 Forward integration
o Apple integrates forward by
running its own Apple stores to
sell its products. By doing so,
Apple saves commission it
would have to otherwise pay to
retail partners & maintains a
uniform sense of aesthetics
across stores worldwide.
 Backward integration
o ZARA manufactures the clothes
it sells in its retail stores as well
designs them in-house. This
backward vertical Integration
ensures ZARA can keep up with
changing fashion trends and
update inventory quickly
relative to competitors,
resulting in higher
profitability[3] and a
competitive advantage in the
clothing industry.
 horizontal integration
o Walt Disney Company's $7.4
billion acquisition of Pixar
Animation Studios in 2006
o Disney began as an animation
studio was facing market
saturation with its current
operations along with creative
stagnation.
o Pixar operated in the same
animation space as Disney, but
its (digitally) animated movies
used cutting-edge technology
and an innovative vision. The
deal is now widely considered
to have literally and figuratively
reanimated Disney, expanded
its market share, and boosted
its profits.
 Diversification
o Related
 Apple launched the
Macintosh personal
computer, the iPod in
2001, iTunes software
in 2003 and the iPhone
in 2007. The company
has since diversified
into tablets, watches,
smart-audio, and even
electric vehicles.
 UnRelated
Coca-Cola purchased
Columbia Pictures in
1982, movie studio, for
$750 million. Luckily for
Coca-Cola, its
investment paid off—
Columbia was sold to
Sony for $3.4 billion just
seven years later.
 RETRENCHMENT
o Facebook parent Meta
announced its most significant
round of layoffs ever in
November. The company said it
plans to eliminate 13% of its
staff, which amounts to more
than 11,000 employees The
business has been hurt by
competition from rivals such as
TikTok, a broad slowdown in
online ad spending and
challenges from Apple’s iOS
changes.
 DIVESTITURE
o In 2022, foods manufacturer
Kellogg announced its plans to
split into three separate
companies, spinning off its
cereal and plant-based food
brands. While the legacy
Kellogg's company will focus on
the frozen breakfast and snack
foods that bring in 80% of the
old company's revenue, the
spin-offs will focus on the cereal
markets and plant-based food
 Liquidation strategy
o Another example is Toys “R” Us.
In 2017, the company filed for
Chapter 11 bankruptcy and
decided to liquidate its assets to
pay off its debts. The company
closed down its remaining
stores and sold off all its assets
to pay its creditors.