ix

Introduction

xi
Acknowledgements

learning resource xii

An overview of the Cambridge complete teacher and

1 Reviewing linear equations

1
2
1 A Linear equations . . . . . . .
8
1 B Constructing linear equations
11
1 C Simultaneous equations . . .
17
1D Constructing simultaneous linear equations
20
1E Solving linear inequalities . . . .
23
1F Using and transposing formulas
28
Review of Chapter 1 . . . . . . .

2 Coordinate geometry and linear relations

33
34
2A Distance and midpoints . . . .
37
2B The gradient of a straight line
43
2C The equation of a straight line .
51
2D Graphing straight lines . . . . .
55
2E Parallel and perpendicular lines .
59
2F Families of straight lines . . .
Linear models . . . . . . . . . 62
2G
Simultaneous linear equations 65
2H
Review of Chapter 2 . . . . . 72

81
3 Quadratics
3A Expanding and collecting like terms 82
3B Factorising . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
iv Contents

3C Quadratic equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
30 Graphing quadratics . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3E Completing the square and turning points . . . . 101
3F Graphing quadratics in polynomial form .. 106
3G Solving quadratic inequalities . . . 110
3H The general quadratic formula . . . . .. . 112
31 The discriminant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3J Solving simultaneous linear and quadratic equations 120
3K Families of quadratic polynomial functions . . 123
3L Quadratic models . . . . . . .. 132
Review of Chapter 3 136

4 A gallery of graphs 145

4A Rectangular hyperbolas . 146
4B The truncus . . . . . 150
4C The graph of y = yx 151
40 Circles . . . . . . . . 154
4E Determining rules . . 160
Review of Chapter 4 164

5 Functions and relations

5A Set notation and sets of numbers
169
170
5B Relations, domain and range .. . 174
5C Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
50 One-to-one functions and implied domains . 188
5E Piecewise-defined functions .. 192
5F Applying function notation . . . . . . 194
5G Inverse functions . . . . . . . . . 196
5H Functions and modelling exercises 199
Review of Chapter 5 . . . . . . . 202

6 Polynomials 209
6A The language of polynomials . 210
6B Division of polynomials . . . 215
6C Factorisation of polynomials 220
60 Solving cubic equations . . . 229
6E Cubic functions of the form f(x) = a(x -W + k 232
6F Graphs of factorised cubic functions . . 236
6G Solving cubic inequalities . . . . . . .. 242
6H Families of cubic polynomial functions . 243
61 Quartic and other polynomial functions 247
6J Applications of polynomial functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
 Contents v

6K The bisection method . 257

Review of Chapter 6 259

7 Transformations 267
7A Translations of functions 0 I 1' 268
78 Dilations and reflections . . . . . 272
7C Combinations of transformations 276
7D Determining transformations . . . 278
7E Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
7F Identities, inverses and determinants for 2 x 2 matrices . . . 287
7G Using matrices with transformations . . . . . . . . . . 290
7H Transformations of graphs of functions with matrices . . 296
Review of Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

8 Revision of Chapters 2-7 302

8A Technology-free questions 302
88 Multiple-choice questions 304
SC Extended-response questions 308

g Probability 313
9A Sample spaces and probability 314
9B Estimating probabilities . 322
9C Multi-stage experiments 327
9D Combining events . . . 332
9E Probability tables . . . 337
9F Conditional probability . 341
9G Independent events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
9H Solving probability problems using simulation . . . . 356
Review of Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

1Q Counting methods 367

368
10A Addition and multiplication principles . . .....
1 OB Arrangements . . . . . . . . . 371
1OC Selections . . . . . . . . . . . 377
1OD Applications to probability . . 382
1OE Pascal's triangle and the binomial theorem 384
Review of Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . 388

111 Discrete probability distributions

11 A Discrete random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
392
393
11 B Sampling without replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
11 C Sampling with replacement: the binomial distribution . 402
Review of Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
vi Contents

12 Revision of Chapters 9-11 419

12A Technology-free questions 419

128 Multiple-choice questions 421
12C Extended-response questions 424

13 Exponential functions and logarithms 429

13A The index laws . . . . . . . . 430
138 Rational indices . . . . . . . . 437
13C Graphs of exponential functions 440
130 Solving exponential .equations and inequalities 446
13E Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
13F Using logarithms to solve exponential equations
and inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
13G Graphs of logarithm functions . . . . 457
13H Exponential models and applications . . .. 462
131 Logarithmic scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 471
Review of Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

1 4 Circular functions 483

14A Measuring angles in degrees and radians 484
148 Defining circular functions: sine and cosine 487
14C Another circular function: tangent . . . . 489
140 Reviewing trigonometric ratios . . . . . . 490
14E Symmetry properties of circular functions 491
14F Exact values of circular functions .. 494
14G Graphs of sine and cosine . . . . . . . . 496
14H Solution of trigonometric equations . . . 503
141 Sketch graphs of y = a sin n(t ± £) and y = a cos n(t ± £) . . . 508
14J Sketch graphs of y = a sin n(t ± £) ± b and y= a cos n(t ± £) ± b 510
14K Further symmetry properties and the Pythagorean identity . 512
14L The tangent function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
14M Numerical methods with a CAS calculator . . 518
14N General solution of trigonometric equations . 521
140 Applications of circular functions . 524
Review of Chapter 14 . . . . . . 527

15 Revision of Chapters 13-14

15A Technology-free questions
533
533
158 Multiple-choice questions 535
15C Extended-response questions 537
 Contents VI I

16 Rates of change 541

16A Recognising relationships . 542

16B Constant rate of change . 546
16C Average rate of change . . 550
16D Instantaneous rate of change 555
16E Position and average velocity 561
Review of Chapter 16 . . . . 568

17 Differen tiation and antidiffe rentiatio n of polynomials 574

17A The derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

17B Rules for differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
17C Differentiating xn where n is a negative integer . 591
17D Graphs of the derivative function . . . . . 594
17E Antidifferentiation of polynomial functions 602
17F Limits and continuity . . . . . . . 608
17G When is a function differentiable? 614
Review of Chapter 17 . . . . . . 618

18 Applications of differentiation and antidifferentiation of polynomials 623

624
18A Tangents and normals
18B Rates of change . . . . . . 627

18C Stationary points . . . . . 632

18D Types of stationary points 635

18E Applications to maximum and minimum problems 640

18F Applications of differentiation to kinematics . . . 647

18G Applications of antidifferentiation to kinematics . . 655

18H Families of functions and transformations . . . . . 658

181 Newton's method for finding solutions to equations 661

Review of Chapter 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

19 Revision of Chapters 16-18

674
674
19A Technology-free questions ..
19B Multiple-choice questions .. 675
19C Extended-response questions 680

2Q Further differentiation and antidifferentiation 685

686
20A The chain rule . . . . . . . . . . . .
20B Differentiating rational powers . . . 691
20C Antidifferentiating rational powers . 694
20D The second derivative 697
20E Sketch graphs . . . . . 698
Review of Chapter 20 703
viii Contents

21 Integration 707
21A Estimating the area under a graph 708
218 Finding the exact area: the definite integral 713
21 C Signed area . . . . . . 718
Review of Chapter 21 724

22 Revision of Chapters 20-21 731

22A Technology-free questions 731
228 Multiple-choice questions 732

23 Revision of Chapters 1-22 734

23A Technology-free questions 734
238 Multiple-choice questions 737
23C Extended-response questions 741

A Appendix A: Further polynomials and systems of linear equations 745

A1 Synthetic substitution and division
A2 The rational-root theorem
A3 Systems of equations .

Glossary

Answers

Included in the Interactive and PDF Textbook only

Appendix B: Guide to the TI-Nspire CAS Calculator (OS4) in VCE Mathematics
Appendix C: Guide to the Casio ClassPad II CAS Calculator in VCE MathemaU
Appendix D: Chapter 12 from Specialist Mathematics 1 &2
Sampling and sampling distributions
12A Populations and samples
12B The distribution of the sample proportion
12C Investigating the distribution of the sample proportion using simulatl
120 Investigating the distribution of the sample mean using simulation
Chapter summary