Earthquake Engineering, Tenth Word Conerence © 1964 Batema, Rotterdam. ISBN $0 54100605 The implementation of base isolation in the United States James M. Kelly Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California at Berkeley Calif, USA ABSTRACT: The concept of base isolation as an innovative means of providing earthquake resistance 10 struc- tural systems was met intially with a great deal of skepticism by the engineering community, Today, however, itis on the catting edge of seismic resistance engineering, as evidenced by the rapidly incressing aumber of buildings, both new construction and retzoft, using this earhquake resistant technique. It is now generally accepted that a base-isolated building will perform better than a conventional fxed-base building in moderate ot strong earthquakes. In the structures in which it has been used so far, the major benefit has been to reduce the effects of seismic forces on contents and intemal equipment, mate than justifying the increased cost of isolated ‘construction. This review will mainly cover the development and sppliation of base isolation to buildings i the United States. The acceptance of this approach has been slow, but as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earlh- ‘quake there is an increasing interest in ts use for repair of buildings damaged in that earthquake and for the retrofit of historic L INTRODUCTION ‘The application of base isolation to address the prob- lem of providing earthquake resistance to structural systems is @ radical departure from the traditional approaches used by structural engineers. In conven- tional fixed-base design, efforts to strengthen the structural system to provide superior seismic perfor- ‘mance Tead toa stiffer structure, and thus will attrct ‘more force to the structure and its contenls. A fixed-base building tends to amplify the ground motion, In order to minimize this amplification, the ‘tuctural system must be either extremely rigid or provided with high levels of damping. At best, ity leads to the contents of the bullding experienc- ing the accelerations of the ground motion which ‘ay be too high for sensitive internal equipment and contents, The alternative of providing high levels of damping into the system generally leads to damage ofthe structural system or fo structural forms. Isolation allows the engineer to design a system that ‘ean function without damping, yet protects the build- ing and its contents with relatively simple and low- cost structural systems. The concept has been long. in gestation, but is now being used enthusiastically in many countries. At the present time, there are several types of isolation systems in use, many vari ants of existing systems are being developed, and ‘ew systems are being proposed and tied When I fist presented a review of seismic isolation at the 2nd U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering at Stanford University in 1979 (Kelly 1978), it was the only paper on base isolation in the ings that are considered vulnerable to earthquake loading. entite conference. Although a few papers on base isolation had been submitted, the organizers felt that there was not enough interest in the subject to justify sccepting more than one paper and these were compressed into one. At the SWCEE in San Fran- isco in 1984, there was only one session devoted 10 base isolation; in 1988 at the 9WCEE there were four sessions, were dominated by Japanese research- ers who were, by then the leaders inthis area; atthe 10th WCEE in 1992, "there were four sessions each day with the lecture all overflowing with people. To press the point even furter, in 1985, I collected all the papers on isolation (in English) that I could find; this totaled about 180, By mid-1990, the ‘updated version totaled 390 publications, by mid- 1992 T would estimate thatthe total would be in the thousands. Tn this year, 1992, there are more sympo- sia, workshops, and specialist meetings on base isola- tion in the United States alone than there were pub- lished papers in 1982, Obviously, the wealth of publications on base isola tion indicate that to date, esearch is being widely conducted on a large varity applications. However, fare the results of this research being transferred into general engineering practice? Since the use of base fsolation is a radical change in the way engineers think of providing earthquake protection, the imple mentation is most visible in its application to build ings. Most research i transferred into practice in an Incremental way and may not be very visible. The siraightforward manner in which the eccentially- braced frame design was accepted in seismic areas is 8 case in point es07‘The se of base isolation in buildings inthe United Slates was very slow. Tn contast, #8 acceptance in Japan was rapid and widespread. ‘There are now at least 65 baceiolaed buildings in Jpan either com- pleted, under construction, of licensed for construc tion. This review will fos entirely on base isolation as applied to buildings, leaving ase seismic isolation {or bridges. The number of Bridges that have been designed and Dull using Solaion concep is very larg, but when applied to bridges, energy’ dissipation predominates; wheress for buldings, the dominant Iechanism is isolation and energy ésipaton plays only minoe ele. Also, the teview will focus Imaily on the development and implementation of tase isolation in the ‘United States. An adequate assessment of worldwide applications would exceed the msrctions on this review When a building is built on an isolation system, it should have a fundamental fequency that is lower than both is ixed-base frequency and the dominant frequencies of the ground motion. The fst mode of thevolated structure then involves deformation only in the isolation system, the structure above being almost rigid. The higher modes which proéuce defor raion ip the stucture are othogonal to the fst mode, and this to the pround motion. ‘These higher modes then have very low patcipation factors, $0 that if thee is high energy inthe ground motion at the higher mode frequencies, this energy cannot be imparted to the structure. Tn this Way, the demand cn the strictral system is reduced and the aceler- tions transmited (6 the intemal non-structural com: ponents, contents, and equipment are also reduced ‘This _makes isolations very attractive approsch where protection of expensive sensitive equpmeat is needed and itis no Surprise that this wechnology has been used for buildings such as hospital, computer ze, and nuclear failiies. This scion ofthe Bo- lation System is independent of damping, although some damping is beneficial to suppress resonance due to long-period motion atthe frequency of the isolation system, but high levels of damping are not needed in isolation systems for buildings where pro- tection of intemal equipment is the. goal of the design. “High levels of energy disiption Jad to Smaller displacements at the ‘slation system Dut Higher accelerations in the supersinctre, and. are thus advantageous for bridges where contol of dis- placements is important and acceleration inthe deck be not important The history ofthe development of base isolation has been covered in several review anieles, for example, Kelly (1986), Mayes and Buckle (1980), and Kelly (1985). As mentioned carir, the most widespread tse ofthe approach isin Japan. There se sever applications in New Zealand (Dowrick, Cousins, Robinson & Babor 1992), sever in Taly (Cialiant 1988), including one project of five large buildings, and large number of spplications in Frenee including two nuclear power plants (Postllec 1983) (Jive & Richli 1977). There are a few buildings using a sn ple method of isolation in China (Lee 1988), and Several buildings in Russia (Eisenberg, Melentyy, Smimov & Menykin 1992). In the United States ‘olation is now being used for both new build for the repair of buildings damaged by the Lome Prieta earthquake of 1989 and forthe retoft of his tori buildings. Research in the United States on isolation systems has increased exponentially in recent years, as attested by the number of symposia, workshops, ad other meetings devoted entirely to seismic isolation topics. Some have been focused on civil siractues, some on nuclear facilities, and others on the use of isolation for US. Government buildings. A number ‘of cooperative. research programs are under way, including one involving the Earthquake Enginering Research Center (EERC) and Shimizu Cogporsion of Japan with the participation of Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Association (MPRA) of the Unied Kingdom znd Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) in the United States, In another, the National Center for Eanhquake Engineering Research (NCEER) in Bulalo is working with the Tsisei Coeporaion of Japan on the development of advanced siding isoi- tion systems. Numerous cooperative research pro- grams on isolation for nucleat facilities are in pace involving research workers from Japan, the United Staes,Taly, France and the United Kingdom. The emphasis in most base isolation applications up to this time has been on large structures with sensi tive or expensive contents, but there i increasing interest in the possibility of applying the technology to public housing and other buildings such as schools and local health centers in developing counties, Several projects are under way for such appications. The challenge isto develop a low-cost isolation sy- tem that can be used in conjunction with veracalar methods of construction, such as masonry block and lightly reinforced concrete frames. Demonstration buildings for housing projects have been completed using natural rubber bearings as the isolation system in Santiago, Chile (Sarrazin & Moroni 1992) and in Squillace” in southern ly (Vestroni, Capecehi Meghella, Mazza & Pizzigali 1992). Demonstation projec are being planned for housing. projects in Shantou City, Guangdong Provinee in China (Zhou, Kelly, Fuller & Pan 1992), and in Indonesia, both with partial support from the United Nations indus- teal Development Organization (UNIDO). 2 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR ISOLATED BUILDINGS The first building in the United States 10 use a seismic isolation system was completed in 1985 and ‘was publicized in national engineering magazines and visited by a great many engineers and architects from 508the United States and around the world. However, it ‘was several years before the second. base-isolated building was begun. The scceptance of isolation a8 fan anti-seismic design approach for some clastes of buildings has clearly been slowed in the United States by lack of a cade covering baseisolated struc ‘The Structural Engineers Association of Northern California (SEAONC) created 2 working group in 1980 to develop design guidelines for isolated build- ings. A brief document was produced and became the stating point for 2 sub-commitlee of the SEAONC Seismology Committee that was formed in early 1985. ‘The Seismology Commitee of the Stctural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) has been responsible for the development fof provisions for the earthquake resistant design of structures, published as Recommended Lateral Design Requirements and Commentary, generally referred to as the "Blue Book® (SEAOC 1988). This has served as the basis forthe various ediions of the Uniform Building Code (UBC), published by the Intemational Conference of Building Officials (CHO), and which is the most widely used code for ‘earthquake design. The SEAONC sub-committee produced a document entiled “Tentative Seismic olation Design Requirements" (SEAONC 1986) Wwhich was published by SEAONC in September 41986 as a supplement t0 the fourth edition of the Blue Book. The approach and layout of the 1986 document was chosen to parallel the Blue Book as far as possible. Emphasis was placed on equivalent lateral force procedures, and as in the Blue Book, the level of seismic input was that required for the design of fixed-base structures a level of ground ‘motion that has @ 10% change of being exceeded in a 50-year period. As in the Blue Book, dynamic methods of analysis are permitted, and’ for some types of structures required, but the simple statically ‘equivalent formulas provide a minimum level for the design, ‘The Seismology Committe of the state-wide associa- tion (SEAOC) formed a subcommittee in 1988 10 produce a isolation design document entiled “‘Gen- tral Requirements for the Design and Construction of Seismic-lsolated Structures” (SEAOC 1989), This was published as an appendix to the fiflh edition of the Blue Book in 1990 and later adopted by ICBO a5, tan appendix to the seismic provisions in the 1991 version of the UBC (UBC 1981). The version of the code includes the static method of analysis and retains a minimum level of design based on a factor of the static analysis values, but increases the number of situations where dynamic analysis is mandatory. ‘A further code document has been developed for the design of base-isolated hospitals in California, The Building Safety Board (BSB) of the Office of State Architect has adopted guidelines ented, "An ‘Acceptable Method for Design and Review of Hospi- tal Buildings Utilizing Base Isolation" (OSHPD 1989), These guidelines are similar to both the SEAONC requitements and the UBC code, having been developed in part by SEAONC for the BSB. The version adopted by the BSB in 1989 has subse quenily been revised with some additional require- sents being included in a version that was adopted in January 1992, ‘The UBC code differs from the SEAONC guidelines in that it explicitly requires that the design must be based on two levels of seismic input. A design basis earthquake i defined as the level of earthquake ‘ground shaking which has 2 10% probability of being ‘exceeded in 2 30-year period. For this level of input the design provisions require the structure above the isolation system to remain essentially elastic. The second level of input is defined as the maximum credible earthquake which is the maximum level of eathquake ground shaking that may be expected at the site within the known geological framework. ‘This is taken as that earthquake ground motion that has @ 10% probability of being exceeded in 250 years. The isolation system should be designed and {ested for this level of seismic input and all building separations and utilities that crass the isolation inter- face should be designed to accommodate the forces and displacements for ths level of seismic input Although the SEAONC and the UBC documents are very similar in many ways there is a fundamental difference between them. “The frst puls a premium fon using static analysis and tends to force the ‘designer toward regular superstructures with braced frames. The second on the other hand, makes dynamic analysis necessary in more situations and creates an incentive 10 use dynamic analysis even ‘where it is not mandatory in order to permit reduce tions in the design shear for the superstructure. The SEAONC 1985 document used reduction factors (R,) for the design of the superstructure that were fone half of those used for the corresponding fxed- base structural system. The 1991 UBC document ‘uses even more conservative reduction factors. For example, 2 fixed-base braced fame design would have a reduction factor of 8, whereas, if it were base isolated, it would would be allowed a reduction fa tor of 4 in the SEAONC code and only 23 in the UBC code “These requitements for isolated buildings represent a radical departure from the code for fixed-base strc tures. The UBC seismic requirements for ixed-base buildings are intended to provide reasonable protec- tion for life safety but not intended to limit damage ‘or to maintain functionality of the structure. The fixed-bace code allows the structure to be designed for forces that are very much less than those that ‘would be developed if the structure were to remain elastic. Tt is implicitly assumed that inherent over- sirengih and ductility will prevent collapse in a large eanhguake and ensure life safety, but no check that this will be achieved is required” The requirements for isolated structures is such that the supersirucure 2509‘will be essentially elastic for the design basis earh- ‘quake and the isolation system will be tested and designed to be capable of sustaining the maximom credible earthquake, Since large inelastic deforma- tions of the structure as permitted in the design of fixed-base structures can produce significant struc- tural damage, and as a consequence, the possibility of loss of functionality, the more sringent require. ments for isolated buildings will limit the level of damage that could occur and thus, these code requirements should lead to buildings which can sur- vive severe earthquakes with litle damage to siruc- tural elemenis, non-structural components, and with ‘no loss of function In the UBC guidelines, a peer review of the design ‘and construction of all base-isolaed structures is ‘mandatory under the code. This review is to be con- ducted by an independent engineering team experi= fenced in seismicvanalysis techniques and base fsolation practice whose responsibilities include reviewing both the site-specific seismic criteria and the preliminary design including design displacement and lateral forces, and overview and observation of the protatype testing and quality contol program for the isolation system. ‘The major differences between the hospital guide~ lines and the UBC requirements are that no static analysis is permitted, dynamic analysis being essen- tial. Als, site specific seismic input is required of two levels of ground motion corresponding 10 max- im probable and maximum credible earthquakes. Extensive testing requirements are specified and itis required that the isolation system should be moni- tored for the life of the building and a monitoring program must te submited for approval with the ‘design of the building 3 ISOLATION SYSTEMS USED OR PROPOSED IN THE UNITED STATES Most new or setrofit base isolation projects have made use of elastomeric isolation bearing’ and of these, most are in the form of lead plug bearings (LRB). The frst type of bearing used for a building in the United States was the high-Jamping rubber bearing (HDR). Elastomeric systems are also widely used in other countries. In Japan, they are often used in conjunction with some type of steel dampers or other energy-dissipating devices. In New Zealand, there have been several buildings with LRB’s and two buildings using a system based on sleeved piles (Boardman, Wood & Cart 1983) (McKay, Chapman & Kirkcaldie 1990). Aspects of elastomer technol- ogy peminent t0 isolation systems have been reviewed by Taylor eta. (1992). Siding systems have been the subject of much receat research at NCEER, both for buildings and bridges. Additionally, the ‘fictional characteristics of PTFE (Teflon) surfaces have been studied (Mokha, Con- stantinou & Reinhom 1988) (Mokha, Constantinou & Reiahem 1990) (Constantinou, Mokha & Reinhore 1990), One of the systems being studied is the Fri. tional Pendulum System (FPS) (Zayas, Low & Mahin 1990). In this system the stevctre is sup. ported on spherically shaped beatings with the losd being applied through 2 small area covered by 2 high-stengih composite material. The FPS has been used to reiofit an apartmest building in San Pr. cisco damaged by the Loma Prieia earthquake and will be used for the retrofit of a large U.S. Govern ment building in San Franciseo, Many other new systems have been proposed. One example is the R-FBI (Mostaghel 1986) which uses many Teflon sliding surfaces. It has been tested op the shake table at EERC (Mostaghel, Kelly & Clark 1992), Systems that combine sliders and elastomeric bearings have been proposed and have been tested (Gaalhoub & Kelly 1990) and at least one sytem has ‘been used for retrofit of an historic building ‘At the present time, the development of new isola tion systems is extremely active and many sew mechanisms are being explored. Table 1 lists erly + few of the systems currently used oF proposed in the United Table 1, Isolation systems used/proposed in the United States Elastomeric Systems High-Damping Rubber Bearings (HDR), Non. Proprietary Lead Rubber Bearings (LRB), DIS ‘Sliding Systems Eanhquake Bartier (EBS), M.S. Caspe Friction-Pendulum System (FPS), EPS Resilient Frictional Base Isolation (RFBI) N. Mos- taghel Hybrid Systems Combined Rubber-Slider-Restrainer Systems, Fyfe Associates Zoltan Tsolator, Lorant Group GERB Stee! Springs, GERB, Geselschaft fur 1so- Tierung mbH & Co KG Other Systems Cable Suspension System, F. Gurza-Tamez ‘Anti-Frition Isolation System, V. Shustov Rocking Columns System, L. Li 4 BASEASOLATED BUILDINGS IN THE UNITED STATES ‘The frst building in the United States to use base isolation was the Foothills Community Law and Jus- tice Center which was begun in 1982 and completed in 1985. Further use of this approach was slow, wih a few projects reaching the stage of feasibility assess-‘ment but not proceeding to construction. The next building. projects using base isolation were not in California but in Salt Lake City, Utah. One was @ new building for a computer manufacturing company and the purpose of the isolation system was 10 pro- lect the computers and not the building. The other was the frst use, in the United States and perhaps the world, of isolation as a seismic rehabilitation method for & historic building, ‘After this slow start, interest in the use of isolation hhas increased dramatically and at the present time, smid-1992, there ate now many base isolation build ing projects in the United States either completed, under construction or in the design phase. Some of these projects are for new building, but a very large number are seismic rettoft projects. These have been stimulated by the damage to several historic ‘buildings in San Francisco, Oakland, and the sur- rounding area from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, I's interesting to note that the use of isolation for ew buildings is, at the present time, mainly ia southem California, whereas most isolation projects in northern Califomia are for retrofits. Tables 2, 3, and 4 list completed projects and pro- jets that are reasonably likely to go forward to co ‘suction, both for new buildings and for retrofit. Further details on the type of isolator and the design philosophy of the completed buildings can be found in several papers and reports of which Tatics, Way and Kelly (1988), Reaveley, Mayes and Sveinsson (1988), Allen and Bailey (1988), Anderson (1989), Way and Howard (1990), Hart et al. (1991), and Asher etal. (1990) are a representative sample 5 DEVELOPMENT OF ISOLATION SYSTEMS FOR NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS Nuclear power plants are examples of buildings Where the reduction of response of internal equip- ‘ment isthe primary goal. The analysis of equipment and piping systems for seismic loading is one of the most expensive parts of the design process and itis ‘complicated by the fact that for fixed-base construc- tion, different levels of a plant have different seismic response. Thus, itis generally necessary to use mul- tiple support response spectrum analysis. The use of base isolation could reduce the amplification of acceleration at higher levels of a plant and would Permit the use of simple design methods for equip- ‘ment and piping, as well as eliminate the need for seismic restraints such a8 snubbers. ‘There ate several large research programs directed towatd the use of isolation for nuclear facilites. Ia the United States, a program funded by the De ment of Energy and conducted by Argonne National Laboratory, was carried out over 1988-92. This pro- ‘gram has covered shake table tests (Kelly 1991) and lesting of 2 variety of potential elastomeric isolators under a wide range of loadings 10 determine dynamic characteristics, falure modes, fatigue resistance, and sit to establish failure modes. Isolators at a scale factor of two were tested under this program at EERC and full-size isolators in a large isolator test facility atthe Energy Technology Engineering Center (ETEC) near Los Angeles, California. The results of these tests are detailed in Tajirian & Kelly (1988). and in ‘conference proceedings (IAEA 1992). Under this [DOE progrem, four different sets of isolators were ‘obiained from four manufacturers. ‘The four test programs confirmed the high quality of high-damping elastomeric bearings. They were shown 10 be capable to extremely large shear strains before fallure even under high levels of vertical pres- sure. It was shown that the failure mechanism is ‘only slightly affected by pressure and that the stiffness is unaffected by pressure, while the damping is increased by pressure. ‘The tests demonstrated that the entire search to find damping mechanisms to accompany isolation systems has been a misplaced effort. “Much more important for the design of prac tical isolation systems is that fact thatthe elastomer hardens very strongly after a level of shear stain has been exceeded. Ifthe isolators are much wider than their height buckling is nota factor in their response and the stfiness increases by a factor of six beyond 250% shear strain. Thus, if, 200% shear sirain is taken as the nominal design level, at which level of base shear the supersimicture is just at the yield Point, then the base shear must inctease by at last a factor of six before the isolation system fails. This means thatthe allure meckanism for the entite struc- ture willbe inthe superstructure and not inthe isola- tors. This means that conceptually , collapse of an isolated structure is no different from that of a con- ventional structure with, however, the proviso that the level of earthquake impact that produces the failure must be much greater for the isolated struc- ture due 10 the large displacement capacity of the isolation system. The strong hardening response of the system beyond the design level means that ifthe system exceeds this level, the period shortens significantly and the system becomes non-resonant ‘The results of these tests confirm that base-isolated nuclear facilites can be designed and built and that their performance in moderate and strong earthquakes will be superior to conventional design and that the isolation system will provide damage contol to the simucture and to internal equipments and contens The performance in very strong earthquakes much beyond those assumed for design will also be supe- lor to conventional structures, but will have the same type of collapse mechanisms in the structure. ‘These results should lead to increased confidence in the use of the technology for nuclear facilites and also for buildings housing sensitive internal equip- tment such as data centers, computer manufacturing facilities, selephone exchanges, and buildings that must be able © contique operation after strong earth- quakes such as emergency control centers and hospi- tals,5.1 General Electric Corp. PRISM Reactor Interest ia applying. seismic lation to nuclear plans has ented In the US. ever since is use by the French (Kunar & Maine 1979) (Vaidya & Eggen- ferger 1984) In reoznt yeas, the DOE has sup- forled the development of two compact advanced Ei concept the Power Reactor Tne) Sale Modile (PRISMS) designed by General Electric Corp ted the Som Advanced Pas Rencor GAFR) designed by Rockwell Intemational Corp. Both con- epi incorporate seismic isolation in the reference design to support plant standardization, enhance plant safely margin, permit siting in zones with higher Seismicity, and thus reduce plant costs. The selected isolation system for both concepts con- fists of steiaminated elastomeric bearings. For PRISM, high-damping bearings are used to provide horizon protection for the reacior module only, while for SAFR, the entice building is supported on bearings which provide both horizontal and vertical isolation (Taji, Kelly & Alken 1990) (Aiken, Kelly & Taian 1989). The PRISM concept as selected by DOE for funher development and has teen reviewed and. approved by NRC. PRISM employs 2135 MWe compact standardized LMR (Gerglind, Tippets & Salerno. 1988). in which the reactor module with its Key safety functions of teac- tor shutdown, shutdown heat removal, and contain- meat sjstems are isolated in the horizontal direction from potentially damaging ground mations. The reactor vessel has a diameter of 20 anda height of 2 f., and is supported from the top. The relatively small’ diameter ‘of the vessel provides sufficient inns resistance inthe vertical diection to minim Jae amplifications in venical ground motions making vertical isolation unnecessary. The entice isolated structure, which weighs approximately 5,000 tas, is suppoted on 20 large diameter stelaminatedlas- tomerc bearings, and i housed in an underground silo. The elasiomerie compound used consisted of 2 highly filed natural rubber with highdamping (Der Jam, Kelly & Thomas 1985) This pancular system was selected for PRISM fol- lowing a review of avaiable hardware Because is a simple design and its dynamic response, especially at ‘enteme loadings, is easier to characterize than some ofthe more nonlinear systems. “Furthermore, it has sufcent inherent damping to eliminate the need for Aadtionalenergy-absorbing deviess which can com- Plcate the design and the system respoase. Shake table tests and numerical analysis have shown that equipment fesponse in isolated buildings is minim ized when high-damping elastomeric bearings with ‘no add-on damping elements are used, and that when frictional or elasto-plastic dampers are incorporated, they inevitably cause high-fequeney response and increased accelerations in equipment (Kelly 1 (Kaiya 18s) (ruta ea 198 Calton and Kelly 1987) (Skinnet, Robinson & MeVerry 1989) (Fan & Ahmadi 1992). siz 5.2 Intemational Cooperation Programs ‘A cooperative program to develop design guidelines for nuclear plants using high-damping elastomeric Isolators was begun in 1988 at the initiative ofthe Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and ‘Ambient (ENEA) and General Electric Nuclear Energy and with the cooperation of ISMES in lly and Bechtel National inthe US. The resulting guidelines were oulline at the TABA Specialists Meeting. on Seismic Tsolation Technology’ in San Jose, California in 1992 (Marteli & Bettnali 1992). The United Kingdom nuclear power industry has considered the application of Seismic isolation to future LMR plants 10 potentially reduce costs, to increase margins of safety, and to facilitate standard zation (Austin et al. 1989). The UK. has been part Cipating in a joint program with the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) of Japan to evaluate the technical feasibility of selected ‘seismic isolation systems and their applicability in the design of lige LMR plants (Gray, Rodwell & Hauori 1988) such as the European Fast Reactor (GFR). Available seismic isolation devices have been evaluated and candidate systems have been selected, A joint U.S /Japanese program to study isolation sy3- tems for nuclear facilities has been conducted by ANL and Shimizu Corp. of Japan. As part of this program, two types of isolation systems based on high-damping rubber have been installed atthe Shim- zu demonstration isolation building at Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan. The first system installed at the demonstration building was closely ‘based on the high-shape factor isolator designed for the PRISM reacior ata scale factor of approximately three. This system was monitored in the building fom Octaber 1989 to November 1990, when it was replaced by a system using a newly developed low: ‘modulus high-damping rubber developed for applica- tion to nuclear facilites at softsoil sites, This sys- tem is stl in place at the present time, The results of the monitoring program for the two systems is «given in Chang and Seidensticker (1991). 6 FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN BASE ISOLATION 1 seems clear that the increasing acceptance of base isolation throughout the world will lead to many ‘more applications of this technology. tis also clear that while elastomeric systems will coatiaue to be sed, there is a willingness to uy other systems. The intial scepticism that was so prevalent when las tomeric systems were initially proposed is no longer evident, and the newer approaches which are currently being developed will benefit from this more receptive climate and lead to the development of sys tems based on different mechanisms and materials. FFor all systems, the most important area of futureresearch is that of the long-term subility of the mechanical characteristics of the isolator and its con- stitent materials. The long-term performance of iso- lators can best be developed from inspection and retesting of examples that have been in service for ‘many years. Elastomeric systems in the form of non-seismic bridge bearings have been used for upwards of thiny years and a record of satisfactory performance has been established (Stevenson 1985). Many of the completed base-isolated buildings have experienced earthquakes and so far their performance has been as predicted. ‘The earthquakes, if clase, have been small or have been moderate and distant 0 that the accelerations experienced have not been lige. As more isolated ‘buildings are built in cearthquake-prone regions ofthe world, we cen antici- pate learning more about the behavior of such struc- tures and it will be possible to reduce the degree of conservatism that is currently present in the design of these structures. It should be possible to bring about an alignment of the codes for fixed-base and isolated structures and have a common code based on the specified level of seismic hazard and structural pet- formance and in this way allow the economic use of this new technology for those building types for which it is appropriate, 1 is clear that the use of seismic isolation has finally achieved a level of acceptance that will ensure its continued use and its further development and that this new and radical approach to seismic design will be able to provide safer buildings at litle additonal ‘cost as compared 10 conventional design. Addition- ally, base isolation will play a major role in the future in projects as diverse as advanced nuclear ‘reactors and public housing in developing counties. REFERENCES Aiken, LD, IM. Kelly & FR Tajitan 1989. Mechanics of low shape factor elastomeric seismic isolation bearings. Report No. UCBIEERC-89-13, EERC, Univ. of Calif, Berkeley, CA. Allen E.W. & JS. Balley 1988. Seismic rehabilita- tion of the Salt Lake City and County building using base isolation, Proc. 9th WCEE, p. 633- 638, Tokyo-Kyoto, Anderson, T.L. 1989, Seismic isolation for the Los ‘Angeles County Fire Command and Control facility. Proc. ASCE Structures Congress, Seismic Engineering - Research and Practice, p. (615-624, San Francisco, CA. Asher, JW, DR. Van Volkinburg, RL, Mayes, T. Kelly, BI. Sveinsson & S. Hussain 1990, Seistic isolation of the USC university hospital Proc. 4th US. Nat. Conf. on Earihg. Eng., 3:529-538, Palm Springs, CA. ‘Austin, NM, S, Hattori, E. Rodwell & G1. Womack 1989. UK contribution to CEGB-EPRI-CRIEPL esta programme on seismic isolation, Proc. Ist Int Sem. on Base Isolation of Nuclear Power Facil- ites, San Francisco, CA. Berglund, RC, FE. Tippets & LN. Salerno 1988, PRISM, a safe, economic, and testable liquid metal fast breeder reactor plant. ANS Topical Meeting on Safety of Next Generation Power Reactors, Seattle, Wash Boardman, PR, BJ. Wood & AJ. Carr 1983, ‘Union house - a cross-braced structure with energy dissipators, Bull New Zealand Nat. Soc. Eartha, Engrg. 16(2)83:97. Buckle, 1G. & RL. Mayes 1990. Seismic isolation: history, application, and performance - a world view. Eartha, Specira 6(2):161-201 Building Safety Board 1989. An acceptable method {or design and review of hospital buildings utl- fing base isolation. State of California, osiep ‘Chathoub, MS. & IM. Kelly 1990, Sliders and ten- sion controlled reinforced hearings combined for fearthgueke isolation. J. Earthg. Engrg. Struc. Dynamics 19(3):383-358. Chang, YW. & RW. Seidensticker 1991. Joint USlapanese full-size building tests for base szismic isolation, ANLIShimizu Corp, ANL- oor. Constantinos, MC, A. Mokha & AM. Reinhorn 1990, ‘Teflon bearings in base isolation, I: modeling, J. Struc, Engrg. 116(2):455-474 Derham, CJ, IM. Kelly & AG. Thomas 1985, Nonlinear natural rubber bearings for seismic isolation. Nuclear Eng. Design 84(3):417-428. Dowrick, DJ, Wo. Cousins, WH. Robinson & J. Babor 1992. Recent developments in seismic isolation in New Zealand, Proc. 10th WCE, 4:2305-2310, Madrid Bisenberg LM, AM. Melentyev, VI. Smimov & ‘AN. Nemykin 1992. “Applications of seismic ‘isolation inthe USSR." Proc. 10th WCEE, 4:2039-2046, Madrid Fan, FG. & G, Ahmadi 1992. Seismic response of secondary systems in base-isolated structures Engrg. Structures, 141):35-48 Fujita, S, etal. 1988, Earthquake isolation systems for buildings of industrial facilites using vari- fous types of dampers. Proc. 9th WCEE Tokyo-Kyoto Cry, 8, E. Rodwell & S. Hatori 1988, 'EPRI/CRIEPI joint study program in suppor of the advancement of the liquid) metal reactor (LMR), Proc. 23rd Intersociety Energy Conversion Engrg. Conf, ASME, Vol. 1. Giuliani, G.C. 1989. Design experience on seismi- cally isolated buildings. Proc. Ist Int. Post SMIRT Conf. on Seismic Base Isolation of ‘Muclear Power Facilities, San Franciseo, CA.Har, GC, DJ. Diag, WE, Gates & RL Mayes 1891" Sonic scgtening of «tl conte Balding incorporating ase olsen roc In Piet evi Protecion of Bulg, Sols Anco aly IneratinalConerece of Bling Offi CBS) BSI Eantguake gan or Seomigisolated_stoctes"Unjom Buldng Gove hap 23 Ine & MH Bi 197, Asin oon Sistem or muclear power suione Pree Sater, Poper 9, San Franc CA Kaly, IM. 197%. Assiomic base lato: 9 Nevow Proc, 2ad US Nac Con of Earth nye, BEAL Sinjord Unies, anor a Kelly, IM, 1982. The infuence of bas isolation on the seismic response of light secacdary equip- ment, Proc. Int Conf, Naaural Rubber for Eartha, Protection of Bldgs. and Vibration iso lation, Malaysia. Kelly, 1M. 1986, Aseismie base isola ‘ibliography. Soil) Dynamics Engrg. (9):202-217 Kelly, JM. 1988. Base isolation in Japan, 1988. "Report No. UCBIEERC-85/20, EERC, Univ. of Cali, Berkeley, CA. Kelly IM. 1991. A long-period isolation system ‘sing low-modulus high-damping isolators for ucla facies at soft-soll sites. Report No. UCBIEERC-91103, ERC, Univ. of Cali, Beticley, CA. Kally, JM. & HC. Tsai 1984, Seismic response of Tight iteral equipment in base-soated stue- tures. Report No. UCBIEERCSMII7, EERC, Univ. of Clit, Betkeey, CA, Kuna, RR. & T. Maine 1979, A review of seismic fiolation for nuclear structures. Electric Power Research Institute, NP-1220-SR. Lee, L 1984, A base isolation measue for aseismic buildings in China. Proc. SWCEE, VI:791-798, San Francisco, CA. Mare, A. & F, Betingli 1992. Status epost on ‘cites on seismic isolation in Ily.” Proc IAEA Specialist Meeting on ‘Seismic Isolation Tech, San Tose, CA. McKay, GR, HE. Chapman & DK. Kirkcalde 1880, Stismic isolator: New Zealand appli: tions. Earthg Spectra 6(2}:208-222. Mothe, A, M.C. Constantinou & A.M. Reiahom 88." Teflon bearings in aseismic base isola tion: experimental Sudies and. mathematical modeling. Report. No. NCEER-8-0038, NCEER, Buffalo, NY. Moths, A, MC. Constantinos & AM. Reishom 1990. "Teflon beatings in base isolation, I test lng. J. Strua Engrg. 16(2) 38-458, review & ‘nd Eartha, Mostaghel, N. 1986. Resilien-friction base isolator (RFBD, Proc. ATC-I7 Sem. Base Isolaion ‘and Passive Energy Dissipation, p. 221.250, San Francisco, CA. Mostaghel, NLM. Kelly & P.W. Clark 1992, Sta. Dilty of R-FBI bearings: analysis and experi ment, Earthg. Spectra 8(2)259-278, Postllec, JC. 1983, Les foundations antsismiques ‘dela centrale nucleare de Cruas-Meysse, Notes du Service Etude Geni Civil d'EDF-REAM. Proc. IAEA Specialist Meeting on Seismic Isolation ‘Technology, 1982. San Jose, CA, Reaveley, LR, RL. Mayes & BL, Sveinsson 1988, Seismic isolation of 2 four-story fight simulator ‘manufacturing facility. Proc. 9th WCEE, p.79, Poster Session Paper P2A-10, Toyko-Kyoto Sarrazin, M. & M. Moroni 1992 Design of a base isolation confined masonry building. Proc. 10th WCEE, 4:2505-2508, Madrid Skinner, RTT, W.H. Robinson & G:H. MeVerty 1989. ‘Seismic isolation in New Zealand. Proc Ist Int. Sem. Seismic Base Isolation of Nuclear Power Facilities, San Francisco, CA. Stevenson, A. 1985. Longevity of Natural Rubber in Structural Bearings. Plastics and Rubber Pro- cessing and Applications 5:253, Structural Engineets Association of California (SEAOC) 1985. Tentative lateral force requie- ments, Blue Book. Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) 1989. General requirements for the design and construction of seismic-isolated structures. Ad-Hoc Base Isolation Subcommit- tee of the Seismology Committee, Appendix to ‘Chapter 1 of the SEAOC Blue Book. ‘Structural Engineers Association of Northem Califor- nia (SEAONC) 1986. Tentative isolation design requirements, Yellow Book. Taylor, A.W, AN. Lin & J.W. Martin 1992. Perfor. ‘mance of elastomers in isolation bearings: a literature review. Eartha. Spectra 8(2):279-304. ‘Tajrian, FF. & JM. Kelly 1987. Seismic and shock isolation system for modular power plants. Proc. ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Conf, ‘ASME PVP-127. ‘Tajirian, F-F.& 1M. Kelly 1988. Testing of seismic Isolation Searings for advanced liquid metal reactorprism. 2nd Symp. on Seismic, Shock ‘and Vibration Isolation, ASME PVP-147, ASME, Pittsburgh, Penn ‘Tajiran, FF, JM. Kelly & LD. Aiken 1950 Seismic isolation for advanced nuclear power stations. Eartha. Spectra 6(2):371-401 Taries, AG, D. Way & JM. Kelly 1984, The implementation of base isolation for the Foothill ‘Communities Law and Justice Center. Rept esisNo, RTA.84, Reid and Taries Assoc, San Fran- cisco, CA. Vaidya, NR. & AJ. Eggenberger 1988, Feasibiliy valuation of base isolation for aseismic design of sirucures.D’Appolonia Consulting Enginers, NSF Project No. 82-1384, Vestoni, FD. Capecehi, M. Mephlla, G. Mazza & E, Pizzigali 1992 Dynamic behavior of isolated buildings. Proc. i0ck WCEE, 4:2473-2478, Madrid ‘Way D. & J. Howard 1990. Seismic rehabilitation of the Mackay School of Mines, phase TL, with ‘base isolation. Earthg. Spectra 6(2):297-308, Zayts, V.A, SS. Low & S.A. Mahin 1990. A sim- ple pendulum technique for achieving seismic {solation. Earth, Spectra 6(2):317-334 Zhou, FL, IM. Kelly, KN. Fuller & TC. Pan 4992." Optimal design of seismic isolation for multistoried buildings, Proc. 10% WCE, 42449-2454, Madcid ‘Table 2 Completed base isolation building projects in the United States - new construction Fire Command and Control Facility Location: East Los Angeles, California Stats: New Owner: County of Los Angeles Size: 32,000 sq.ft Cost ‘$6.3 million (excl. installed equipment) Completed: Apri 1990 Engineers: Fluor-Daniel Engineers, Inc System: HDR Supplier: Fyfe Assoc /Dynamic Rubber Aircraft Simulator Manufacturing Facility Location: Salt Lake City, Utah Status: New Owner: Evans and Sutherland, Corp. Size 140,000 sq. f. Cost: $8 million Completed: 1988 Engineers: Reavely Engineers and Assoc:; DIS System: LRB. Supplier: DIS/Furon University of Southern California Hospital Location: Los Angeles, California, ‘Status New Owner: USC and National Medical Enterprises Size 250,000 sa. f Cost: 50 million Completed: 1988 Engineers: KPFF Sysem) RB Supplies: DIS/Furoa 6515 Foothills Communities Law and Justice Center Location: Rancho Cucamonge, California ‘Status: Now Owner: County of San Bernardino Size 230,000 sq.ft Total Cost: $36 million Completed: 1985 Engineers: Taylor & Gaines; Reid & Tacs Assoc. System: HDR Supplier: Oil States Industies (now LTV) Two Residences Location; West Los Angeles, California Status New Owner David Lowe Size 4,700 sq, ft each Cost ‘$20,000 for each base Completion: 1992 Engineers: David Lowe System: GERB Resistant Base Sup GERB Kaiser Computer Center Location: Corona, California Status New Owner Kaiser Foundation Health Plan Size: 120,000 sq. ft Cost: $32 million Completion: Under construction 1992 Engineers: Taylor & Gaines System: LRB & HDR Supplize: DIS/Furoa Titan Sold Rocket Motor Storage Location: Vandenburg Air Force Base, California. Status New Ownee US. Air Force Size: NA. tab ( y Cost Na, Completion: 1992 Engineers: Bechtel Corp. System: HDR Suppliers LTV ‘San Bernardino Medical Center Location: Colton, California Status New Owner: County of San Bemardino Size: Five buildings totaling 900,000 sq.ft Cost NA Completion: Design & review 1992 Engineers: KPFF; Taylor & Gaines System: HDR Supplies DISML. King Jr-CR. Drew Diagnostics Trauma Center Location: Watts, Califia Status New Owner County of Los Angeles Size: 140,000 sq. f Cost 340 mi Completion: Final design OSHPD review 1992 Engineers: John Martin Assoc. BIC System: HDR & Bronze Alloy Sliders Supplier: Not selected Emergency Operations Center Location: East Los Angeles, California Status New Owner: County of Los Angeles Size 33,000 sq. ft Cost $6 million ‘Completion: Construction stats 1992 Engineers DMM System: HDR Supplier: Not selected ‘San Francisco Main Public Library Location: San Francisco, California Status: New Owner: ity & County of San Francisco Completed Design in progress 1992 Cost! NA Completion: © NAL Engineess Oimm Structural Design; Forell/lsesser Eng. System: Not selected Supplier NA Water Control Center-Water Quality Laboratory Portland, Oregon New Pordland Water Bureau 28,000 sf. NA. Design phase 1992 Hareis Group; DIS LEB DIS. Table 3 Completed base isolation building projects in the United States - retrofit, Sale Lake City and County Building Location: Salt Lake City, Utah Status: Retrofit Over: Salt Lake City Corp. Ste 170,000 sq. ft Cost: ‘$30 milion (inc. non-seismic rehab.) Completed: 1988 Engineers: E.W. Allen and Assoe.; Forell/Elsesser Eng. Sytem: LRB Supplier: DIS/LTV Rockwell Seal Beach Facility Location: Seal Beach, California Status Retrofit Owner: Rockwell International Size 300,000 sq. f. Cost $14 million Completed: 1991 Engineers: Englekirk & Hart System LB Supplier: DIS/Furon Mackay School of Mines Location: Reno, Nevada Status Retrofit Owner University of Nevada, Reno Size 27,000 sq.ft Cost $7 million Completion: Under construction 1992 Engineers: Jack Howard and Assocs BIC System HDR & PTEF sliders Supplies Faron ‘Marina Apartments Location: San Francisco, California Status Retrofit Owne Dr. Hawley Size: 20,000 sq.ft Gost: NA. Completion: 1991 Engineers: EPS System: FPS Supplier: EPS Table 4 Potential base isolation building projects in the United States - retrofit Channing House Retirement Home Location: Palo Alto, California Status Retrofit Ovner: Non-profit corporation Size: 260,000 9. ft Cost Na. ‘Completion: In design phase 1992 Engineers: Renne & Peterson; DIS System: LRB. Suppl DIS Long Beach Hospital Location: Long Beach, Califomia Stas Retrofit Owner: Veteran's Administration Size: 350,000 sq. f. Cost: NA Completion: Final Design 1992 Engineers: A.C, Martin & Assoc. System: Not selected| Supplies = NAL esteHayward City Center Location: Hayward, California Staus| Retrofit Owner: City of Hayward Suze 148,000 sq. ft Cost $1 million Completion: Final design 1992 Engineers: EQE, San Francisco; C. Kircher Assoc. System FPS & HDR Supplier: EPS & Bridgestone US. Customs House Location: San Francisco, California Status Retrofit Ownee US. General Services Administration Size 142,000 sq. f. Cost: 14 million (estimate) Completion: Conceptual design in progress Engineers: URS Blume Not selected NA. Asian Art Museum Location: San Francisco, California Status Retrofit Owner: City and County of San Francisco Size: 170,000 sq. f. Cox NA ‘Completion: Conceptual design in progress Engineers: Rutherford & Chekene;, C. Kircher Assoc. System Not selected Supplies NA. San Francisco City Hall Location: San Francisco, California Status Retrofit Owner: City and County of San Francisco size NA Cost NA Completion: Conceptual design in progress Engineers: ForelElsesser Eng. System: Not selected Supplies NA. 50 United Nations Plaza Location; San Francisco, California Status Retrofit Owner US. General Services Administration Size! 345,000 sq. ft Cost NA Completion: _AfchitecyEngineer selection 1992 Engineers: NA. System: NA. Supplies NA. (Oakland City Hall Location: Oakland, Califomia Status Revit Owner: Cty of Oakland Size 153,000 sq. ft Cost 47 million (estimate) Completion: Final design 1992 Engineers: ForellfElsesser Engineers; DIS System: LRB. Supplie: DIS. State of California Justice Building Location: San Francisco, California Status Retrofit, Owner: State of Califia Size 250,000 sq. f. Cost: 40 million (est, incl. non-seismic renovation) Completion: Conceptual Design 1992 Engineers: Rutherford & Chekene; C. Kircher Assoc. System: Not selected Supplier: NAL US. Court of Appeals Location: San Francisco, California Status Retrofit, Ovener US. General Services Administration Size! 350,000 3q,f Cost: NA Completion: Conceptual Design 1992 Engineers: Skidmore, System: FPS. Suppl EPS. Kerckhoff Hall, UCLA Location: Los Angeles, California Status Retrofit, Owner: Regents, Univ. of Calif. Size 100,000 sq. f. Cost 315.3 milion Completion: December, 1994 Engineers: Brandow & Johnston Sysiem: Not selected Supplies NA Educational Services Center Location: Los Angeles, California Status Revofi Owner LA. Community College District Size 90,000 sa. ft Cost: $450,000, Completion: August 1992 Engineers: Fleming Corp. System: Earthquake Barrier Supplies NAL 6517