Additional Mathematics ey ee Eg a ee nas vi coALGEBRA 1 -~ 1.1 Real Number System -- 1 1.2 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials ~ 1.3. Multiplication and Division of Polynomials - 1.4. Factorization of Polynomials Factorizing Using the Distributive 15 1.6 Finding the Remainder Using the Remainder Theorem - Finding Unknown Coefficients Using the Remainder Theorem —— 1.7 Factor Theorem --. Determining Factors of a Polynomial Using the Factor Theorem ~ Evaluating Unknown Coefficients Using the Factor Theorem — Multiple Choice Questions Essential Facts - QUADRATICS 2 2.0 Quadratic Equation ~ 2.1. Method of Factorization 8 2.2 Quadratic Formula -- 2.3 24 2.5 2.6 27 2.8 29 2.10 Multiple Choice Questions Essential Facts - INEQUALITIES 3 3.0 Completing the Square Determining the Values of handk Maximum or Minimum Value and Range of a Quadratic Function ~ Graph of a Quadratic Function — Maximum or Minimum Value -- y-intercept — intercept — -- 43 Nature of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation 53 Equations Reducible to a Quadratic Equation Relationships between Roots and Coefficients of a Quadratic Equation Simultaneous Equations: One Linear and One Quadratic - Definitions and Properties of Inequalities - Definitions ~ Properties Law of Trichotomy Law of Transitivity ~ Basic Operations ~34 3.2 Multiple Choice Questions ~ Essential Facts FUNCTIONS 4-. 4.0 41 4.2 43 44 45 Quadratic Inequalities in One Unknown — Algebraic Method Graphical Method -~ Rational Inequali Factors Algebraic Method Graphical Method ~ 84, 87 Relation--. Function - Determii Function - Range of a Polynomial Function --- Range of a Rational Function ing the Range of a Function: One-to-One or Many-to-One ~ The Vertical Line Test for a Function The Horizontal Line Test for a One-to-One Relation ~ Inverse of a Function Inverse Function ~ Graph of a Function and its Inverse Function ~ Determining the Inverse Function of a Function Inverse Function with a Restricted Domain - 125 Composition of Two Functions --- 131 4.6 Multiple Choice Questions -- Essential Facts —~ Composition of a Function and its Inverse --- SURDS, INDICES AND LOGARITHMS 5 --. 5.0 Bit 5.2 5.6 57 5.8 5.9 5.10 Equations of the Form a‘ = b- Surds Properties of Surds ~ Simplest Form — Reversing the Process of Simplification ~ Addition and Subtraction of Surds Multiplication of Surds — Using the distributive law ~ Using the difference of two squares ~ Using perfect square -- Rationalization of the Denominator of a Surd Laws of Indices - Zero, Negative and Rational Indices -~ Exponential Equations with One Unknown, Relationship between Indices and Logarithms ~ Laws of Logarithms Logarithmic Equations-5.11 Transformation of a Relationship to Linear Form - Equation, gradient and y-intercept of a straight line Non-linear Form y = ab‘ Non-linear Form y = ax" Multiple Choice Questions Essential Facts. SEQUENCES AND SERIES 6 -- 6.1 Sequence Arithmetic sequence ~ Geometric sequence ~ 6.2. Series and Summation ©) Notation ~ 194 6.3. Arithmetic Series 197 6.4 Geometric Series 6.5 Divergent and Convergent Series Convergent Geometric Series ~ ‘Sum of a Convergent Geometric Series 6.6 Investments -- Multiple Choice Questions --- Essential Facts COORDINATE GEOMETRY 7 -- 7.1 Gradient of a Line Segment — 7.2. Equation of a Straight Line ~ Gradient-intercept Form ~ Point-gradient Form: va 74 75 7.6 aa 7.8 Multiple Choice Questions Essential Facts Equation of a straight line given the gradient and a point on the line Equation of a straight line through two given points ~ 225 225 Parallel Lines-~ 227 Perpendicular Lines 230 Point of Intersection of Two Lines- 234 Method of elimination 234 Method of substitution 235 Equations of a Circle 236 Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle ~ General Form of the Equation of a Circle 236 Equations of Tangent and Normal to a Circle ~ Equation of the Tangent Equation of the Normal Point(s) of Intersection of a Circle and a Straight Line 249 255 VECTORS 8 -- 257 8.0 Scalar Quantities and Vector Quantities 8.1 Representing a Vector -- 8.2 Column Vectors 8.3 Equal Vectors Negative Vectors -8.4 85 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Multiple Choice Questions Essential Facts -- TRIGONOMETRY 9 91 9.2 9.3 Addition of Vectors Triangle Law of Vectors Parallelogram Law of Vectors ~ Subtraction of Vectors - Difference of Two Vectors Zeto Vector ~ Multiplication of a Vector by a Scala Unit Vector: Position and Displacement Vectors Magnitude and Direction of a Position Vector- Magnitude and Direction of a Displacement Vector ~ Scalar Product of Two Vectors ---- 280 Scalar Product of the ‘Two Unit Vectors j and j Scalar Product of Two Vectors Scalar Product of Two Parallel Vectors -—~ Scalar Product of Two Perpendicular Vectors Radian. Arc Length and Area of Secto Trigonometric Ratios and General Angles - Trigonometric Ratios of Acute Angles 9.5 9.6 97 9.8 9.9 Trigonometric Ratios of Special Acute Angles 304 306 Complementary Angle: Quadrants; Positive and Negative Angles 307 Trigonometric Ratios of a General Angle 309 Trigonometric Ratios for Angles between 0° and 360° (@ and 21+) -- Trigonometric Ratios of Special General Angles General Angles ‘Trigonometric Ratios of + @ and 2-8 ‘Trigonometric Ratios of Angles Greater than 2 Trigonometric Ratios of Negative Angles Graphs of Sine, Cosine and Tangent Functions 327 Graph of 327 Graph of y = cos x- 329 Graph of 331 Fundamental Trigonometric Identities Fundamental Identities: Double Angle Formulae- Solutions of Simple Trigonometric Equations --- Trigonometric Equation and Solutions-- Principal Values of sin x, cos"! x and tan"! x= 355 Inverse sine (arc sine) ~Inverse cosine (arc cosine) ~ Inverse tangent (arc tangent) ~ Basic Trigonometric Equations — Solution of sinx =k - Solution of cos x = k- Solution of tan x = k- Trigonometric Equations which can be Reduced to the Basic Form Trigonometric Equations Requiring 367 Simplification ~ 367 Trigonometric Equations Requiring Factorization 369 Quadratic Trigonometric Equations 370 Further Trigonometric Equations ——- 372 Multiple of an angle 372 Fraction of an angle ~ 372 Horizontal Translation ~ 373 Multiple Choice Questions -- Essential Fact DIFFERENTIATION 10------ 389 10.0 Gradient of a Curve at a Point 10.41 Derivative as a Limit- 10.2 Derivative of x” 10.3 Derivative of a Multiple of a Function 395 10.4 Derivatives of a Sum and a Difference of Two Functions 397 10.5. Derivatives of sin x and cos x ----- 400 10.6 Product Rule 402 10.7 Quotient Rule -- 404 10.8 Chain Rule -- Derivatives of sin’ x and cos” x Derivatives of sin ax and cos ax; sin ax and b cos ax Derivatives of sin (ax + b) and cos (ax + b) 10.9 Rate of Change- Constant Rate of Change Variable Rate of Change Connected Rates of Change ~ 10.10 Stationary Points - ‘Turning Points — Points of Inflexion First Derivative Test for Maxima and Minima ~ 10.11 Second Derivative of a Function -~ 10.12 Second Derivative Test for Maxima and Minima ~ Significance of the Sign of the Second Derivative -- Second Derivative Test for Maxima and Minima 10.13 Equations of Tangent and Normal to a Curve -- Equation of Tangent to a Curve Equation of Normal to a Curve 437 438 441 Multiple Choice Questions Essential Facts -- - 443 INTEGRATION 11 ---—--------------------- 449 11.1. Integration of a Indefinite Integral -~11.2. Integral of x* 451 Proof of Integration Formula 451 Integrals of x? and c 452 11.3 Integral of a Multiple of a Function ~ 454 Proof of Integration Formula 454 11.4 _ Integrals of a Sum and a Difference of Two Functions - 11.5 _ Integral of a Product - 456 11.6 Integral of a Quotient noes 457 11.7 Integral of (ax + b)" - Proof of Integration Formula 11.8 Integrals of sin x and cos x 11.9 Evaluation of a Definite Integral - 11.10 Formulating the Equation of a Curve 11.11 Area Bounded by a Curve and Two Lines Parallel to the yeaxis ~ 467 11.12 Volume of a Solid of Revolution 472 Multiple Choice Questions ~ 477 Essential Facts — 480 DATA REPRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 12--. 485 12.0 Statistics -— 124 ‘Types of Variables and Data Types of data 485 486 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 127. Measures of Central Tendency from Raw Data Mode from Raw Data ~ Median from Raw Data 487 487 488 ‘Mean from Raw Data — 489 Measures of Dispersion from Raw Data 490 Range ~~ 491 Interquartile Range and Semi-interquartile Range 492 Variance and Standard Deviation -- 494 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram (Stemplot) - -- 497 Constru Diagram Interpreting a Stem-and-Leaf gram Stem-and Leaf Diagram as a logram-- — 500 Relative Advantages of a Stemplot —- 502 Relative Disadvantages of a ing a Stem-and-Leaf 497 499 Stemplot 502 Back-to-Back Stemplots - 505 Box-and-Whisker Plots 509 Constructing a Box-and- Whisker Plot — 509 Interpreting a Box-and- Whisker Plot --- —- 511 515 515 Advantages of a Box Plot Disadvantages of a Box Plot — Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data 518 Mode of an Ungrouped Frequency Distribution -- 519 Median of an Ungrouped Frequency Distribution = 519 Mean of an Ungrouped Frequency Distribution ~ 52012.8 12.9 12.10 Essential Facts PROBABILITY THEORY 13-- 13.1 Measures of Dispersion for Ungrouped Data — -- 523 Range of an Ungrouped Frequency Distribution — — 523 Interquartile Range and Semi-interquartile Range of an Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Variance and Standard Deviation of an Ungrouped Frequency Distribution 524 Measures of Central Tendency for Grouped Data Mode of a Grouped Frequency Distribution -- Median of a Grouped Frequency Distribution ~ Mean of a Grouped Frequency Distribution Measures of Dispersion for Grouped Data Range of a Grouped Frequency Distribution Interquartile Range and Semi- interquartile Range of a Grouped Frequency Distribution —~ Variance and Standard Deviation of a Grouped Frequency 538 Distribution ~ 540 Standard Deviation and the Normal Curve - 5a2 Classical Probability and Relative Frequency Experiment Outcome ~ 551 551 Sample Space and Sample Point --- 552 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.6 137 Essential Facts Event Classical Probability Relative Frequency ~ 552 552 555 Basic Laws of Probability - Non-Mutually Exclusive Events Mutually Exclusive Events ~ Conditional Probability and Dependent Events Independent Events - Possibility Space Diagram, Venn Diagram and Tree Diagram ------ 571 Possibility Space Diagram ~ 371 Venn Diagram ~ 572 Tree Diagram -~ -- 573 KINEMATICS OF MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE 14 14.0 Kinematics ~ 14.1. Scalar and Vector Quantities Scalar and Vector Quantities - Distance and Displacement — Speed and Velocity ~ Acceleration 14.2 Displacement-Time Graph 14.3. Velocity-Time Graphs 14.4 Equations of Motion of a Particle 604 604 604 Moving in a Straight Line Motion in One Dimension Equations of Motion —14.5 14.6 Vertical Motion Under Gravity ~ - 611 Variable Motion of a Particle ---- 616 Applications of Differentiation —-- 616 Applications of Integration ~ 622 Essential Facts -- ANSWERS INDEX --- 631 635ALGEBRA 1.1 Real Number System Natural numbers (N) are 1, 2, 3, 4, Whole numbers (VW) are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, Integers (Z) are. . =1,0,1,2,3,4,. Natural numbers (counting numbers) are positive integers. Zero is the number 0, and it is neither positive nor negative. Integers contain negative integers, zero, and positive integers. Rational numbers (Q) are numbers which can be expressed exactly as a common fraction whose numerator and denominator are integers, e. 3 and 5 which is 7. 1 y When expressed in decimal form, a rational number is an exact (terminating) decimal or -0.6 and 5 = 5.0. a recurring decimal, e.g. += 0.5, 3 Ir nal numbers (Q’) are numbers which cannot be expressed exactly as a common i ants fraction whose numerator and denominator are integers, e.g. 12, “Zand When expressed i decimal form an irrational number is a non-exact (non-terminating) and B =-0.2165 and = 3.141 6 which are each stated as a decimal correct to 4 decimal places. non-recurring decimal, e.g. V2 = 1.4142, — The real number system (R) consists of the rational numbers and irrational numbers. R=QUQ'yueso1y Positive integers (natural numbers) Integers 4 Zero Rational numbers Negative integers Real numbers Non-integer fractions Irrational numbers 2 2 2. Is 8a rational number? 5. Is it correct to state V3 = 1.7322 1. Is 0 an irrational number? 4. Is it correct to state 7= ax” js an algebraic term where a is the coefficient of x, x is the base, and n is the power (index). ax” is a polynomial in x if neN. We can only add and subtract like algebraic terms. Like algebraic terms are defined as those algebraic terms which are represented by the same base and power, e.g. 2x°, ~4x3, Zand -5x, aoe Simplify each of the following polynomial expressions. (a) 8x+ 5x+ 12x (b) 17x? - 9x7 (c) 9x? + 5x? — 429 (d) 4x? — 7x + 8x? + 27 - 3x - 529Solution, (a) 8x4+5x+12r =(8454 12) Using the distributive law. = 25x Adding the coefficients of x. (b) 177 - 9x7 =(17- 98 Using the distributive law. =8x Subtracting the coefficients of x2. (98 45x— 42 =(945-4x5 Using the distributive law. = 10x Combining the coefficients of x 42 - 7x+ BP + 2e + 3x- 5x =W7x4 3x4 4x2 +22 +8x'-5x° Collecting like terms. C7 +3)x-+ (4+ 2x? + (8 - 5)x? Using the distributive law. adr +62 43x ‘Adding or subtracting the coefficients of like terms. Simplify each of the following polynomial expressions. A. (@) —8x + 4x — 9x 4. (a) 14xy -— 8x + 3xy + Sy (b) Sy -3y + 4y (b) 9x°y — 15xy? + 7x¢y + Bay” 2, (a) 15x? - 8x? — 3x7 5. (a) 13x + 11x — 9x8 + 3x- 29? (b) 18y? + 12y? = Sy? (b) 8x7 + 3y? - 6 — y+ 4e°y 3. (a) 12x" + 10y" — 10x" — 8° (by 13x — 11y' + 9p? — 5x vueaony HEERERBTERTER ERA Division of Potynomiats When polynomials are multiplied, the powers with the same base are added. Simplify each of the following polynomial expressions fa) 12x°y%2 x 3xy? (b) 4x°y x (-3xy) x (-2xy")vuao1y Solution, Pa ° (a) 12x°y'z x 3xy? 2x3 x24 x Poe Adding the powers with the same base. 6x'y*z (b) 4x"y x (-3xy) x (-2ay") = 4 x (-3) x (-2) x xP Ott yt tt Adding the powers with the same base. = 24ctys When polynomials are divided, the power of the divisor (denominator) is subtracted from the power of the dividend (numerator) with the same base. Simplify each of the following polynomial expressions: (a) 18r'y% = 6x? (b) 25x'y! + (Say) Solution, @ 18x'y~z+ 6x’y? Subtracting the power of the divisor from the power of the dividend with the same base. (b) Subtracting the power of the denominator from the power of the numerator with the same base. GREE Simplify each of the following polynomial expressions. 1. (@) Br x 5x7 4. @) Ary x 3x) x 5p") (b) 5x2 x (6x) (b) Sx°y? x 4xty x (7x9) 2. @) ~4xx 3x5 5. (@) 739") x (xy) x Sy? (b) 6x x (-72) (b) (-8x2y) x Bxy? x (-9x2y") 3. (a) 2x x 3x x 5x 6. (@) 96x3 + 12x (b) ~5x x (-3:°) x (-2x) (b) (36x!) = (128)7. (@) (—48x") + 12x! 9. (a) (-49x°y'z!) + Zaye? (b) 24x°yz? + Gxy? (b) 64x%y°z! + (-Bxy"2*) 8. @) A212") + HH yd) 10. (a) (-169x°y'z) + (-13x°y) (b) (144 x4y?) = (-12°y) (b) (-81x'y'z") + (9x3 To factorize a polynomial means to write it as a product of algebraic factors. > Factorizing Using the Distributive Law and HCF Using the distributive law and the highest common factor (HCF) where a and x+y are factors of ax + ay. Eee! Factorize each of the following polynomial expressions. (a) 7x+7y (b) 252° 5x (0) -36x2 + 27x (d) ~64x' — 32x Solution, eon ., (a) 7x+7y Bex and 2 =7ir+y) 7 is the HCF of 7x and 7y. (b) 25% = 5x 3B8—5x and =St=-1, = 5x(5x- 1) Sxis the HCF of 253° and 5x. (©) 36x +27x 38 =4x and 2E=-3, =-9114x- 3) 9x is the HCF of 36x? and 27x. (d) 64x? - 32x Mesa and S2t=1. =-32x(2x? + 1) 32ris the HCF of 642 and 32x.‘vusao1y Factorizing by Grouping Factorizing by grouping is normally used when we are given four algebraic terms to factorize. The polynomial expression is first factorized pairwise, thereafter the factorization process is completed. Factorize each of the following polynomial expressions. (@) 3x2 +24 6x42 (b) 2x°- 4x-3x+6 Solution, —, @) 3e+x+6x+2 =xx+1)+2@Gx+1) —_ Factorizing pairwise using the distributive law and HCF. = Gx+ 1er+2) ‘Completing the factorization using the common factor (3x + 1). (b) 2 -4x-3x+6 = 2xlx— 2) — 3x2) Factorizing pairwise using the distributive law and HCF. = (e— 2)(2x-3) Completing the factorization using the common factor (x ~ 2). Factorize each of the following polynomial expressions. 1. (@) 8x+8y 6. @) 2-x42x-2 (b) -5x+5y () 24 4x43x412 2. (a) 7x-7y 7. (a) + 2x-4x-8 (b) -9x-9y (b) 2 -2x-5x+10 3. @) 4° 20x 8. @) 3P+6rtx+2 (b) - 49x - 21x (b) 3x°-12x+2x-8 4. (a) -25x" + 5x 9, (@) 2 -Gr—5x 415 (b) 36x - 24x (b) 4x4 12x-x-3 5. (@) 9x - 27x 10. (a) 84+4x-2x-x° (b) 16x’ — 8x (b) 10 - 4x + 35x - 14x?Dividing a polynomial by a polynomial is similar to long division in arithmetic. The degree of the dividend is higher than that of the divisor. pe) 1h) Thus wpe) + So LX) = glx) - glx) + rex) ie. Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder. fy =0, then p(x) = glx) - q(x). Here p(x) is the dividend, gl) is the divisor, q(x) is the quotient, and (x) is the remainder. In the last identi Eee (@) Divide x2 - y? by x+y. (b) Hence, factorize (©) Divide x + y* by x+y, hence, derive the results in part (b). px} has been factorized as the product of two factors glx) and q(x). Solution. —o fa) oF Fy =x> Pty x Hence, (b) Since then ference of two squares yuaao1yvusaoTy So 2 +P = e+ yey) +29? ie. +y'-2y?= (r+ yey) fi (x+y)a-y) een (a) Find the quotient and remainder of (6x2 ~ 1122 — x + 6) + (2x ~ 3). (b) Hence, factorize completely the polynomial p(x) = 6x? — 11x27 - x +6. Solution, @ 3x2_-x-2 2x—3)6e Th x46 “6x + 92 _ ex 2x2 + 3x 4x46 ~4x+6 The remainder = 0. When the remainder is 0, then the dividend is divisible by the divisor, that is, the dividend is exactly divided by the divisor. (b) pix) = 62 - 112 -x+6 (2x — 3)(3x* — x2) We need to factorize the quadratic polynomial (3x? — x - 2). Bx —x-2 Sum =-1 = 3x? -3x4+2x-2 3x(x— 1) + 20e-1) = (r= 1x42) Hence p(x) = (2x ~ 3)(x— 1)(3x + 2) which is the product of three real linear factors.aoe) (a) Using the difference of two squares method, factorize @ x-y' Gi) 16x=1 (b) (i) Use long division to find the quotient and remainder of (16x* — 1) + (4x? +1) (ii) Hence, factorize completely the polynomial p(x) = 16x‘ 1. Solution, @@ x-y = (2? = O*? The difference of two squares. = 02 +)7)07-y%) Factorizing as the difference of two squares. =? +y)rt yey) T6x*-1 = (any — (ee The difference of two squares. = (4x2 + P42 - 7) Factorizing as the difference of two squares. = (4x + 12x)? - 17] The difference of two squares. = (4x + 1)(2x + 1)(2x- 1) Factorizing as the difference of two squares. (b) @ 4-1 xt + 1167 Wet sae > “T6x4 + 42 42 =1 ae me 1 > 0 The quotient = 4x? - 1. The remainder = 0. @i) p(x) = 16x4-1 = (4x? + 1)(4x? - 1) = (4x? + 12x)? - 17] The difference of two squares. = (4x2 + 1)(2x+1)2x-1) —_Factorizing as the difference of two squares. ise no Find the quotient and remainder when the quartic polynomial (2x + 4x° — 32° — 5) is divided by the quadratic polynomial (2x? + 1). vuea01yvuaaony Solution. ‘e 42-2 2x? + 1 2x + ae — Bx? + Ox 5 ook > Tot de eid _Ay = 4x + Ox ax => 40 1 +2x =2x-5 Hf-25 -4e L-2 -2x-3 The quotient = 7 + 2x-2. 2x-3, Singing x2x=3 ax 42x-240ES8 mat —2-28+3 Shera noe So 2x44 4x9 — 3x2 — 5 = (2x? + 1) (x? + 2x- 2) - 24-3. The quadratic factor (x2 + 2x ~ 2) cannot be factorized. * The dividend is arranged in descending powers (of 2). © Ifany intermediate term does not exist, then insert the missing term with coefficient zero. * The division process is continued until the remainder cannot be further divided. This will happen when the remainder has a degree less than the divisor, or the remainder is zero. ene (a) Divide the quartic polynomial (2x! ~ 32° - 18x? + 17x + 30) by the quadratic polynomial (2x? — x— 15). (b) Hence, completely factorize Pix) = 2x4 = 3x8 = 18° + 17x + 30. Solution e (a) eee) 5 Yet — 3x9 — 18x + 17x + 30 were Taxt- p- 15 xi 3x7 + 17x | —2x+ + 15x be + 2x +30 —4x°+ 2x +30 0Qt = 3x = 18x + 174430 ay Thus elie =x-x-2. (b) plx) = 2x — 3x3 - 18x7 + 17x + 30 = (2x? -x- 15)? -x- 2) Here p(x) is stated as the product of two quadratic factors. Next factorize the quadratic polynomials that can be factorized. = (x-3)(2x+5) and -6(5) = -30. wax? Sum =-1. =x-2x+x-2 Product = 1(-2) = (x2) + 1(r- 2) Now -2 + (x2) +1) and -2(1 Hence, p(x) = (x — 3)(2x + 5)(x — 2)(x + 1) = (2x + 5)lx + Wor —2)lx-3). Here, p(x) is the product of four real linear factors. When we factorize al it is possible to get two linear factors possible to get three linear factors is possible to get four linear factors. * a quadratic polyno * a cubic polynomial * a quartic polynomial i QUES 1. (@) Divide 4x? ~ 25y* by 2x + 5y. 4. (@) Find the quotient and the remainder (b) Hence, factorize 4x°— 25y?. for each of the following division of © Divide 4x? + 25y? by 2x + 5y, hence, polynomials. @ Qx' +32 - 9x44) ii) (8 + 5x2 + 3x - 6) derive the results in part (b). 2. (a) Divide 16x? 99° by 4x ~ 3y. : (b) Hence, factorize 16x? 9y°. H) Hence, factorize (©) Divide 16% + 99° by 4x 3y, hence, (@) 24 3r-9re4 derive the results in part (b). (i) P+ 5x2 +3x-6 . Factorize each of the following 5. Find the quotient and the remainder when polynomials. 6x— 118 + 7x~6 is divided by 2x~ 3. (@ 252-1 (b) 25x2- 16)? 6. Divide 2x° + 5° 5x—1 by 2x1. * vuaao1yvueao1y ~ = ° 12. 5 1 14, s . Find the quotient and the remainder of (Qe +2-x- 4) 40-2). {@) Find the quotient and remainder of Ge — 5x? + 2x - 10) + (x - 5). (b) Hence, factorize the polynomial pa) = 2° - 5x? + 2x - 10. |. Divide each of the following polynomials by x ~ 2. State the quotient and remainder for each division. @ Peet 2xe1 (b) 4x5 + 2x7 + 2x -3 |. Find the quotient and remainder for each of the following division of polynomials. (a) (3x — 2x -2)+(x+2) (b) (28-32 + 8x +5) +Qx-1) . Find the quotient and the remainder of (@) Qe + 3x 4x41) + +2) (b) (3x? + 16x? - 13x - 6) + (3x41) (@) Find the quotient and the remainder of (i) (20 + 5x7 + 7x + 6) + (2x +3) Gi) (6x°— 3x°— 4x +2) +(2x=1) (b) Hence, factorize completely the polynomial @ fx) = 20+ 5+ 7x +6 (i) pix) = 62 — 3x2 ax + 2 (@) Using the difference of two squares method, factorize i) 81x - 16y* Gi) 625x+-1 (b) Use long division to find the quotient and remainder of (i) (81x = 16y4) + (9x? + 4y?) (ii) (625x4 - 1) + (25x + 1) Find the quotient and remainder when the quartic polynomial (2x4 +23— 2x + 3x + 2) is divided by Qx+1). 15. 16. 1 Hence, factorize pl) = 2x49 2? + 3x42. Divide x*— 2x7— 5 by x- 3. Find the quotient and remainder of (4-38 484244) 20-2) ~ (@) Divide the quartic polynomial (Sx*— x2 15x? + 13x — 2) by the linear polynomial (5x - 1). (b) Hence, factorize completely Pls) = Sx? — 152 + 13-2 8. Divide 4x4 + 2x? 44° 2x41 by x2. 19. Find the quotient and the remainder 23. 24, 25. for each of the following division of polynomials. (@) (2x4 +2°- 3x7 + 3x) + (x +2) (b) (6x! — 3x? + 2x? + 11x 6) + 2-1) . Divide 4x! + 32° + 92 + 4 by +x 42, . Find the quotient and remainder of Gxt + 2x3 + Ox? + 2x + 10) + Bx — x44) . Find the quotient and remainder when the quartic polynomial (6x! +8 — 2x? + 7x — 6) is divided by the quadratic polynomial (2x2 — x + 2). (@) Divide the quartic polynomial (2x! +8 — 20x2 ~ 13x + 30) by the quadratic polynomial (2x? — x - 15). (b) Hence, factorize completely plx) = 2x1 +x? — 20x - 13x +30 (@) Divide 6x — 7x - 12° + 3x +2 by 3x2 - 5x2. (b) Hence, factorize completely pl) = 6x4 — 79 — 12r2 + 3x42. {@) Find the quotient and remainder of (4x4 — 8x3 — 17x + 12x +9) + (2x? + x— 3). (b) Hence, factorize completely pix) = 4at — Bx? - 1727 + 12x 4+ 9.When a polynomial of a high degree is divided by a polynomial of a lower degree, then the division repair is + ne Bal) + si) So plx) = glx) - qlx) + 14). lf a polynomial P(x) is divided by a real linear divisor ax ~ b and the quotient is Q(x), then the remainder is a constant R, since the remainder must be of a lower degree than the divisor. Thus Pix) = (ar - b)- Qla) +R for all values of x, since we are dealing with an identity. Ifthe divisor ax - b = 0 then acg so P[S}=[ax-b]-Quy+R =(b-b)- QW)+R =O-QU)+R ie. PZ=R ene) This result is known as the Remainder Theorem. If the divisor is x — 6, that is, a= 1, then R = P(6). The Remainder Theorem states that when a polynomial P(x) is divided by a real linear divisor * (ax—b), then the remainder R is a constant given by P(2). * (x—b), then the remainder R is a constant given by P(b). Finding the Remainder Using the Remainder Theorem The Remainder Theorem can be used to easily find the remainder when a polynomial of a higher degree is divided by a linear real divisor. Let P(x) = 4x° - 5x? + 2x —3. Find the remainder when P(a) is divided by (a)x-1 (b) x-2 (©) 2x43 yuszo1y 13yusaony 14 Solution, ° (a) Pi) = 4x9 - 5x7 + 2x-3 x-b=x-1 When P(x) is divided by x- 1, 2 b= the remainder P(1) = 4(1)? ~ 5(1}8 + 2(1) - 3 =4-54+2-3 =-2 (b) When P(x) is divided by x - 2, x-b=x-2 the remainder, b=2 P(2) = 4(2)' - 5(2)? + 2(2)-3 =32-20+4-3 =13 (©) When P(x) is divided by 2x +3, the remainder, Aa AHY SBF 92l3)-3 Finding Unknown Coefficients Using the Remainder Theorem The Remainder Theorem can also be used to find an unknown coefficient as shown in the example below. When 6x? — 11x? + kx +7 is divided by 2x — 1, the remainder is 3. Find the value of the constant k. Solution, Let Plx) = 6x — 1132 + ke +7 ax-b=2x-1 Then P(d}=6(5} - 11/3) + Mh) +7 oe Bel And Thus So2) eh . Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder in each of the following divisions. (a) (8-28 +46) + (041) (b) (P= 7x41) 2 (+2) © (8-42 + 8x—5)+(x- 2) @) (= 5x? - 7) +(e +3) 2. Let P(x) = 6x — 5x? - 12x +1. Find the remainder when P(x) is divided by (a) x-2 (b) 2x41 (©) 3x+2 3. Let flx) = 2x4 — 5x° + 2x? ~~ 2. Find the remainder when f(x) is divided by (a) x+1 (b) 2x-5 {c) x42 4. Let k(x) = 4x? — x? - 9x - 11. Find the remainder when k(x) is divided by (a) x-1 (b) 2x41 (© 4-3 5. 2 10. . When x? — . When kx? — ). When 2x4 — Let h(x) =x! — 2x? — 16x + 2x +15. Find the remainder when h(x) is divided by (a) x-2 (b) x-3 (© x-4 2x? + ke +3 is divided by x—1, the remainder is 3. Find the value of the constant k. . When 2x? + 4x? + kx - 7 is divided by 2x +3, the remainder is 53. Find the value of the constant k. 5x2 ~ 3x +8 is divided by 2x —1, the remainder is 6. Find the value of the constant k. 3x3 + kx? +1 is divided by x= 2, the remainder is 13. Find the value of the constant k. When ke! + 21° ~ 3x! + 24 ~7 is divided by 3x +2, the remainder is -92. Find the value of the constant k. From the Remainder Theorem, the division algorithm is P(x) = (ax —b) - for all values of x. By the Remainder Theorem, the remainder, R = P(8). If ax— bis a factor of P(x), then QW) +R R=Pl3}=0, Conversely, if R= (4) =0, then P(x) =(ax- b) QW). Hence, ax —b is a factor of Pix). vasao1y 15vueso1y 16 If the divisor is x — b, that is, a = 1, then R = P(b) = 0. The Factor Theorem states that * ax— bisa factor of a polynomial P(x) if and only if P(3) + x— bisa factor of a polynomial P(x) if and only if P(b) Determining Factors of a Polynomial Using the Factor Theorem The Factor Theorem can be used to determine whether a linear or quadratic divisor of a polynomial is a factor or not of the polynomial. The polynomial can then be factorized completely. (a) Determine which of the following linear divisors is a factor of 8x? — 22° - 7x +3. @x+3 Gi) ax—1 (b) Hence, factorize completely P(x) = 8x — 22° - 7x +3. Solution, (a) @) Let P(x) = 8x? — 22x - 7x +3 P(-3) = 8(-3)' - 22(-3)? - 7(-3) + 3 =-216-198+21+3 -390 Since P(-3) = R = -390 = 0, then x + 3 is not a factor of P(x), (i) Let Pl) = 8x8 - 22x - 7x43 ar—b=4x-1(b) Since 4x ~1 is a factor of Pla), perform long division to determine the quadratic factor. 2x -5x-3 4x — 188 = 220 — 7x43 Bare = Be- ae L =20% = 7x 20x +5x_ 4 12x43 2x43 0 So Plx) = (4x~1) (2x? - 5x - 3). We now factorize the quadratic factor. 2¢-5x-3 Sum = = 20 -6r¢x-3 Product = 2(-3) = 2xbe- 3) + 10-3) Now -6 +1 = (e—3)2x+1) and -6(1) Hence P(x) = (4x - 1)(x - 3)(2x +1). Evaluating Unknown Coefficients Using the Factor Theorem The Factor Theorem can also be used to evaluate unknown coefficients as shown in the example below. Wf 3x4 + px’ — gx’ + 4 is divisible by x° + x2, evaluate the values of the constants p and q. Solution, Let PQ) =3x+ pr qe +4 a8 4x—2 = (x + 2)te— 1) by factorization So P(x) is divisible by x +2 and.x —1. By the Factor Theorem, P(-2) = 0 and P(1) = 0. PC-2) = 3(-2)' + pl-2y’ ~ ql-2? +4 =48 -—8p—4q+4 0=52-8p-4q.. P(1) = 3(1) + p(y = q(t? +4 +p-q+4 0=7+p—qu we} ing the method of elimination or the method of The pair of equations can then be solved substitution. vueaony 7wusaony From ( Substitute 2 - Bp - 4p +7) So 0=52-8p-4p-28 ie. 4 Subtitute “ +7=9 Hence and q=9. 1. Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether gix) is a factor of pl) (a) pa) =x°- 7 + 3x4+15; glx)=x-2 (b) pl) = 20) + 6x +443; gh)=x+3 (0) pl = 20 -7x+14; ao -2 (d) p(x) = Gx4 — 78 + 113? - 3x - xr 2 Nv .. Show that g(x) is a factor of p(x), hence factorize p(x) completely. 3+ 9x? + 23x415; (0 po) =x + 4v — ga) =r -x-2 (@) plx) = 2x4 — 32° — 122 + 7+ 6; ga) =2x°-x-1 x= 16x12; » . (a) Determine which of the following linear divisors is a factor of we -3x2-5x415. @x+3 Gi) x-3 (b) Hence, factorize completely P(x) =x? - 3.x? — 5x + 15. 4. (a) Determine which of the following. linear divisors are factors of 6x) + 11x? - 32-2. tia ™ ° = @ 3x+1 Pea Gi) x+2 (b) Hence, factorize completely P(x) = 6x? + 11x? - 3x- 2. (a) Determine which of the following linear divisors are factors of 3x4 = 2x) - 137 + Bx + 4, (b) Hence, factorize completely Pla) = 3x4 — 2x? - 137 + 8x +4, Ix? — 2x2 + px-+q is divisible by x? +.x—2, evaluate the values of the constants p and q. + Ifa + px? + qx 6 is divisible by x + 3x-+2, evaluate the values of the constants p and q. If px? + gx ~ 19x + 30 is divisible by x°— 5x-+ 6, evaluate the values of the constants p and q. If pxt ~ 2x! + gx ~ 9 is divisible by x - 2x ~ 3, evaluate the values of the constants p and q. If px’ + 12x + qx? - 3x + 4 is divisible by x' + 3x—4, evaluate the values of the constants p and q.1. If xand y are odd numbers, which of the following is even? (A) x+2y (B) x+y © by (D) v+y 2. If p and p +1 are consecutive positive integers, which of the following is even? (A) p+(p+1) (B) plip+1) (© pti(p+1y (D) pr+(p+1) 3. If p and q are two prime numbers which are greater than 10, which of the following must be true? (A) pqis prime (8) pqis odd © p+qisprime (D) p+qisodd 4. lf.x is a positive integer in the equation 8x = p, then p must be (A) a positive even integer (B) a negative even integer (©) a positive odd integer (D) a negative odd integer 5. Ifa, b and c are consecutive positive integers, which of the following is true? (A) a+b+ciseven (B) a?+b'+ciseven (© abciseven (D) 2(a+b+c)is odd 6. The coefficient of x when 42° — 2° + 3x ~8 is added to -9x° + 5x° — 4x +1 is (A) -5 (@) 5 © 9 (D) 0 7. The coefficient of x2 when 5x’ + 2x° — x +4 is subtracted from 8x’ + 9x + 3x —7 is A) 13 (B) -13 (7) () ~7 8. The coefficient of x when 71° ~ 4x: + 3x —2 is multiplied by -3x° + 5x — 8 is, (A) -53 (B) 53 © -23 (D) 23 9. The coefficient of x when - 6x + 4x° — 3x + 9 is divided by 2x is 3 9 @ -3 ) -3 © 2 ) 5 10. If Pix) 4x +2 and Q(x) = Ax(x + 1) + Bx + Care identical polynomials, then AtB+ (A) -4 @®) 3 © 2 (D) 1 V1. -a' + ab - b= (A) -(a—by (B) (a-bP (© -(a+b) (D) (-a-by 12. 9a? ~ 12ab + 4b? = (A) Ga-2by (B) Ga+2by (© (9a-4b (D) (Ga + 4by wua201y 192 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. Ss . (a+ 2b + 1P—(a-3b+ 2" = (A) (a+b+1)-b +3) (B) (2a-b+3)(5b-1) (© (a+2b+1)2a—5b+3) — (D) (2a+b-3)(a-3b +2) (i? = Bx + 16) ~ y= A) -y44)irty+4) (B) &+y-4)ix-y-4) (Q) (e-y-4) (D) (e+y+4) - Factorise 40x — 5. (A) 8(5x— 1)? +x+1) (B) 8(5x+ 1)a?-x+1) (©) 5(2x- 1)(4e + 2x +1) (D) 5(2x+ 1)(4 - 2x41) . When 2x' ~ px’ + 4x ~7 is divided by x -1, the remainder is —6. The value of p is (A) -6 (B) -5 © 6 (D) 5 - When x"' ~ 1 is divided by x + 1, the remainder is (A) 11 (B) 10 (© -2 (BD) 0 . When -2 + 3x7 — x +4 is divided by 2x + 1, the remainder is 3 1 3 z @) 53 ® 44 © -s3 (0) -2% ). The remainder when f(x) = 4x° — 3x° - x + 1 is divided by x + 2 is (A) -45 (B) -41 © -29 (D) -17 Given that f(x) =» — 5x° +x + 2, then the remainder when fix + 1) is divided by x +2 is “ -8 ® -5 © «1 ) 5 The polynomial P(x) = (x + 1) is divisible by x— k. Find the remainder when Plx) is divided by x +k. -k ®) k © -4 (0) 4 The value of p if px — x + p is divisible by -x—1 is @ -2 ®) -} © 2 ) + The expression x° + qx’ - 7x~15 is divisible by x — 3. Find the remainder when it is divided by x +1. ws ®) -6 o 7 (0) -8 When x'° — 1 is divided by x - 1, the remainder is (A) -2 (B) -1 © 0 @) 1 If. — 5.2 + kx — 6 is divisible by x + 3, then k= (A) -26 (B) -22 © -8 (D) -44 Real Number System * The set of natural numbers (N) = (1, 2, 3, 4, ...} © The set of whole numbers (W) = {0, 1,2, 3, 4, ... } -2,-1,0, 1, 2, 3, 4, + The set of rational number (Q) = {F : p, qeZ and q # 0} + The set of integers (Z) = {..., 4, ~ * The set of irational number (Q") = [5 : p, qeZ and q # 0]! * The set of real numbers (R) = QU Q’ R 4 Operations with Polynomials * Addition of Polynomials ax + bx+cx=(a+b+0) x ~ distributive law * Subtraction of Polynomials ax — bx = (a ~ b) x ~ distributive law * Multiplication of Polynomials aw yi ¢ x bx" y= abx?*" yi*” 2 ~ multiplication law of indices * Division of Polynomials -m yann division law of indices 4 Factorization of Polynomials ~ HCF and distributive law * axtay-azzalety— © 8 px—qrtpq=x(e—p)—qle—p) ~ HCF and distributive law =~ pix q) ~ common factor A Dividing a Polynomial by a Polynomial a-b <— quotient Givisor—> atb)a —B* P+ ¢ «— dividend @+ab ¢«— remainder wuaao1yyus201y * @—B+c)+(atb)=(a-b) + Remainder Divisor Dividend + Divisor = Quotient + ° a—b+c=(a-bia+b)+c Dividend = Quotient x Divisor + Remainder * (a —b*)+(a+b) =a-b The dividend is divisible by the divisor if the remainder is zero. The divisor is then a factor of the dividend. bt =(a- bya +b) A Remainder Theorem * Ifa polynomial P(x) is divided by a linear divisor ax — b, then the remainder is P{3). A Factor Theorem * A linear divisor ax — b is a factor of a polynomial P(x), if and only if the remainder P(3} = 0.QUADRATICS 2.0 Quadratic Equation The standard form of a quadratic azQanda,b,ceR. equation with one unknown, x, is ax? + bx += 0, where Ina quadratic equation the square is the highest power of the unknown. Three algebraic methods are used to solve a quadratic equation Factorization Quadratic formula Completing the square 2.1 Method of Factorization Suppose that the product of two factors is equal to zero. That is mn where m, ne R Then either m or a or m=n=0. If the product of two factors is equal to zero, then one or both of the factors must be equal to zero.souuvaavn Eee Solve each of the following quadratic equations by using the method of factorization. (@) 2 -3x-10=0 (b) 82+ 14x-15=0 (© 5-14x-3°=0 Solution, @ ¥-3x—-10=0 Find two numbers whose sum is —3 Rewrite ~3x as —5x + 2x. 5x4 2x-10=0 Factorize the terms pairwise. x(x— 5) + 2(x-5)=0 Use x — 5 as a common factor and ‘complete the factorization. (x—5)v+2)=0 Either x-5=0 x=5 Or x+2=0 Hence x=~-2 orx=5. (b) 8x7 + 14x-15=0 Rewrite 14x as 20x -6x. 8x? + 20x - 6x-15=0 Factorize the terms pairwise. 4x(2x + 5) - 3(2x+5)=0 Use 2x +5 as a common factor and complete the factorization (2x + 5)(4x-3)=0 Either 2x+5=0 Hence x=-2} orx= (the value of b) and whose product is ~10 (the value of the product ac). sum: -5+2 Product: —5(2) Find two numbers whose sum is 14 (the value of b) and whose product is 8-15) =-120 (the value of the product ac), Sum: 20-6 Product: 20 (- 6)Sura o 5-14r-3x7=0 Rewrite 14x as -15x+x. 5-15x+x-3x? =0 Factorize the terms pairwise. 5(1 ~ 32) +.x(1 - 32) =0 Use 1 -3x as a common factor and complete the factorization (1 = 3x)(5 +2) =0 Either 1-3x=0 ie. Or S+x Hence x=-5 or x © 5-14x-3x7=0 Multiply the equation by -1. 5 +14x+3x? =0 Rearrange the order of the terms 3+ 14x-5=0 Rewrite 14x as 15x—x. 3x24 15x— 4-5 Factorize the terms pairwise. 3xQx + 5)— 100 +5) =0 Use x +5 as a common factor and complete the factorization. (+ 5)(3x- 1)=0 Either x45 Or ie. Hence x=—5 orx= Find two number whose sum is ~14 (the value of b) and whose product is -3(5) = 15 (the value of the product ac). Sum: -15+1=-14 Product:—15(1) =-15. Find two numbers whose sum is 14 (the value of b) and whose product is 3(-5) =—15 (the value of the product ac). sum: 15- Product: 15 (-1 14 His souvuavntDsouvaava Solve each of the following quadratic equations by using the method of factorization. 1. @) 8 +2x-15=0 4. (a) 9x7 120+4=0 (b) xe -6x-5=0 (b) 127 +5x-2=0 2. @) 2-7x+6 5. (@) 12-11x-5x°=0 (b) 3x°-5x4+2=0 (b) 24+.x-15x? }. (a) 4x? - 15x+9=0 (b) 8x° - 18x-5 =0 The standard form of the quadratic equation in one unknown, x, is art be+c=0. Subtract c from both sides of the equation. a+ br=-c Divide both sides of the equation by a. Add [3 x coefficientof.x}' to both sides of the equation (1. bee lHP AT -§ The LHS was made a perfect square, so write it as a perfect square.The resulting equation is known as the quadratic formula. ‘The quadratic formula can be used to solve any quadratic equation. Use the quadratic formula to solve each of the following quadratic equations. (a) P+3x-4=0 (b) 6° -7x-5=0 (9 3-11x-4"=0 Solution, (@) Given x? +3x-4=0, then a=1,b=3 and c=~4. Using the quadratic formula: =biv 2) 32 OFS 2 223425 2 Either x= “2 Or x= pba B= Hence x=-4 or x=1 (b) Given 6x? - 7x-5=0, then a =6, b Using the quadratic formula: souvuavn 27souvaavn' (© Given 3 ~11x~ 4x2 =0, then a=—4, b=-11 and c=3. Using the quadratic formula: + Vb’-4ac 2a (-11) + VieT1F - 4-48) 2-4) = Ms V8 ~ 8 = Ved eo) Use the quadratic formula to solve each of the following quadratic equations. 1. @) 247x+12=0 4. (@) 10x°+19x-2=0 (b) P= 8x+12=0 (b) 12x7- 16x+5=0 2. @) 2x'-3x-2=0 5. (a) 10-x~3x°=0 (b) 3x°+ 10x-8=0 (b) 12-11x-57=0 3. a) 4x°-3x-10=0 (b) 62° +17x-3=0 The standard form of the quadratic equation in one unknown, x, is axt+ be +c=0.Factorize out the coefficient of x which is a. axe + Br 48 Multiply each term on the LHS by a. Itis in the form: Pact hit Completing the square can be used to solve any quadratic equation. If we solve the equation for x, we will derive the quadratic formula. Example 3 Use the method of completing the square to solve each of the following quadratic equations. (a) P+2x-15=0 (b) 5x? - 18x-8=0 (©) 5+ 8x-4x°=0. Solution e s SCT (@) Given x2 +2x-15=0 Add and subtract 1? (x2fer to the LHS P-1=0 souveavnD42x+P-15-17=0 Write the first three terms as a perfect square. @+1P-15-1=0 (v4 1-16=0 Add 16 to both sides of the equation. ay (r+1)P=16 5 ‘ake the square root of both sides of the equation. 5 x+lstyl6=44 Subtract 1 from both sides of the equation. Either Or Hence x=~5 or x= 3. (b) Given 5x -18x-8=0 130 _Factorize out the coefficient of ? which is 5. 18,8 1,187 _ (9? 5x o (ex-¥) (6) gp _ jae 3) -(g} 9 Add and subtract (2/° to the terms in the brackets. s[r— Be + (Qh Write the first three terms as a perfect square. se-3)-2-B]-0 seat able Divide both sides of the equation by 5.Either Or Hencex=-2orx=4. (©) Given 5 + 8x- 4x" Rearrange the terms in descending powers of x. -4x7 + 8x45=0 Factorize out the coefficient of x2 which is —4. P-1?=0 Add and subtract 1? to the terms in the brackets. soa —4[2-2x4+17-3-1 )=0 Write the first three terms as a perfect square. -4liz-1 - 3 -1]=0 ~alee— 1? - Divide both sides of the equation by —4. a -1" -2 =0 Add 3 to both sides of the equation. (x-1P Take the square root of both sides of the equation. Add 1 to both sides of the equation. eee x=143=23 Either Or =-lorx=2h, Hence x =—5 or x= 24 souveavnsouvaaynO ae (@) Given 2 +2x-15=0 Add 15 to both sides of the equation. 20515 Add 1 to both sides of the equation. 242x471 21541 Write the LHS as a perfect square. (+1? =16 Take the square root of both sides of the equation. x+1=4V16 =44 Subtract 1 from both sides of the equation. x2Pet=1 xe-li4 Either x=-1+453 Or x=-1-4 Hence x =-5 or x=3. (b) Given 5x? - 18x- 8 =0 Add 8 to both sides of the equation. 5x? -18x=8 Divide both sides of the equation by 5. Add 3 to both sides of the equation. Hu gu EitherQUADRATICS 2.0 Quadratic Equation The standard form of a quz azOanda,b,ceR. atic equation with one unknown, x, is ax” + bx +c = 0, where In a quadratic equation the square is the highest power of the unknown. Three algebraic methods are used to solve a quadratic equation Factorization Quadratic formula Completing the square 2.1 Method of Factorization Suppose that the product of two factors is equal to zero. That is mn Then either m or n or m=n=0. where m,n eR If the product of two factors is equal to zero, then one or both of the factors must be equal to zero.souvaavn 24 Bene Solve each of the following quadratic equations by using the method of factorization. (@) ¥ -3x-10=0 Solution, @) x?-3x-10=0 Rewrite ~3x as —5x-+ 2x. ¥-5x+2x-10=0 Factorize the terms pairwise. xbc=5) + 2(x-5)=0 Use x5 as a common factor and complete the factorization. (x= 5)e+2)=0 Either x-5=0 5 x=5 Or x4+2=0 2 x Hence x=-2 or x=5. ) 8 +14x-15=0 Rewrite 14x as 20x ~6x. 8x? + 20x - 6x - 15=0 Factorize the terms pairwise. Ax(2x+5)—3(2x+5)=0 Use 2x +5 as a common factor and complete the factorization. (2x+5)(4x-3)=0 Either (b) 82° +14x-15=0 (©) 5-14x-32=0 Find two numbers whose sum is —3 (the value of b) and whose product is —10 (the value of the product ac). Sum: -5 + Product: -5(2) Find two numbers whose sum is 14 (the value of b) and whose product is 8-15) =-120 (the value of the product ac), Sum: 20-6 =14 Product: 20 (- 6)=—120© 5-14x-3x7=0 Rewrite -14x as -15x+x. 5-15x+x-3x = Factorize the terms pairwise. 5(1 - 3x) +(1 - 32) =0 Use 1 — 3x as a common factor and ‘complete the factorization. (1-325 +x) =0 Either 1-3x=0 ie Or S4+x Hence x=-5 or x ATS © 5-14x-32=0 Multiply the equation by 5 4+14x43x = Rearrange the order of the terms 3x +14x-5=0 Rewrite 14x as 15x — 3x+15x-x-5 Factorize the terms pairwise. 3x(x + 5)-1(x+5)=0 Use x +5 as a common factor and complete the factorization. (e+5)(3x- 1)=0 Either x+5 Hence x=-5 orx Find two number whose sum is —14 (the value of b) and whose product is ~3(5) =~15 (the value of the product ac). Sum: -15+1=-14 Product:-15(1) =—15 Find two numbers whose sum is 14 (the value of b) and whose product is 3(-5) =~15 (the value of the product ac) sum: 15- Product: 15 (=1 souvaavn‘souvea¥ND Ga aes Solve each of the following quadratic equations by using the method of factorization. 1. @) xP +2x-15=0 4. (a) 9° -12x+4=0 (b) P- 6x-5=0 (b) 12%°+5x-2=0 2. @ -7x+6=0 5. a) 12-11x-5x?=0 (b) 3x°- 5x+2=0 (b) 2+x-15x7=0 3. @) 4° -15x+9=0 (b) 8x? - 18x-5=0 ‘The standard form of the quadratic equation in one unknown, x, is ax?+br+c=0 Subtract c from both sides of the equation. ax’ +br=-c Divide both sides of the equation by a. Add (3x coefficientof.x} to both sides of the equation (4 1bP we bee(Lbp The LHS was made a perfect square, so write it as a perfect square. (r+ ‘Take square root of both sides of the equation. b xk Subtract £ from both sides of the equation.The resulting equation is known as the quadratic formula. The quadratic formula can be used to solve any quadratic equation. Use the quadratic formula to solve each of the following quadratic equations. (a) P+3x-4=0 (b) 6x? - 7x-5=0 (©) 3-11x- 4x7 =0 Solution, ° (a) Given x? + 3x-—4=0, thena=1, b=3 andc=-4. Using the quadratic formula: By 329416 2 425 zee 2s Hence x=—4 or x= 1. (b) Given 6x? - 7x- 5 =0, then a=6, b=~-7 andc=-5. Using the quadratic formula: 7) + AIFF — 416-5), ar Ora 721994120 72 72169 2 7413 souvaayn 27souvwavnD 28 Hence x=—} orx=13. (©) Given 3 - 11x-4x*=0, then a=~4, b=~11 and Using the quadratic formula: _ abs \F=aac 2a 11) + YETI = 4-493) 2-4 asia Use the quadratic formula to solve each of the following quadratic equations. 1. (a) 2 47x+12=0 4, (@) 10x +19x-2=0 (b) 8 -8r+12=0 (b) 12° -16r+5=0 2. (a) 2x7-3x-2=0 5. (a) 10-x-3x°=0 (b) 3° + 10x-8=0 (b) 12-11x-57=0 3. @) 4x°-3x-10=0 (b) 6° +17x-3=0 The standard form of the quadratic equation in one unknown, x, isFactorize out the coefficient of x? which is a. axe +Sr4S Add and subtract x coefficientofx)' to the terms in the brackets. af + 8x4 (38 Multiply each term on the LHS by a. alr+ 4) Itis in the form: Cale hl where h=2 and k= 42¢= Completing the square can be used to solve any quadratic equation. If we solve the equation for x, we will derive the quadratic formula. ence) Use the method of completing the square to solve each of the following quadratic equations. (a) P+2x-15=0 (b) 5° - 18x-8=0 (© 5+ 8x-4x°=0. Solution ° g Deer a (@) Given x2 +2x-15=0 Add and subtract 1? to the LHS souvuaynD 29souvUayn +2x+1?-15-17=0 Write the first three terms as a perfect square. (x+1P-15-1=0 (x+1?-16=0 Add 16 to both sides of the equation (r+ 1P=16 Take the square root of both sides of the equation x+1=416=44 Subtract 1 from both sides of the equation. x=-1t4 Either xe-144=3 Or xe-1-4=-5 Hence x=—5 or.x=3. (b) Given 5x°- 181-8 =0 Factorize out the coefficient of x? which is 5. be eI -( Add and subtract els | to the terms in the brackets. s[e-¥2 were fs three teri perfect square. se-2 3-3 -BE]-0 Divide both sides of the equation by 5 (x-3f—e0 Add 42} i to both sides of the equation. [e-3f = Take the square root of both sides of the equation.Either Or Hence x=-2orx=4. (©) Given 5 + 8x~4x7=0 Rearrange the terms in descending powers of x. 4x? + 8x+5=0 Factorize out the coefficient of ? which is ~4. ~4[e- 22-8 P-17=0 Add and subtract 1? to the terms in the brackets. wale - 24+ 1?-3-1-}=0 Write the first three terms as a perfect square. Spies afin - 2 -1]=0 Alix 1P = Divide both sides of the equation by -4. 1" -3 =0 Add $ to both sides of the equation. (x-1P=$ Take the square root of both sides of the equation. Add 1 to both sides of the equation. xeltde ; Bestest Either xa2tinsagl souvuavna 31‘souyuavnt (@) Given 7 +2x-15=0 Add 15 to both sides of the equation. + 2x=15 Add 1 to both sides of the equation. S42ee 11541 Write the LHS as a perfect square. (r+1P=16 Take the square root of both sides of the equation. x+1=4V16 =44 Subtract 1 from both sides of the equation. xe-1e4 Either xe14453 Or xa 1-4 Hence x=-5 orx=3 (b) Given 5x° - 18x- 8 =0 ‘Add 8 to both sides of the equation. 5x - 18x=8 Divide both sides of the equation by 5. 8 18. ay: Add (2) to both sides of the equation. 2 -Hfeo BF

has souvuavn 35souviayn 36 eter) Given 5x°-3x-2=0 nen a=5,b=-3andc aS The value of h=3>=55)=79 The value of kode la _ M522) = 23)" Lee =-40=9 20 =o = 20 =-49 =30 re Write each of the following quadratic equations in the form alx +h? +k. Hence or otherwise, determine the value of h and of k. 1. (@) x +6r+17=0 4. (a) 4° -24x+27=0 (b) x -8r+9=0 (b) 5x° + 20x+24=0 2. (a) + 10x+23=0 5. (a) -2x°- 4x+-7=0 (b) YP -6x+15=0 (b) -5x? + 10x-7=0 3. (a) 2x°-4x+7=0 (b) 3x° + 16x +27=0 The general form of a quadratic function in x is fix ax? + bx +c; fla) =ax? + bx +c ory=ax? + bx +c, where a0 anda, b,c eR. The graph of a quadratic function is a smooth curve called a parabola. The curve has a local turning point (vertex) which is either a maximum point or a minimum point. The vertex is the highest point or the lowest point on the curve.Since flx) = alx+ hP +k = fx) = Thus the vertex (x, fix)) occurs at the point (—h, k). * Ifa <0, the vertex (-h, k) is a maximum point and the curve open downwards. * Ifa>0, the vertex (-h, k) is a minimum point and the curve open upwards. Maximum point Line of symmetry Vertex (hk) a<0Cuve fk fs)=ar-torse a0, then fx) has a Since flx)=alx+h? +k and Odeo at & b 4ac~ So the coordinates of the vertex are |-2, A vertical line drawn through the vertex is called a line of symmetry. The curve is symmetrical about this line. cbr 2a * Ifa <0, then the range of fix) is fix) < k when x € R. * Ifa>0, then the range of fix) is fix) = k when x € R. The equation of the line of symmetry, x= Eee Express the quadratic function fix) = 5x2 + 30x-+ 36 in the form alx +h? +k. Hence, determine (@) the turning point and state whether it is a maximum or minimum (b) the maximum or minimum value of fx) (0) the corresponding value of x (@) the range of fix) for x € R. souvaavnsouvuavnD Solution, (@) Now fix) = 5x? + 30x + 36 2 + 6x +38 =5[2 + 6x43? =5[(x+37 + 38-9] =5[lx+3P-2 =5lx+3P-9 And flx)=ate-+h) +k The turning point, (-h, k) = (-3, -9). Since a=5, then a> 0, so the turning point is a minimum. (b) The minimum value of fix) flt),,,=-9 () The corresponding value of x is 3. (d) The range of f(x) is lx) -9. Sketch: Faye -9 5>0 “ Vertex 3,9) Minimum point Eee Express the quadratic function fx) =—3? + 12x — 4 in the form a(x +h)? +k. Hence, determine {a) the turning point and state whether it is a maximum or minimum (b) the maximum or minimum value of f(x) (0) the corresponding value of x (@) the range of ffx) forx € R. Solution, ° (a) Now fix) = 3x? + 12x - 4 =-3[r-4r+4) =-3[e 442244 =-3|(x-2"+4-4] =-3[x-2?-§| =-3(x-2P +8And flx)=alx+h +k The turning point, (-h, k) = (2,8). Since a = -3, then a <0, so the turning point is a maximum. (b) The maximum value of f(x), fi,,,, = 8. (©) The corresponding value of x is 2. (@) The range of fx) is fx) < 8. Sketch: ‘Maximum point -3<0 Vertex (2, 8) Emme Given the function f: x > -2x? + 4x-+ 1 for the domain -3 the point (-3, -29) souvaavn 39souvaaveD 40 And f(2)=-2(2- 1)? +3 = the point (2, 1) Sketch: Vertex (1,3) Qn fe)=-22 + 4x41 x= 143 . (3,29) -29< fix) <3 Hence, the range of f for the given domain is -29 < flx) < 3 Given the function fs. 3x° - 12x-+ 8 for the domain -1 0, so the vertex is a minimum. (b) The minimum value of 3x2 - 12x + 8 is ~4. (©) The minimum value occurs when x= 2. (d) The domain is -1 the point (-1,23).And (3) =3(3 -2"-4 3ap-4 3-4 = the point 3, -1). Sketch: (1,23) 4s fx) s 23 9 fsy= 38 = 12048 =3er- 27-4 @-1 eae Vertex (2,4) Hence, the range of f for the given domain is ~4 < fx) < 23 Express each of the following quadratic (© the value of x at which the maximum or functions f(x) in the form alx + hf +k. minimum occurs Hence, deter (@) the range of f for the given domain. (@) the turning point and state whether itisa 6 () fx x°— 104 13; maximum or minimum Domain: -2 4x? - 8x +1; Domain: -3 < x<2 4.0 fa)= 9.) Fx 5x? - 20+ 10; Gi) fix) Domain: -2 6x? + 36-425; Gi) fix) = 5x? 30-21 Domain: -5 Sx" — 20x - 8; given domain, find Domain: -3 7x? + 42x13; maximum or minimum Domain: -1 0, the graph has a minimum point and extend upwards. a>0 yaaxt+brte The coordinates of the turning point (vertex) are (-2, 48¢=5"| or (--B, P= 4ae), Line of Symmetry The graph is symmetrical about a line of symmetry with equation x =~. es : fx)=ar+br+e a>0' f)=ar+br+e y-intercept When x=0, then year'tbrtc becomes y= al + b(O) +c yacThe graph intersect the y-axis at the value c. ‘That is, the y-intercept = c. y Y yeatebere a>0 2 - intercepts When y=0, then yrax'+bx+c souveaynD becomes = ax’ + bx +c year edeve The quadratic equation ax’ + bx +c = 0 can have two real roots, one real root (equal) or no. real roots A root is a solution of the equation. Using the conditions discussed above, then the graph of a quadratic function can be one of size possible cases as shown below. 43 year+ br+e atthrte ‘Two real roots One real root No real root a>0 ‘Two real roots ‘One real root No real rootsouvaaynD 44 ne @ Sketch the graph of each of the following quadratic equations for the given domain. (ii) Hence, state the range of the quadratic function for the given domain. (a) fix) = 3x7 + 12-15 for -6 x=-243 Either x=-24+3=1 = the point (1, 0). Orx=-2 -3 =-5= the point (-5, 0). The end points are now calculated using the domain -3 the end point (1, 18) The curve can then be sketched using the following points: Turning point (-3, 2) y-intercept point (0, 11) End points (-6, 11) and (1, 18) The sketch is shown below. (© Gi) The range of the quadratic function for the given domain is 2 < h(x) < 18. souvuavntDsouveavn 48 eae (Sketch the graph of each of the following quadratic equations for the given domain. (ii) Hence, state the range of the quadratic function for the given domain. (a) fix) =-7 - 6x +16 for -10 the end point (-2, ~50). When x=8, then g(8) = -2 (8 - 3)? = -2(5)? = -2 (25) =-50 => the end point (6, 50). The curve can then be sketched using the following points: Turning point (3, 0) y-intercept (0, -18) End points (-2, 50) and (8, -50). The sketch is shown below. (b) (ii) The range of the quadratic function for the given domain is 50 < g(x) < 0. (Q @Now A(x) =-3x2 - 122-17 3 (x? + 4x) - 17 3(x? + Ax + 2*)—17 +3 (22) B(x + 2-17 +12 3(x+2P 5 Since a =-3, the graph has a maximum turning point. The maximum turning point is (-2, -5) The equation of the line of symmetry is x= —2 ‘The y-intercept is c= ~17 => the point (0, -17) Since the turning point is (-2, -5), this indicates that there are no x-intercepts.3(x+2P-5, — whenx= 3-6 +27 -5 =-53 => theend point (2, -53). The curve can then be sketched using the following points: Turning point (-2, -5) y-intercept point (0, -17) End points (~6, -53) and (2, -53). The sketch is shown below. (© (ii) The range of the quadratic function for the given domain is -53 < A(x) s-5. souvaavn(Sketch the graph of each of the following quadratic equations for the given domain. (ii) Hence, state the range of the quadratic function for the given domain. 1. (@) fix = 2x? + 4x - 6; Domain: -5 0, then the quadratic equation has two distinct (unequal) real roots. * lf D= B® —4ac=0, then the quadratic equation has two coincident (equal) real roots. * lf D=b*—4ac <0, then the quadratic equation has no real roots. souvaavnDsoluvdavnD 54 The six possible cases are shown below. be -4ac >0 a<0 Two real and | \=0, distinct roots 2 bP -4ac=0 a0 os ‘Two real and equal roots b-4ac<0 aco y a>0 y ysart+brte * i No real roots \ Beane Determine the nature of the roots of each of the quadratic equations. (a) 2° -7x=6 (b) 3x7 =5x-8 () +6x+9=0 Solution ‘e (a) Given 2x°-7x then 2x7 - 7x-6 Here a=2,b=-7andc=-6 The discriminant, D = b? — 4ac = (7 -412)(-6) 49+ 48 =97 Since D > 0, then the equation has two distinct real roots.(b) Given 3x =5x-8 then 3x? -5x+8 Here a= 3, b=-5 andc=8 ‘The discriminant, D = b? - 4ac = (C5? - 4(3)(8) 25-96 -71 2 Since D <0, then the equation has no real roots. 5 (© Given + 6x+9=0 5 where a=1,b=6andc=9 a The discriminant, D = b? — 4ac =6?-4(1)(9) 6-36 Since D=0, then the equation has two equal real roots. GHEE tes « Es Determine the nature of the roots of each of the following quadratic equations. 1. @) 7+ 6x+5=0 4. (a) 6lx- 4? +3=0 (b) x? - 10x +25=0 (b) 3(x-1 -4=0 (ce) Y= 10x4+27=0 (© 5ix-3P=0 2. (a) + 6x- 10=0 5. (a) -7ix-4? =0 (b) -P - 4x+1=0 (b) -4(x-3F -6=0 (0) +8 +8x-16=0 (©) -6lx-5P+3=0 3. (a) 3° +17 = 12x (b) 4x° + 36 = 24x (© 2° +19= 120 There are equations that can pose some difficulty to directly calculate their solutions. One type of problem of this kind is called disguised (hidden) quadratics. Such equations can be reduced to a quadratic equation in one unknown, by using a suitable substitution.soUv¥avn The quadratic equation can then be solved using a standard method. Each value is then successively input into the substitution used to obtain the quadratic equation, and the solutions to the disguised quadratic calculated. Beene Solve each of the following equations. @) 3°-73)-6=0 —— (b) x-3Nz-4=0 (© #28 -8=0 Solution, (a) Given 3**'—7(3)-6=0 then -3(34)- 78-6 Put y | y= OR=3% ‘The equation is then reduced to a quadratic equation in y. 3y?-7y- Factorizing: (3y + 2)(y—3) Either 3y+ ie. Or Thus =—3 which is not valid as 3* > 0. Or 3 % by equating the indices. Hence x= 1. (b) Given x-3NK-4=0 Put y=vE => =(vEP ax, The equation is then reduced to a quadratic equation in y. Daag Factorizing: (7 4)(y+1)=0 Either yo Or ye Thus Nx : =16 Or AE ==1 which is not valid as v > 0 for real values of x. Hence x= 16.(©) Given x‘-2x°-8=0 Put ysxX > y= (eFax, The equation is then reduced to a quadratic equation in y. y-2y-8=0 Factorizing: — (y-4)(y+2)=0 Either y-4=0 3 yo4 Or yt2=0 Thus 4 z £V4=42 Or x? =~2 which is not valid as x" > 0 for real values of x. Hence Solve each of the following equations. 1. @) 271 -3(2)-2=0 4. (a) 5**'-26(5)+5=0 (b) x-2ve-3=0 (b) 6-17 +5=0 (© #-2"-3=0 (© 2-77 +3=0 2. (@) 3°" 80(3")-27=0 5. (a) 6*- 3516") 36=0 (b) x-3\F+2=0 (b) 15x- 168 +4=0 (© x'-784+10=0 (© 6x'- 138 +6=0 3. @) 4*-6(4+8=0 (b) 2x+5v¥-3=0 (©) 4 -2x*-8=0 Let a and be the roots of the quadratic equation ax’+bx+c=0 Then (a) (xB) =0 So 2 -(a+)x+ of =0. souvaayntDsouvaavn Given ax+bxr+c=0 then dividing by a: #4 br48=0. Equating the coefficients of x in the two equations: ~(a+py=8 So a+p=-8 Equating the constant terms in the two equations: The sum of the roots, a +B = b 2 The product of the roots, af = $ These two formulae are known as Vieta’s root theorem Vieta’s root theorem allows us to calculate the roots of quadratic equations, give in terms of a and B, without actually solving the equations. A quadratic equation in x can be written in the form: Emons Let a and B be the roots of each of the following quadratic equations. Without actually solving the equations, find the values of «+ B and af. (a) 2x°+5x-4=0 (b) -3x° + 6x-1=0 Solution, g uo (a) Given 2xe+5x-4=0 then dividing by 2: x+3x-2=0 So a+Bp =-3 and op =-2