EXAMPLE 9-9 Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the solid cylinder in Fig. 9-20a is subjected to the state of stress shown. Determine the principal stresses acting at this point. 12 ksi —— > _ 6ksi (a)SOLUTION T Construction of the Circle. From Fig. 9-20a, o.=-12ksi oy =0 ty = -6 ksi The center of the circle is at - 12 ksi = Carel ue 9 _ 6 ksi ———> _ oksi (a)(ksi) &) Fig. 9-20 ‘The initial point A(-12,—6) and the center C(-6, 0) are plotted in Fig. 9-20b. The circle is constructed having a radius of R= V2 = 6? + (6? = 8.49 ksi Principal Stresses. The principal stresses are indicated by the coordinates of points B and D. We have, for a} > a2, am 0; = 8.49 — 6 = 2.49 ksi Ans. oy = -6 — 8.49 = 14.5 ksi Ans. The orientation of the element can be determined by calculating the counterclockwise angle 26,, in Fig. 9-20b, which defines the direction 4), of a» and its associated principal plane. We have 6 ar = 45.0" 20, = ta Tame = 45.0 Op, = 22.5°The element is oriented such that the x’ axis or o> is directed 22.5° counterclockwise from the horizontal (x axis) as shown in Fig. 9-20c.EXAMPLE 9-10 The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element in Fig. 9-21a. Determine the maximum in-plane shear stresses and the ori- entation of the element upon which they act. 90 MPa |. 60 MPa 20 MPa - (a)SOLUTION Construction of the Circle. From the problem data, o = -20MPa ay =90 MPa 4 = 60 MPa The o, 7 axes are established in Fig. 9-21. The center of the circle C is located on the o axis, at the point : F Cag = ed = 35 MPa Point C and the reference point A (—20, 60) are plotted. Applying the Pythagorean theorem to the shaded triangle to determine the 35 circle’s radius CA, we have (MPa) R= V(60)? + G5)? = 81.4 MPaMaximum In-Plane Shear Stress. The maximum in-plane shear stress and the average normal stress are identified by point E or F on the circle, In particular, the coordinates of point £(35, 81.4) give 1.4 MPa Ans. Cave = 35 MPa Ans, The counterclockwise angle @,, can be found from the circle, identified as 20,,. We have (MPa)Gavy = 35 MPa Ans, The counterclockwise angle 0, can be found from the circle, identified as 20,,. We have Ans. This counterclockwise angle defines the direction of the x’axis, Fig. 9-21c. Since point E has positive coordinates, then the average normal stress and the maximum in-plane shear stress both act in the positive x’ and y’ directions as shown. y (c) Fig. 9-21 \ 81.4 MPa 35 MPa— a (213°Ald ksi + — > obs (a) 8 ksi EXAMPLE 9-11 The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element in Fig. 9-22a, Represent this state of stress on an element oriented 30° counterclockwise from the position shown. SOLUTION Construction of the Circle. From the problem data, = —-8ksi oy = 12 ksi ty = —6 ksiTiksi) (b) SOLUTION Construction of the Circle. From the problem data, = —Bksi y= 12ksi ty = —6 ksi The o and 7 axes are established in Fig. 9-22b. The center of the circle Cis on the o axis at otksi) Owe = ee 12 a ksi The initial point for @ = 0° has coordinates A(—8, —6). Hence from the shaded triangle the radius CA is R= V(10) + (6) = 11.66(ksi) ) Stresses on 30° Element. Since the elements to be rotated 30° counter- clockwise, we must construct a radial line CP, 2(30°) = 60° counterclockwise, measured from CA (@=0°), Fig. 9-22b. The coordinates of point P (oy, ty) must now be obtained. From the geometry of the circle, casi) =O = tan! a = 30.96° yy = 60° — 30.96° = 29.04° oy = 2 — 11.66 cos 29.04° = —8.20 ksi Tvy = 11.66 sin 29.04° = 5.66 ksi Ans.These two stress components act on face BD of the element shown in Fig. 9-22c since the x’axis for this face is oriented 30° counterclockwise from the x axis. The stress components acting on the adjacent face DE of the element, which is 60° clockwise from the positive x axis, Fig. 9-22c, are represented by the coordinates of point Q on the circle. This point lies on the radial line CQ, which is 180° from CP. The coordinates of point Q are oy = 2 + 11.66 cos 29.04° = 12.2 ksi Ans. twy' = ~(11.66 sin 29.04) = —5.66 ksi (check) Note that here 7, acts in the —y’ direction. 5.66 ksi 605 12.2 ksi \v © 2 Fig. 9-22