she lb 1b | [= A Cho) Cxaynat] —o | PTOPAGE NO. ite zy by generalization, heat accumulated! in elementals yel™ due to conduction along yedirectten and | E-divetfon are- = [49,- 2 [kyar [axayaayoe |—@ ey L ~ Oy. Lelia i>) 59, - 8 2 C Qo ik aT | cameyen ab | hence , total hat accumulated due to conduction'g along, B-coordinate direction will be Qt0+6 OQ =)Qx +095 +693 = 2 fk. ‘x LG Sool had fae a cae 2, pxaya + k; ROY 4 -@ az ali gnternal ARE || Let Gy] be the rake of beat genexation pee [ 3. unit volume iss 8 Then heat geneeated in time ot is.- heat generated = 4, + sx24ax st — 6) =e tance (1$* Lavo of thexnn-0), ane || By apply! +0 the elemental vol™, 5} mulated + Heat Genteated= Heat absorbed eo repected Heat accube ')Sensidle neat : Qe M* CRT Cro phase Change only seme =e) cred) (moses) v 2ikgtent heat iQ, = ma L ( phase or nitat ) [ome But Rete is absorbed /vefected aaa & is given by- mass specific heat, 4g'= Mme Cx aT —+ change in temp: Pew masseme Sev = § aay sz specie heat capacity Le density of matexial 4Q'= faxoyare x px dT | By 98% “Lavo of trecmo-D 2 [rade] +9 [kygr] 4d [Ked wret + ty 2%yaza: OF Bgl ey] ozt 5: PO Cox 442 Cpu OT © Ctemp change, Dividing by oxayszst Abrough out 5 34 Sete eG Ba Ig PE 0 0 0 0 6 16 |6\6/0) 0) Gb ~| for ot—0 5 oT = OT f ot ot | et | Bp kaa 142 Pky ot Ja 2 Pked = 8¢par | General 22. ay] ozl az. 3 eq Let the material be homegentous & isotropic then, [Kae Kyseek Hence, Gereral heat conductfon eq” simplifies to- OT PTT 4g | i [ox oye 22? 11h) bb! 0[PAGE NO: DATE Thermal distfusiviy ca) 3- a= Rate of heat conducted by -body Heat stored by the body eum RAT AT: ax SH Aedes bT xp bn bsageessas JAX | OCs Kk SCp oh Thus, General eqp_simplities 10~ ; pgs +h L [ez og aa? kK om i ton then t= © || 1¢_po_intewnal heat generation ROT eT 8T = | at | fourier Bz2 ays oz ot equator SI teady state To Gwith Iafo free ot ——Ye & 2m 394} Px wo miey @ Steady clare & no intemal heat qenexati ob ie ogee g=O 3 | f 5 eee ae > 2x> 24> 92 Geqagtion3 S >| —— Lec-3 23/8/23 |") General heat conduction \quiati on: = = 4) Cy\tnd real qwardinates: (ne derivation in exam) 3 Capa) Crs 6.2) Y= radius (Var distance fom 1 axt5) = Azt 1 |_g= Aztmuthal angle =| Z= lay distance of qven “| point from 2y- plane =| of 4 = x= ress ) i Y= 7SIng | Transformation i a2 J =| res or eT +) 87 + 1 9°74 tt y 4, aD Ort 4 e 129 g2 “Oz kK for. “Lees aT i 1-D eo oc Oe 1[PAGE NO: pare y 2)|| spherical co-erdinates: (no dexivation in tram) Pree ere ee eg TSTPO = polar Ye position Vector of point B = aztmmuthal angle X= rsinocosg ) 4 = rsinosing ‘ Transformatien PPP LL Z=r tes Cxy2)2 (6B) 3D for ecm YT 41.4 9 (sin 2 (PIaN+49 = [7 sro Ta ag> Ysin6 at a er ah K sr x fr & a Efe ea mi) ii SPU PP PlyHBX On less specisied every problem 7s steadyctalwre 1 f *D Heat conduction dyreugh slab (unidirectional heat conduction ¥ steady sha finite [small dimersion L= thickness of small k= thermal _con ductivity L of Stab wh surface of slab having Same temp. is called “ISOTHERM” e ak unless _specisied 5 | fr K=constant T17 Te ax Bb 616 (6)061 0) GG bl a & & & € AS sey fourier law a¢ heat conduction =k Ad Te ae q ST, 21 Given ax--oh : oe (eee cee Ged —> heat transfer pet unit Avea Yoben ateaca) is not given y | ARK Electrical Analogy (thermal resistance) \ Heat transfer Electrical cfrelitt priving force —+ AT v. u To be dviven—~ Q 1 : Resistance —> th R I Li bt bloz - | loelelacat det 5 15 19.19. TeV ~--- ohm's Iq Ro eleeete vesistance | Ay aes 2. qremmal resistance | Seem teeter |e pce alt oe ¥xX||—> for simple slab: Reh= (Ti-T2) 9 But, Q. -KA (2-71) L rearranging Ls Ti-te A af 8 Tine és | for slab Eee ay a Units é Is ze ( xxx || Composite slab: Csexies § parallel) opty.f x far slab ft) # same intinit€ Area ae Lt = Ti-T2 for ait slabs z KiA g zi = Qe tts 1-12 —— © S| kA =| " i similarly fer slab @& 6) ~ Qe la 5 T2-13 ——® = aA ~ ® Q* lg =T3-Ts A , fr Adding ()+@+8 of ty +b 4 ta |= Ti TH [KA “kaa kA] Cheameornity Lis to 4 13 1A Kok KSA In general = **| Q= T-ton | ae lain tapas Att) bt[PAGE NO. DATE A_woall OF furnace is made up ob inside layer © silica brick 120mm thick , covered with a layer ok magnesite brick 240mm thick-The temp: at 7 inney suehace of silica brick wall Goutey See rece ob magnesite brick wall are Fes and uo o respectively. If “k* og stlica Gmaqnecite bricks axe # W/m" § 5:8 Wim-te respectively, calculate- OThe rate of heat (OSS pte unit Area- |© The temp. at the interface. Given: Lisizomm Ti=#2S% Kiet wim’e La=240mm T= 110°C ka=s-¢ wim’ u) T3. Li%x, aiKT © 9.27 @h=?. A Assumin e: ce from _compostie slabs, = Ti-T3 ae 1g A Lingle + tite = 725-10 O12 4 0-24 Tr 58 = 6ls ie “Oeff weet Deir zZt Te: Lb EL é_ Uli la]ko #4s-T = T= 10 Oi. 024 [5-8 Ris-p = T- 10 0-0705 0-041 T2S(0-041D - 0:04 |3Ta = 0-0105 Ta _110(0:0705) IE 1212 3% 69717 = 0-18 Ta -.\Ta = 33 + °C] tt, Lec-4 24/8/25 (ahys, FMFP also continued) 1) Thermal contact Resistance:- CRthe) Temp: distribution profile (Ti*T2+T2>15) Th S Hex Resistance _ofkered at interface (Tr-+Ts') ts called thermal contact resistance C Temp: falls tn this case): —* Thermal Grease application of pressure reduces thermal contact ecistance Drop: in temp: at interface oan **| Rihe = T2=Ta! 9 A OLYPAGE NO: i (Lec-3 numexi cal’) @)||1n previous numerical if “Ryne” pid +00 walls at | q 3 interface is 0'0055 °C/jo.m2, then find the er vevised H:Trate § drop. in_temp. qt interface & due to thermal contact resistance. oe = || novo, er Q= (Ti-Ts) er Ger et Re ep Q= 125-BF- 10 ick O12 +024 4 00035 \ tee Sp Q= 615 it O-iS4 Q= 5329-289 W/m2> | t bua) ueRiyestTe> ta! = g fF 0:0085= 2¥#/RH CT2-T2!) =F 5329.28 (Posy CT2-Td) = 010035 ¥5329.27 To-Ta! = 1826526 > ||Find the heat flow rate through composite wal) las shown tn fig. assume 1-p £l0v) Gfvens Kaz 50 Wine kes 89 vo/m'e Kes 65 /m% kos Soult PPP Pipi iPrPlprpas |S = . PAGE NO. = (ore tJ Ta =60'c a “| The 400 | ma ae 4 3 xi a =| se Al 8 a : Swe S| eH Analogical electIe che- S (Runde | Qe GD, eal a : i (Tt-T2) now, _(RanJas te 2 005 = 0-02. al KA, 150x 0-1X0-1 ~) (Rings bp 608 = 0-Ra9 k Kp Ag BOX 010-03 T Que 2 be 008 = 0-1758 ke Ac 65K 0:1 0-0 Bp oiitp . 00s = O14 Kp Ab, SOKO: IKO-L Moin ~ 28 Hel c* and axgte)+p inseries or MRue) Resists Coda} ad Ly ceo | (Gee Gere | = ovat Leo maa X=, take reciprocal He Ay et Pa tl ty = 002404 + O14F 50267 |Q= OTing Rectal o-60 0: 26% {g 1273-4 w] Ne Se pene cee +) | Thermal resistance due 40 Convection :- = From Newton's Law of heatingl cooling, = Heat transfer ¢ le Surface ave “ Qs he Anat] = a xs] (Re)= ot = 4] a conv ha | ~ @> |The jmerior of a refrigerator having inside 7 [dimensions of (0-5x0-5)m-baS€ @¥A_and im heigh¥ fs to be maintained at 6°: The walls of the 4) yefrigerator ave cstwucted of we mild steel sheets 3mm thick (k=465 W/im'g) ard emm ot lass wool insulation (k=0-0 46 wimg) bla them. lf the average h-t coefficient at outer & inney surface ave 11-6 W/m? and 14asulm?z jRS yespectively. calculate — a f The rate at which heat is leaking if the temp: of kitchen is 25%. (@ The temp. oM outer surface of metal sheet:hseceaine 4 sides of fridge T T Az 20-5x0-5) + 4(0-5x1) ~ cost (rxceno: WiehOS Tratde°E steel sheets rm} = = mee 7 " fos 7 ~S Glass — weer | im F 5 = fbr tet) ry due ia a Jane wa eonvedti on pn) t= 3x102m Kiskas 465 0] Abe ele Las soxio>m Kae 0-046 wir Be hex 14:52]? a Use xi To= 25% ,Ti= 6% = 2(0-25)+4l0'5) = O°5+2 [A =25 m4 f = = z| 5 Q= To-Ti both Rout (steel) Raotars CRth)conv + ( Reh)s+ (Ripa + (Rths)_ + (Rin)conv ‘outsde steel = i tox abe Lost . hoA CWA KA inside 1 hia i ran EP eoy ccs ee sonoma U es C Ité 465 :046 tes) =| (h242059) 25 gal = 074963 Now, Q> 25-6 ona ea [gz 38 Be]4 a> A 7. boards 7 The insulation BORE of Ac purposes axe made of 3 + layers middle being of packed geass zocrm thick re (k20-02 Wilms) and sides ave made of plywood caches ok acm thichness Ck=0-1volmk) the axe glued ith each other: =. perermine heat Flow per m* area ff one surhace is at 35% Gother at 2% neplecting ResiStance of ¥ 44 oY glue (Rineso) Instead of glue ig these 3 pieces ave bolded by 4+ - Steel bolts ‘of tem diameter at the comer Ue 400), per_m™ area of bolt, then find heat flow perm axea pf combined board: packed qua: casey: i1= 0-02t01m Ka= O-lwlmk, F case yy: Analegical Ckt 78 cameos Rihe Bom Ren fies aie — | ==how, Qe Ti-T2 A pte y ls Rh HS ame os ater Q= 35-20 Pini 15: Ao 4 rfoo2) + OF 0-02 oo x |Q = 2-78 Wim? A a pe 6 J€ /€|6/4/ 6 boy 4 Us € DOD» Droid =iem= 0-017 Avelt= w{p)"= Irlo-ol)™ q 4 we) = 0:0000785 m> Total Avex of boltS= +#Abott Anus = 0-0003141m™ at considers bard _avea to ‘be* 1m* ( per m2) Ay now Ristal= Rib tRim +Reha = 5-4 ~ “| ml =| | ae = Root (Ren) b i = ee 2 cl =| aah tae ran Er] Toe Cie) (40-2087) eal ([Reoit=ite 14 SI a zi = Ros Sx tity = 60156 = 3-63 { 4 Satie 4 16 54 | 4 ge ATs NS ! Rr 3-43 !PAGE NO: 5 25lglz —— x —— 7 pare fon__thvough cylinder Cunidivectional) Ye inner radius Vos Outer radius T1>Ta (radially out) Thickness > Yo-¥i Ta>Ts (radially in) | 4#* Heat is conducted radially (inward lout wards) L= Length low taking cross-section dv (small thidkn ess. urier's Law of hea onducefon. Heat conducted tadfally = = -KA OT ag onsi dev jin der. thiclst edy? qt distance ty! fram centre of cylinder. wdAs MeL, b= length of cylinderSs © pave &. Heat conducted through the elemental qlindey of 6 5 thickness ‘dy’ js- Areata) 69: —k (amr) 3T cha Q@dx= —karvlLdT “Integrating 34 Yo T ead a «9 [ay 2 —Kezri) at Wet’ rT TI ve 2 q liny| 2 = awe LIJy 7 i) to @ 16 |€ |@ | € | | fo) to ot Q info | = -27kt (Ta-Ti) Tvl vreqvvangin *NIQ = a7kt (TIT) An (e/vi) a ® « « —* conductive theemal resfstance oftered by wall of tuglindes = Reh= AT. Ti-T2 9g Yo. Te: = dn ee 2TKC —| =| | | j 0m 0 | 5 4 2 et im olay) | ae oe ad] t ;ide _culinder:- TT Ruotal = 6T Rip Ei W-T sn) gin BY 4 snl 54) grk,L 21a 2rk3l owt (Ti-T4 SnCn) 4 Lola) 401 Ki Ke Ka eneval In amt ( Ti- Tn) + jn (Ton iat Ki Liss 3 i A_240mm maih » zemen 210m long 1s covered with somm of high temp: insulation (0:09 s4/me ‘and fomm of Low temp: inéula jorn(k=4-06210/m"e) leche jnney Gouter surgace tem measured are sqoe and 400 respectively , calculate bt + loss per bout heat loss pex_m™ of pipe surface” 3) Total heat loss pex m™ of OuteY surface + Temp. blo two layer of insulation. ae fat condu yroug pire ma onearner TOI Leas naa eau KI? OCR mMe Lilia a) = 50mm: 00817 Kaz oo 62 wlmre AL MUAMP © Ta= 0121085 OFF HERBIE ENG bd 2 Te Bao (%3-¥2) 40M™= 08-0410 Te 40°C. 2. T= 0-0440-lF= 0-21 L = ert {ess wit = 27 %2= 017M Low 4 emp: Y eam gC, insulation [17 3 — 2 “0 rs now, @=_2m(2to)[390- 40} an (Hn), wn) a Re Kt KD = 4618412 = AGB 1412 snlOlJornd tn C%oit) GO OBEY 0-092 0062 = 64194- B45 Ww = 231-@ty jo” (multiply by 3600 ram) ae 23-4 my/he) @ Heat transfered pee unit areq of pipe iS Q =_Q-—__~Gremains Same for Steady Se) Ain anal 1 = 64195 346 amr 0°12 y210 _ 4 LDL! Q = 405-43 wim? | AjnHV Ai hoor eee. si a os + Gian se eo Tnvaanenio ey a3) 67, eet] wy © mm Tin: Tat at ore * 754 GBindout FAO + gyiaieaty gn (Yo) a> NTA O62x110 \ = wt Ss Tht = 2o5-ais"e |= To i i cot Ceasar. + Ss e Qetonstant | : » arrl(Ti-Te) ail TT —— oe ci at equate e& find B re vee as HT tate TF layers. in previous prob | axe _intezchan ged. a{sk we loam ft gs rth pin ti) rfdn e) 7 ca yee, T= oi29I0 Thee O24 0104 =O NGID tz ob 400F * O21 _ Ms Me 0-052 [°c 0-062 Wlra%e. TI @: ame mo-4e) me ) ae) er a B ee cela 01082, at > id A184. 1 - eee > bh + 2956 ee a > || #41 @ GOF9F-0\4 a 2 60-8 ko ~. @ | _tectuve-6 26]@/23 ° ——_—_______—_— - + > 22 composite cylinder with conection :- (10 gsteady state) ig “ranpr or gaa HU)LIG LU YU Y Y YUNow, Qs ST ©. Riotal whee Rutal= (er)any + Rth,+Rth +Rina t+ Tnsic equivalent cht 1S Gb )eanv 1 Ring Remy (Rt). i] {4t—tey- Rel 2 gin letn(ve)ein), + hyay | arkt amkat airksl hyAo co ae a a Qe Ae (tj-To) ~ = henge DP etizte 2 e155. UA g On p but ATs Rh E te ty slay ls pt} al Dp ht kt ke 3” ho ires ie ST @ overall HT tweggicient based on inner radius (or) inner avea (Ui) :- " te tg dl) pol B) tn plo) WAT hay amkiL — amkal artal hpAe roulti plying beth side by rh) L 2% 4 Tian(t2\4 7 tn Ty tnf%y\ + % tL (ey af (ks in| ty) + 2 [oi % ey ho] @ overall u-7 toe tficiens based on outerradius con outer area { Uo) :— E te Le Met 4 Ty wl 2) 4% dnl 139 + Ya no L in Teh, ORY ST) Ke WR ho eg @) Calculate +the overall HT coegficient (Based en inney diameter) for aq cteel pipe covered with fibreglass insulation. Also find G/L + Givens Di= 20m => ¥p=1em= o-olm =Ys Thickness = _0-2¢m=: 0-002 i. Tae Vyt thickness= 0-01+0-c02. Taz O-o12M Thickness of insulation =2ems 0-027 ‘13> Tat (Thickhess)insus 0-012+0-02 a2 O'S 2 his 10 W/m hee Swim (k)jnsulation= Ka= 0-05 vol mk Beveet = kr= 4suoimb : % Tis 200% » Tos 39° LILIDIGGIGULUGUEUEEDHH UG HOG Gogg yy % % #hows eae oF x “i 7 4 pltn (22) + n/a) + tt) 4 +0-01 Jnf 0-012) 4 0-01 tn/o-oa2. }+ 0:01 io 46 Voely “oor "O12 TO BL ol + 0-004 + O1gbr+ 0: 0625 OB rhy ' [Ui = 2.788 vo/mk| now > Qe (9x Ap CTi-To) = (se oar a LCTi-To) 9D = wzggx21Xx 0-01 x (200-36 ) ir ie = 29-279 wlm| L | | Based on cutee Diameter. howo, Deed) 4 __(for steady state) UA U;Ai_ Udo “ UjAi= Undo Up= 2°788% ame TxL =2-785%/y \ aT % x L3 BO re — ae = 3. Uns 2*783% [_o-o} \_ 5 0-034 3 eae ss 5_|__ [oz o- gatas |x s+ = >| Q> \f third layer oF thickness 3m and thermal _ 5 conductivity towlmts (*k3") ve esttmate +he overall WT coekbient ‘Uj’ and | now, tus Yau gnlenneds © = 0'03240:03 » = 0:062 “J k3= 10 wlmk > ~J x x as a oa a rae eco ; ~ 2 WSYY j 5 eel pool y pols o-ol by [0-032 0 sn {2062 to + weg oor] 0-3) O:Oluan (eta) ~ 0-062 © Ss] > = Ol + 9.00004 + O-1VI+ 0:00066 + 0:0322 L= 0:3 F 29 VG )4))b) 4) 4 U YY &from fouriers lawer heat conduction, Q= ~kaoT or j 2 «C4 707 a, = ora _f But ‘97'S same as steady state prevels | ai Ye To a { dr zoamk [at Tha te nt ur Q feat =o 4K lice * Sr (lhe Ute 9 ¥ at ak lTo-T1] ! oe 2 _4ark (tit) wire] 2-7) | here Wins ee | 4aknr,| | —> composite s pheves- 4G4GE406 Le Ti>Te a (Tarhe ) Geor outer se flutd Av N SSS ea ee Qe (TT) [arm \a/ mm \y( =73_) (akin Garkatats J Vankgrg7y / {s Again consideving convection i@ (Téshi) and (Tas he) * YH eee lololgaead ‘e = ( Ti-To) | {2 \sfTor1_\ +) %3-%_)\ +f YH t [behave] Nore / [arinvarg) (airks73 44) bho?) | UYU how, Q= UA: (Tj=To) feed oto ote after tte Wem Ye 1 3 Da GAT Unde amkive workin! aT a 7heye sould niying by Av» ater throughe yh Card try O9-%2)_ + Ty (TS) +L Faye etme yd9 A spherical containe arate Doug = SOOMM 78 5 _|| k= 0-03 wimk , if surface Lemp: of sphere 1S - -200% insulated by joomm thick layer of mater! all watt 3 and temp. of outer surface ts 3o%c determine heat flow in- doyz=soomm Yout= 2s0mm= 2Mene 0:25™M =%s ) += 1o~mms= O-im yA T= -200°C X Ta: 30° now, FasNi+t = 0-2540-1 InsulaHon Tz 0-36m Wye K= 0-03 v0]mk Q= (Ta-T1) %2-7) ) (arknt J = 230 (is 25-025) \ as ¥O2SxO3S) [a = 75-8 w] Heddcheal arelecee In the qhove problem if nifrogenis botling at! L =230'%¢ inside the sphere of tnner radius 225mm the thermal _condu cetvity oi-sprere material is aowlnx & the compasite sphere fS exposed to envtvonment | T |whese emp. is 85° they daia ts Same except "Ta" C-200'). tind MNew value of HT rate I@ interface temp. Ta Caccording to new diagzam)- Howes swlrits He hy ts so big that s/hj— 0 Te pePiPlrlreni yt)PAGE NO: Yiz 225mm= 0-225™m Tris LS0MM= 0-25m (from previous oytey Jo =T3235°C Fayzo-2rto1o= 035m aanickness 7 hisioS , ho= Sw/m*k » Kiz 4owlmk, Ka=0-03 olm\s 2 —- O z ahi ee elo Geeqgqgeuse he eeu 2g: Go-Tat) (2 \+f{ra-vs_ \4( Tam Jaf 7) larve) Warkinits) CAniitsts) Cathage) 2 >| 42 35~-(-230) 5 o+/ors-o2e \fo3s-o2r \a( UTecororrwome] Urxoosesamesr] Gry S(oasy ] De 265 + 0000 884 + 3-0315 + 0- OMe 120 [o= 33-F9W now, 9> 7 B=u ==> 83-19 Te = (-230) G21) (ors-o25 ATR \araqowo21F sons) O08 4 = T4230 T2=-230 +0074 =[e= =229-4°c Vib jL/L/ Lb) 4G GGG