Core Mathematics 1

Edexcel AS and A-level

Modular Mathematics
Greg Attwood
Alistair Macpherson
Bronwen Moran
Joe Petran
Keith Pledger
Geoff Staley
Dave Wilkins
 Contents
The highlighted sections will help your transition from GCSE to AS mathematics.

About this book v

1 Algebra and functions 1

1.1 Simplifying expressions by collecting like terms 2
1.2 The rules of indices 3
1.3 Expanding an expression 4
1.4 Factorising expressions 5
1.5 Factorising quadratic expressions 6
1.6 The rules of indices for all rational exponents 8
1.7 The use and manipulation of surds 10
1.8 Rationalising the denominator of a fraction when it is a surd 11
Summary of key points 14

2 Quadratic functions 15
2.1 Plotting the graphs of quadratic functions 16
2.2 Solving quadratic equations by factorisation 17
2.3 Completing the square 19
2.4 Solving quadratic equations by completing the square 20
2.5 Solving quadratic equations by using the formula 22
2.6 Sketching graphs of quadratic equations 23
Summary of key points 26

3 Equations and inequalities 27

3.1 Solving simultaneous linear equations by elimination 28
3.2 Solving simultaneous linear equations by substitution 29
3.3 Using substitution when one equation is linear and the other is quadratic 30
3.4 Solving linear inequalities 31
3.5 Solving quadratic inequalities 35
Summary of key points 40

4 Sketching curves 41
4.1 Sketching the graphs of cubic functions 42
4.2 Interpreting graphs of cubic functions 47
4.3 Sketching the reciprocal function 49
4.4 Using the intersection points of graphs of functions to solve equations 52
4.5 The effect of the transformations f(x ⫹ a), f(x ⫺ a), and f(x) ⫹ a 55
4.6 The effect of the transformations f(ax) and af(x) 60
4.7 Performing transformations on the sketches of curves 64
Summary of key points 68

Review Exercise 1 69

ii
5 Coordinate geometry in the (x, y) plane 73
5.1 The equation of a straight line in the form y ⫽ mx ⫹ c or ax ⫹ by ⫹ c ⫽ 0 74
5.2 The gradient of a straight line 77
5.3 The equation of a straight line of the form y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m(x ⫺ x1) 79
5.4 The formula for finding the equation of a straight line 81
5.5 The conditions for two straight lines to be parallel or perpendicular 84
Summary of key points 90

6 Sequences and series 91

6.1 Introduction to sequences 92
6.2 The nth term of a sequence 93
6.3 Sequences generated by a recurrence relationship 95
6.4 Arithmetic sequences 98
6.5 Arithmetic series 100
6.6 The sum to n of an arithmetic series 103
6.7 Using ⌺ notation 107
Summary of key points 111

7 Differentiation 112
7.1 The derivative of f(x) as the gradient of the tangent to the graph y ⫽ f(x) 113
7.2 Finding the formula for the gradient of xn 116
7.3 Finding the gradient formula of simple functions 120
7.4 The gradient formula for a function where the powers of x are real numbers 124
7.5 Expanding or simplifying functions to make them easier to differentiate 125
7.6 Finding second order derivatives 126
7.7 Finding the rate of change of a function at a particular point 127
7.8 Finding the equation of the tangent and normal to a curve at a point 128
Summary of key points 132

8 Integration 133
8.1 Integrating xn 134
8.2 Integrating simple expressions 136
8.3 Using the integral sign 137
8.4 Simplifying expressions before integrating 138
8.5 Finding the constant of integration 140
Summary of key points 142

Review Exercise 2 143

Practice paper 147

Examination style paper 149

Formulae you need to remember 152

Lists of symbols and notation 153

Answers 156

Index 184

iii
 About this book
This book is designed to provide you with the best
preparation possible for your Edexcel C1 unit examination: Brief chapter overview and
• This is Edexcel’s own course for the GCE specification. ‘links’ to underline the
• Written by senior examiners. importance of mathematics:
to the real world, to your
• The LiveText CD-ROM in the back of the book contains
study of further units and
even more resources to support you through the unit. to your career
• A matching C1 revision guide is also available.

Finding your way around the book

Every few chapters,
a review exercise

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About this book v

section
1 Algebra and functions 1
1.1 Simplifying expressions by collecting like terms 2
1.2 The rules of indices 3
1.3 Expanding an expression 4
1.4 Factorising expressions 5
1.5 Factorising quadratic expressions 6
1.6 The rules of indices for all rational exponents 8
1.7 The use and manipulation of surds 10
1.8 Rationalising the denominator of a fraction when it is a surd 11

Chapter 1 and
Summary of key points 14

2 Quadratic functions 15
2.1 Plotting the graphs of quadratic functions 16

sections 2.1 to 2.5 2.2 Solving quadratic equations by factorisation

2.3 Completing the square
2.4 Solving quadratic equations by completing the square
17
19
20 -j܉jÝË ÞjÁW‰Äj
2.5 Solving quadratic equations by using the formula ˆ`ÊޜÕʎ˜œÜ¶
22

provide excellent 2.6 Sketching graphs of quadratic equations

Summary of key points
23
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26
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3 Equations and inequalities 27 £ Ê /…iʏˆ˜iÊʅ>ÃÊiµÕ>̈œ˜ÊßÊÊxÊÊÓÞ°

transition material 3.1 Solving simultaneous linear equations by elimination

3.2 Solving simultaneous linear equations by substitution
3.3 Using substitution when one equation is linear and the other is quadratic
28
29
30
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3.4 Solving linear inequalities 31 ˆÛi˜Ê̅>Ìʏ£ÊVÀœÃÃiÃÊ̅iÊ߇>݈ÃÊ>ÌÊ̅iÊ«œˆ˜ÌÊ
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4.3 Sketching the reciprocal function 49 
 

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4.4 Using the intersection points of graphs of functions to solve equations 52 
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begins with a
CHAPTER

Example 2
8.1 You can integrate functions of the form f(x) ⴝ a xn where n 僆 ⺢ and a is a constant. £{Î
Find y for the following:

statement of In Chapter 7 you saw that if y ⫽ x2

dy
dy
a ᎏ ᎏ ⫽ 2 x3
dx
dy
dx
1
ᎏ
b ᎏᎏ ⫽ 3 x 2

then ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2x.

what is covered dx

Also if y ⫽ x2 ⫹ 1
a
dy
ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2x3
dx
⫽ 2 ⫻ x3
Use the formula first with n ⫽ 3.

Then simplify the ᎏ2ᎏ to ᎏ12ᎏ.

Past examination
4

dy x4 dy 4x3

in the section then ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2x.

dx
So y ⫽ 2 ⫻ ᎏᎏ ⫹ c
x4
4
⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫹ c
Check ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2x3.
dx 2

So if y ⫽ x ⫹ c where c is some constant

dy
then ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2x.
2 2

dy 1
ᎏᎏ
questions are
dx ᎏᎏ ⫽ 3x 2 It is always worth writing down this line as

marked ‘E’
b
dx sometimes marks are given for unsimplified
dy 3 expressions.
Integration is the process of finding y when you know ᎏᎏ. ᎏᎏ

Concise learning If
dy
ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2 x
d x
dx x2 ⫹ c
So y ⫽ 3 ⫻ ᎏ
3
3
ᎏᎏ
⫽ 2x ⫹ c
2
ᎏᎏ
2
Remember 3 ⫼ ᎏ32ᎏ ⫽ 3 ⫻ ᎏ23ᎏ ⫽ 2.
It is always worth simplifying your answers
as you may need to use this expression in a

points
later part of the question.
then y ⫽ x2 ⫹ c where c is some constant.

dy
dx
1
䊏 If ᎏᎏ ⴝ xn, then y ⴝ ᎏᎏ xn ⴙ 1 ⴙ c, n ⴝ ⴚ1.
nⴙ1
Hint: This is called
indefinite integration
because you cannot find
the constant.
dy dy
Notice that you treat ᎏᎏ ⫽ xn and ᎏᎏ ⫽ kxn in the same way. You only consider the xn term when
integrating.
dx dx
Each section ends
Example 1
So in general
with an exercise
Step-by-step Find y for the following:
dy kxn ⴙ 1
䊏 If ᎏᎏ ⴝ kxn, then y ⴝ ᎏᎏ ⴙ c, n ⴝ ⴚ1.
dx nⴙ1
dy
a ᎏ ᎏ ⫽ x4
dy
b ᎏᎏ ⫽ x⫺5 Exercise 8A – the questions are
worked examples dx dx
dy
ᎏᎏ ⫽ xn where n ⫽ 4.
dy
Find an expression for y when ᎏᎏ is the following:
dx
dy
ᎏᎏ ⫽ x4
dx
1
So use y ⫽ ᎏᎏxn ⫹ 1 ⫹ c for n ⫽ 4. carefully graded
– they are model
a 1 x5 2 10x4 3 3x2
dx n⫹1
2
Raise the power by 1. ᎏ
x5 ⫺x⫺2 ⫺4x⫺3 x3

so they increase
y ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫹ c 4 5 6
5 Divide by the new power and don’t forget 1
ᎏ

solutions and 4x 2 ⫺2x6 3x5

to add c. 7 8 9
dy
b ᎏᎏ ⫽ x⫺5 1
⫺ ᎏ2
3
⫺ ᎏ2
dx 10 3x ⫺4 11 x 12 5x
x⫺ 4
y ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫹ c Remember raising the power by 1 gives
13 ⫺2x
3
⫺ ᎏ2
14 6x 3
1
ᎏ
15 36x11 in difficulty and
include examiners ⫺4
1
⫺5 ⫹ 1 ⫽ ⫺4.
Divide by the new power (⫺4) and add c.
16 ⫺14x⫺8 17 ⫺3x
2
⫺ ᎏ3
18 ⫺5
⫽ ⫺ᎏᎏx⫺4 ⫹ c
4
19 6x 20 2x⫺0.4 gradually bring you
hints 134 135
up to standard

Each chapter has a different Each chapter ends with At the end of the book are two exam
colour scheme, to help you find a mixed exercise and a papers: a practice paper and a full
the right chapter quickly summary of key points. examination-style paper.
 LiveText software
The LiveText software gives you additional resources:
Solutionbank and Exam café. Simply turn the pages of the
electronic book to the page you need, and explore!

CHAPTER 8 Integration

Example 2
8.1 You can integrate functions of the form f(x) ⴝ a xn where n 僆 ⺢ and a is a constant.
Find y for the following:
In Chapter 7 you saw that if y ⫽ x2 dy dy 1
ᎏ
a ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2x3 b ᎏᎏ ⫽ 3x 2
d x dx
dy
then ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2x.
dx dy
a ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2x3 Use the formula first with n ⫽ 3.
Also if y ⫽ x2 ⫹ 1
dx
⫽ 2 ⫻ x3 Then simplify the ᎏ2ᎏ
4 to ᎏ12ᎏ.

dy x4 dy 4x3
then ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2x. So y ⫽ 2 ⫻ ᎏᎏ ⫹ c Check ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2x3.
dx 4 dx 2
x4
⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫹ c
So if y ⫽ x2 ⫹ c where c is some constant 2

dy
then ᎏᎏ ⫽ 2x. dy 1
ᎏᎏ
dx b ᎏᎏ ⫽ 3x 2 It is always worth writing down this line as
dx sometimes marks are given for unsimplified
dy 3 expressions.
Integration is the process of finding y when you know ᎏᎏ. ᎏᎏ
dx x2 ⫹ c
So y ⫽ 3 ⫻ ᎏ Remember 3 ⫼ ᎏ32ᎏ ⫽ 3 ⫻ ᎏ23ᎏ ⫽ 2.
3
ᎏᎏ
dy 2
If ᎏ ᎏ ⫽ 2x 3
ᎏᎏ It is always worth simplifying your answers
dx ⫽ 2x ⫹ c
2
as you may need to use this expression in a
later part of the question.
then y ⫽ x ⫹ c where c is some constant.
2

dy 1 Hint: This is called

䊏 If ᎏᎏ ⴝ xn, then y ⴝ ᎏᎏ xn ⴙ 1 ⴙ c, n ⴝ ⴚ1. indefinite integration dy dy
dx nⴙ1 Notice that you treat ᎏᎏ ⫽ xn and ᎏᎏ ⫽ kxn in the same way. You only consider the xn term when
because you cannot find dx dx
the constant. integrating.
So in general
Example 1
dy kxn ⴙ 1
Find y for the following: 䊏 If ᎏᎏ ⴝ kxn, then y ⴝ ᎏᎏ ⴙ c, n ⴝ ⴚ1.
dx nⴙ1
dy dy
a ᎏᎏ ⫽ x4 b ᎏᎏ ⫽ x⫺5 Exercise 8A
dx dx
dy dy
ᎏᎏ ⫽ xn where n ⫽ 4. Find an expression for y when ᎏᎏ is the following:
dx dx
dy 1
a ᎏᎏ ⫽ x4 So use y ⫽ ᎏᎏxn ⫹ 1 ⫹ c for n ⫽ 4. 1 x5 2 10x4 3 3x2
dx n⫹1
2
5 Raise the power by 1. ᎏ
x 4 ⫺x⫺2 5 ⫺4x⫺3 6 x3
y ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫹ c Divide by the new power and don’t forget
5 1
ᎏ
to add c. 7 4x 2 8 ⫺2x6 9 3x5
dy
b ᎏᎏ ⫽ x⫺5 1
⫺ ᎏ2
3
⫺ ᎏ2
dx 10 3x⫺4 11 x 12 5x
x⫺4 Remember raising the power by 1 gives 3
⫺ ᎏ2
1
ᎏ
y ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫹ c ⫺5 ⫹ 1 ⫽ ⫺4. 13 ⫺2x 14 6x 3 15 36x11
⫺4
2
Divide by the new power (⫺4) and add c. ⫺ ᎏ3
1 16 ⫺14x⫺8 17 ⫺3x 18 ⫺5
⫽ ⫺ᎏᎏx⫺4 ⫹ c
4
19 6x 20 2x⫺0.4

134 135

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Solutionbank Edexcel Modular Mathematics for AS and A-level

1 Algebraic fractions
Core Mathematics 1
Exercises: A Questions: 1

Solutionbank
• Hints and solutions to every
question in the textbook
• Solutions and commentary for all
review exercises and the practice
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Pearson Education Limited, a company incorporated in England and Wales, having its registered office at
Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex, CM20 2JE. Registered company number: 872828

Text © Greg Attwood, Alistair David Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Geoff Staley,
Dave Wilkins 2008

First published 2004 under the title Heinemann modular mathematics for Edexcel AS and
A-Level Core Mathematics 1

This edition 2008

12 11 10 09
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available from the British Library on request.

ISBN 978 0 435519 100

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