1282 USE OF CEOSWNTHETIGS TO MITIGATE EARTHQUAKE FAULT RUPTURE PROPAGATION ‘THROUGH COMPACTED FILL J.D. BRAY, A asim PURDUE UNIVERSITY, USA sts B14 MUKHOPADHYAY = oar 2 Teco A Ass0CIATES, UBA =~ Earth Consultants International 2822 Sonony Sate nah yatta ansTRACT A development project Includes structures located in a zone containing minor subsidiary faults on’ the hanging wall of potentially active thrust fale. Minor amounts of displacement on these subsidiary faults are possible. Previous studies Guggest that differenciel movement across bedrock faults dissipates ar the shes rupeure plane rises through the overlying fllls, The cost of extensive excavation and H{IL operations, hovever, may be prohibitive. lence, the use of fill-reinforcement ascerials withia smaller ‘thicknesses of compacted fill vas explored. In this paper, the project and site geology are described, the significant hazards associated vith earthquake faule rupture are (dentifted, and’the Finite elenent analyses are discussed. The mimerical results indicate that the geosyathette reinforcement ia effective 4a preading the differential movenent across a vider zone. Differential settlement and tensile strains at che depth of the shallow foundations were reduced sufficiently to feasibly conctruct buildings with acceptable levels of risk at this site: 1A mixed use development project is under construction at a 250-aere site located fon an anticlinal struccure known as che Las Posas Hills in Camarillo, California. The Ins Poras anticline is the surface expression of folding and thrusting along the Springville fault zone, ¢ reverse fault syacem that 1s located inmediatoly south of the project site. Coologic snvestigations d{scovered several extensional normal faults (axial foults) at che Las Posas anticline site, A number of these faults vhere old soil horizons were pregent were judged to be inactive. Many of these faults, hovever, do not have any overlying preserved soil units. Im addition, the formational, boundaries of the soil profiles are irregular, preventing the measurouent of possible fault novenents vith a resolution level better than 2 to. cx, Hence, fault Aisplacesents on the ofder of 2 to $ cm cannot be precluded for these axial faults. Therefore, the Feasibility of attenuating (absorbing) minor fault dlsplacemence beneath the future structures ae ehis site was explored Previous studies (Asquith and Leighton 1973; Bray et al. 1990) suggest that the atfferential sovenent of the underlying bedrock fault dissipates as the shear rupture plane propagates through tho overlying compacted fill materials. If the depth of £111 Teauffielently Large and the underlying fault displacement iz relatively small, the Bray, 1D, Ashmawy, A, Mukhopadhyay, G, and Gath, EM. 1993, Use of geosynthetics to mitigate fearthquake fault rupture propagation through compacted fil, in Geosynthetics “93 Conference Proceedings, Industrial Fabrics Association International, St. Paul, MN, ¥.1, De 379-392,aigterential displacenenc of the underlying fault can be “locslly absorbed" within the overlying fill," Ae this site, however, the costs associated with che extensive ‘excavation and £111 operations required to mitigate the hazardous effects at the ground surface could prove to be prohibitive. Hence, the use of f1ll-reinforcenenc materials as explored co optimize the depth of overexcavacion and fill placement. ‘THE PROFOSED DEVELOPMENT AND PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTIONS Proposed Development, The project involves balanced out and fill grading to produce a series of acre-size restdencial lots, several multi-acre lots for commercial and high density residential use, an 18-hole golf course, and access roads, A schenatic diagran ff the proposed development and the faults ir shown In Figure 1. Approxinately evelve Billion cubic meters of cuc and £111 will be required to achieve che finish grade. The Final graded site will be a series of natural, cut, £111 and composite lots, terraced up from the perineter loviands to the cencrally positioned ridge top. Terraced levels OF the site will be separated by slopes of varying heights Maxinun topographic relie€ at the site Le roughly 90 m, vith elevations ranging fxom 30 m at the property's vest side toa maximum elevation of 120 = ae che central ridge top. Natural slope gradients are between 4:1 and 2.5:1 (hors. to vert.) and spear to be controlled (co 4 dagres) by the underlying geologic struccure, No surface ater ves noced on the sits, Ground water vas encountered at a depth of about 12 m in eversl borings located slong the property's perimeter Geology of che Lae Potat Anticline, The Las Posas entleline and Springville chrust Esult system is one of th saveral east-west trending fold and fault aystens that have forned es a result of northeast compression and crustal shortening of the transver: ranges in southern California (Yerkes and Lee 1979), The Las Posas iiilis are underlain by fine-grained siltstone, sandstone and several a: Saugus foraation. This formation 12 estimated co be 200 to 600 thousand yc (Rockwell st al. 1965), at the creat of the anticline, chese fine-grained deposits are Locally overlain by a coarser grained, gravelly alluvial deposit that 1s estinaced to be about 120 thousand years old, and a finer grained colluvial goll vith a minioun Gevelopnent age of approxinately 13 thousand years (Leighton and Associates 1991). The gravelly sediments at the crest of the anticline vere deposited as stream channel Geposics by a precursor scream to the modern Sance Clara river at about the sano tine, or Just prior to che hills starting co be uplifted, This suggests chac folding and growth of the anticline began no nore then 120 thousand years ago. Initially, the anticline grev prisarily asa resule of folding, with alnor compression along a buried (or “blind") chruse fault chat developed into the modern Springville fault. The Springville fault 1s estimated co have broken through to the surface as recently as 15 co 30 thousand years ago. Since thon, the hills are groving prinarily by thrusting along the Springville fault, Once the blind thrust fault became a surface fault, folding and deformation of the Las Fosas anticline vas replaced by passive uplift Two types of secondary faulting have boon observed at the crest of the anticline; namely, east-west trending normal bending moaeac faults (axial) and north-south trending tear faults (Gath and Unitney 1992). The axial faults formed by extension of the sedinence during the vine period when the anticline was groving primarily asa result of folding (seo Figure 1). Episodic displacenents on the axial faults could have also occurred with a movonent pattern typical of a normal fault during the selsaie evenes on the blind Springville fault. Formation of che tear faults is associated with the Springv{lle fault having broken ehrough to the surface at different tines slong the Gifferent portions of the anticline. Thus, while some sectfons of the hill vere beingoom T (3) Plan view ofthe proposad development showing the faut locations sramoyu rat uD) (©) Generalized cross-section A’ showing the axa faute formed ‘wen the Sringuilefak wae a bling structure. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of che proposed developsent showing the relationship between che Springville thrust fault and the axial faults at the crese of the Las Poses’ anticlinevplifced prinarfly by folding, other sections vere groving primartly by faulting. Tear Haules formed at the sargins between these to types of anticlinal growth, Since the Springville fault surfaced, the axial and vear fovlcs have presumably been deactivaced or have been resetivated only coseisaically with the aovenent on the Springvitle fault. The axial and tear faults themselves are not belioved co be selsmologically active: Magnitude and fobabtltey of Atial Fault Displacesent. Preliminary resules, based on radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples collected in a trench vhere che Springville Fault was exposed, suggest that an event on the Springville fault occurred as recently as 1,000 years ago. A similar magnitude event (based on a similar amount of Gisplacenene) occurred about 3,000 to 5,000 years earlier, suggesting that the Springville fault has a recurrence interval of about 3,000 to 5,000 years. The axial and tear faults extend into, and offset che gravelly deposits that are estinated ro be 120,000 years old, but thay do not appear to affect the 15,000 year-old soils. Because che soil horizons have irvegular and gradual lover boundaries, individual displacements on these faulez of about 5 om of less cannot be precluded, The recurrence interval of 3,000" Fs for the Springville fault suggests that ebout five earthquakes ave fon ehis ayatem in the Last 15,000 years, One could interpret chat the fault Gisplacenencs, if any, on the axial and tear faults have occurred during these events, fo produce « asxinum total displacement of 5 cm The probebility of occurrence of earthquakes is often estimated based on the Poisson's disceibution model P (Oecurrence/T,N) = -e7 = 1-(L-1/7) w where T= the recurrence interval in ys N= che design Life in years. Tho term 1/T could be interpreted as the annual risk for che occurrence of an eerthquake. Equation (1) could also be used co estinate the dlsplacenent {£ the ennual risk for observing tho displacement at the site is know. Tho probability of occurrence of 1, 2.5, and 3 em displacement on the axial faults at the site wore ‘estimated based on these assumptions: (1) Each of the five pase significant earthquake vont caused che same aaount of d{splaceaent, Hence, each future earthquake vill cause Lem of displacemene with no uncertainty involved; (2) Only two past earthquakes caused ‘tho 5 om displacouent. Hence, the chance of observing 2.5 em displaceuont due co a fucure earthquake is about 2 out of 5; and (3) Only one past earthquake caused the 5 ca displaceuent. Hence, the chance of observing 5 em displacement due to a future Sexthquake {2 about 1 out of 3. The probability of occurrence of these aagnitudes of Fault displaceuent in a 100-year period at the site based on 3,000-year return period for a selsmfe event on the Springville fault are shown in Table 1. HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH EARTHQUAKE FAULT RUPTURE FROPAGATION THROUGH COMPACTED FILL Earthquake Beult Rupture. A munber of geologists have found that the principal factors conerolling the genezal characteristics of surface faulting are: (2) the type of fault novenent (reverse, normal, or strike-slip), (b) the inclination of the fault plane, (c) the amount of displacement on the fault, (d) the depth and geometry of ‘the earth materials overlying the bedrock fault, and (e) the nature of the overlying earth paterials (e.g. Bonilla 1988). Tvo examples which illustrate characteristics of fault rupture propagation through overlying soils are shovn in Figures 2 and 3. Typleally, reverse faults tond to gradually decrease in dip near che ground surface, NormalTable 1 Probabilicy of occurrence of axtal fault diaplacenent in a 100 year period* ase | Fault Displaceaent | Annual Risk Probability of (em) © Occurrence 1 1.0 13000 3.0 2 25 1/3000 * 2/5, as 3 5.0 1/3000 + 1/5 or = based on 3,000 year return period for on the Springville fault faules tend to refract at the soll-bedrock contact and increase in dip as they approach the ground surface. This refvaction and variation of the dip of the normal fault plane ray produce gravicy grabons, Strike-slip faules tend to follow the almost vertical orientation of the undeslying bedrack fault, although the rupture zone say spread or "Flower" near the ground surface, Relative motion is primarily concentrated within relatively narrow zone above the bedvock fault. Once failure occurs, differential sovenent Ls usually localized to thin, distinct failure planes. Ductile materials, however, may accomodate significant Fault ovenent by warping without actually developing distinct shear surfaces Geologic field studies at che project site suggest that the bedrock faults are principally either noraal faults dipping betveen 43 and 60 degrees or nearly vertical Strikerslip faults. Most of these fault features are exposed oF will be exposed during grading operations, Hence, ovevexcavation vill be required to construct compacted F111 over the bedrock faults to mitigate the surfictal hazards associated with base rock fault displacenents. The depth of overexcavacion should be minimized, however, 0 control costs and to reduce the potentislly deleterious effects of the other more Foutine design considerations (e.g. shrink/svell/collapse under static service loads) The rasults of previous investigations (Bray et al. 1990) suggest chat dip-slip fault novenents (especially normal faults which induce extensional strains within the overlying soil) pose 4 greater hazard than ateike-elip fault movenente, Hones, two" @inensional (2-D) finite eleaent (F5) analyses of dip-slip base rock axial “fault Afeplacenence will be investigated. for the purpose of thts study, movenent on a oral fault plane d{pping at 60 degrees has been considered as the heseline case eee Te Figure 2. Pach of "shallow" reverse Figure 3, Pach of "shallow" normal esule rupture through "stift" soils faule rupture through "stiff" soilsHazards. The principal surficiel hazards of base rock fault displacements are: (A) propagation of che distinct shear rupture plane to che ground surface, (B) Gizferential setclement of angular distortion of the ground surface, (C) compressive or tensile horizoncal strains at the ground surface, snd (D) development of surfietal tension cracks. Of course, che earchquake event that produces the relative novenent on these subsidiary Fault features will also produce strong shaking. This study focuses on the respons: of che compacted f{l1 to base rock fault displacements and haz not considered the potential for building danage due co earthquake strong shaking. Paxformance Criteria. Based on an evaluation of the selsmicity of che Springville fault and the probable range of displacements on the axial faults, che project's grading specifications vere developed based on the 2.3 cm axial fault displaceaone. ‘The probability of occurrence of the 2.5 em axfal fault displaceuent was estinated to be 1:3 percent (ses Table 1). Conceptually, this risk level ts more stringent than che jeisaic risk level stipulated by the 1991 California Building Code for the design of Sesencial facilities such as hospitals. This degres of conservatism, however, was considered warranted because of the recency of the discovery of the Springville fault, the uncertainty in the profession's understanding of earthquake faule rupture, and che perceived sensitivity of the potential homeomers co this problem. Regarding the principal hazards of base rock fault dlsplacenents described previously, the projact's performance criteria st the 2.5 om magnitude of fault offsee follows. ‘Propagation of the rupture plane to the ground surface was considered unacceptable (Hazard A). The angular distorcion over a reasonable lengeh (3 m) should be less than 1/400 (Hazard 8). Since post-tenstoned foundation slabs were being Feconmended, chis conforas co standard practice in southern California, Based on accepted mining subsidence practices and appropriate foundation design provisions, hocizontal consile strains in the soil vere co romain Less than 0.3 percent (iazard C) Gnd tensile atveasee at the ground surface vere not to exceed 1 KPa [FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF EARTHQUAKE FAULT RUPTURE PROPAGATION ‘Einite Element Erocadures. Previous suserical studies of fault rupcure propagation Through earch materials suggest that the FE method can be applied to this class of problens provided sn incremental nonlinear stress-strain soil behavior’ model is Saployed (Bray et al. 1990), The plane strain FE computer program SSCOMPPC (Boulanger se al. 1991), whieh employs a hybrid inerenental loed solution technique with the Duncan et 1. (1980) hyperbolic soll behavior model, vas utilized in this study to odel the nonlinear stress-dependent stress-strain ‘and voluaetric strain behavior Gxbibited by typical compacted soils, The principal advantages of this particular snamerical approach are ies relative simplicity and ite ability to adequately uodel the Soll’s failure strain. The vell-validated FE program SSCOMPPC also allows discrete nodelling of the soil, che reinforcexent, and che soll-reinforcement interface. Development of Model Parameters. A series of triaxial coupression tests vere performed fon three bulk eaaples believed to be representative of the fill materials to be used fon the project site (USCS soi] classifications: SM-3C, ML and SW-SM). Anisotropically Consolidated undrained triaxisl compression tests (CAU) were performed on ali three E{Il ssterisls at 90% or 95% relative compaction (RC) end at opimum, optimum +3% and optimum +5% moisture concents (MC) with respect to the ASTM 1557 maximus dry density ‘snd optimum aoisture content. The test specimens vere consolidated to stress statesTable 2. Hyperbolic sot] model paraneters euployed to represent baseline soil case | clayey siiey sana soil] ez |e 6 x] oy (s's0) | cee | caee e/a) a [mc opersz enc oor] 3-6 | 36 | 33 | aoofr.o]o.ss] 2.07 8 |mc- operat rc osx] 2-3] 29 | 40 |ooofoslo.r | 215 c_|uc~ope src= sor} os | as | 28 |o00]rofosa] 1.94 8 nao that v, = 0.6 Kor 21.5 Ki hy = 15 and represencative of field condition (Ky-0.6), and the strain rate during undrained shear vas deliberately high (125t/nr) to simulate at least qualitatively the high strain Fates imposed by an earchquake base rock fault displacenenc. The stress-strain behavior of the three f{l1 materiale at similar RC and relative MG did not differ appreciably. Since the clayey silty sand materials (SM-SC) wv Judged to be a aix of tho predominant materials on site, it constitutes the baseline Soil. In addition to the CAU tests, isotropically consolidated drained cests (CID) and Undratned teste (CIU) were perforned on the baseline soll at slover strain rates to evaluate the volune change behavior and pore pressure response of the soil during Toading. ‘These teats also investigacee possible strength loss upon saturation of the compacted fill materials, The CID and CIU tests indicated that the material exhibited contractive behavior during shear at the densities and confining pressures representative of fielé conditions, Based on these test results and previous experience vith siailar partially saturated compacted fill macerials, the initial Sageitude of Polsson's ratio was asruned to be within the range of 0.35 00.43. AS lundrained shear progresses, Polston's ratio vill tend to increase. Duncan et at, (1980) hyperbolic soi1 model paraneters vere developed for each east series, and the aodel paraneters for the baseline soil (SM-S0) are presented in Table 2. The hyperbolic model. representation of the stress-strain behavior of the Case A compacted fil! test series is show in Fig. 4. In general, the wodel represented che compacted fill’s behavior well. Due in part because of the high aerain races Lmposed Devi Suess) Figure 4, Hyperbolic aodel’s reprosencation of the baseline material (SM-S¢) compacted at HC'~ opttsi and RC = 90% (Gaze A)‘Table 3, Results of FE analyses of unretnforced coupected £111 Deseripcion | riit | nase | nazanp a | wazanps | wazann c | mazanp D ne. | pault | We. of | angular | Mex. Max (=) | ogfsee | snear Zone | Distortion| Tensile | Tensile (ea) ‘above | over 3m | Strain at| Stress ac bedrock | “zone | Surface | Surface @ ry @ (era) suesc (Case a) | 4.5] 2.5 1.0 aso 0.6 29 ROM90T, NomASx 510 as 185 vo 12 6.0] 25 0 1/220 4 12 5.0 as 1/00 Lo 46 sof 25 a0 1/300 o2 | os 5.0 aus yaso 05 26 wo] 2s <0 1/400 02 Hone 5.0 es ays one Le suesc (case a) | 6.0] 2.5 0.3 1250 0.3 Li over 2a of CL 5:0 2015 ras os 2a suse (case BY | 6.0) 2.5 10 1230 0.8 ba RO9SL, Ome3E 5.0 aus ato vo as suse (case cy | 6.0] 2.5 <0 4/220 6 6 ROM90x, Homs0z 5.0 aus afsoo Lo 36 ca sof 25 <0 3/220 0.3 2.0 ROSO%, NO=t5% 3.0 2.0 i100 ors | 20 sis so] 25 Ls 1200 ot 1.0 ROW90L,_Mow+St 5.0 us 3100 10 during shest, these uodel parameters display fairly stiff stress-atvain behavior (Le high sodulus’ numbers, K) ‘vith reapect to model parameters typically used in design (Duncan et aL. 1980). Multiple analyser were performed to note the sensitivity of the results to alight variations in the soll aodel parameters developed to represent the So1l's nonlinear stress-dependent behavior, PERFORMANCE OF UNREINFORCED FILL Representative regults of the FE analysis of the unreinforced compacted fi11 are suanarized in Table 3. The deformed FE mesh shown in Figure 5 {Illustrates the deforaation pattera that developed ina 6 m high compacted f{11 overlying 60° normal Esult displacenent of 2.5 cm, The developaent of the shear rupture plane within che compacted £111 for this condition is show in Figure 6. For this case, the Gigferentisl movenent across the distinct bedrock fauit plane is locally "absorbed" within che overlying compacted £111 (Hazard A), The distinct bedrock fault offset is spread out over a wider zone of general shear at the ground surface. Because of theae Figure 5. FE mesh and deforned mesh outline for 6m high coapacted £11 (SM-SC, Case A) and 2.5 om base fault offset (displacenents magnified by 50) compacted F111 soil’s reletively stiff stress-strain response, hovever, the majority Of differential sovenene (758) occurs within # fairly narrow zone (#3 ) along che projection of the base rock faule The angular distortion across chis 3'm wide zone fs on che order of 1/220 for the 2.5 cm bese rock fault offset (Hazard 8). This sagaitude of angular distortion can produce structural damage in sone of the building's components, hovever, collapse 1a unlikely. The £111 height must be increased to 12 = to Foduce cho angular distortion across @ 3m vide zone to roughly 1/400. The maximus tensile strain for the 6 m high unreinforced fi11 is 0.4% although che average horizontal tensile strains across a reasonable length (3m) is less chan 0.2% (Hazard 6). Te is unlikely chat (and in fact the foundation can be nocified so that) che fall horizontal strain developed in che soil below che foundation is not transferred to the structural foundation. Finally, zones at the ground surface vhere the minor principal sevess is negative are not extensive for this case (Hazard D) ‘As show tn Table 3, che FE results suggest that as che f111 height increases or the design base rock fault dlsplacenent decreases, the hazards associated vith earthquake Fault rupture are minfmized, For a given {lil helghe and magnitude of fault Tensile « (x) 1 4 - 0.00 2 q = 0.08 3 q= 0.40 Figure 6, Stress level (SL) contours and horizontal strains for 6 m high compacted ELLL (SM-8C, Case A) and 2.5 en base fault offeetee] a IL se is Figure 7, Location of xeinforcement layers in compacted £111 offser, che earthquake faule rupture hazards are reduced as the ductility of che compacted fill Increases. For exanple, the placement of a 2m thick "ductile" lov- plastictey clayey material (CL) directly above the bedrock fault significantly improves, the performance of the £111 with respect to earthquake fault rupcure. The FE results also suggest that the daseline 2o!l (SH-SC) should be compacted vet of optiaum and at che Lover range of acceptable dry densities. Kneading compaction should be specified co further increase the ductility of the compacted £111 Given the project's performance criteria for the 2.5 em bedrock fault offset, the unceinforced fill height vould have to de 12 m high. This fill height requires extensive overexcavating and is considered prohibitive in terms of cost and tine ‘The FE mesh was modified as sho in Figure 7 to include up to four layers of reinforcement. The FE program SSCOMP2G modelled the Tensar UXLS00 geogrid (EA-890k%, Ultinace Sevength-B6iei/a) a2 Lineay elastic bar elenenes chat sustained only ceneile forces and che soil-geogria interface az # nonlinear stress-dependent zero chicknes slenene chat controlled the relative élaplacenent of adjacent soll and structural Slement nodal poines (Clough and Duncan 1969), The hyperbolic model paranecers Selected to uodel the soll-geogrid interfuca vere based on » soil-geogrid ineeraction coofficione of 0.9 (i.e. = 18 KPa, = 30°, Key = 27130, Re = 0.95, n= 1.0) Representative results of the FE analysis of the reinforced compacted £111 are auimarized in Table 4, Exaaining che case vhere two geogrids are placed within a 6 = |high compacted fill composed of the baseline soil and subjected roa 2.5 om base rock fault displacement, the differential sovenent across the distinct bedrock fault plane 4 locally “absorbed” within the overlying compacted #11 (Hazard 4). The angular Sistorcion over a 3 m wide zone along the projection of the bedrock faulc plane is oughly 1/400 (Hazard 8), The maximum tenaile strain at che surface {2 0.25t (Hazard ©) and che tensile stresses at the surface are aininsl (Hazard D). In ali cases, che rmaximim censile force developed in the geogrid remain less chan its established Uleimate censile capacity (FS=2 for the 5 ca bedrock fault offset). Given the project’ performance eriterta for the 2.5 cm bedrock fault offset, the seinforced fill height vould have to be 6 m high. This fill height requives mininel overexcevation and {2 acceptable in teras of cost and tine, The additional cost of the fo Tensar UX1S00 googrid in place is only about $15 per square meter in the a containing identified subsidiary bedrock faulta Ac Table 4 Indicates, a number of analyses wore performed under different conditions to investigate the sensitivicy of the results to variations in the inputTeble 4. Results of FE analyses of reinforced compacted F111 Deseripeion® wazand a | uazand B | wazarpc | nazar D | Max. we. of | angular | Max. Max. | coogrid oftsee | shear Zone | pistortion| Tensile | Tensile | Force ce) ‘above | over dn | Strain at | Stress ac | (e/a) bedrock | “sone | Surface | Surface ‘@) em @ (era) suse (case a) | 2.5 <0 1/220 0.8 12 withour reine 5:0 as 1/100 10 aa 81-80 (case A) | 2.5 <0 1000 0.25 02 22 with 2 geogries | 510 a5 37200 os 2b 4 2 geogeids 2s <0 yao 0.3 as 2 asm high fut | 5.0 aus aazo 0.6 36 aa 2 geogrias 25 <0 1670 ons: Rone wv s.ombigh fr | 5.0 0 1280 03 0.7 35 2 geogrids 2s ao 1400 0.25 05 a interaction 5.0 as 17200 0:5 2a a reduced 502 2 geogetas, 2.5 <0 1/450 0.25 os 3 geogris Ex 5:0 us 4240 os 29 ‘ reduced 902 4 geogetae 25 <0 1yaas. 0.2 0.3 27 0 as 1/200 ons 13 a Reaults ave for 6m high #411 (SM-SC, Case A) except vhere noted. parameters, Limiting angular distortion was the governing performance criteria for Uhis projece. Hence, figures which depict the deforaed shape of the surfece of the compacted fit overlying a 60° normal fault displacement of 2.5 cm vill be examined. ‘As shown in Figure 8, the geogrid reinforcenent is effective in spreading the differencial aoveaent, actors the distinct bedrock fault across a wider zone of general shear in the fill. Hence, the angular distortion across a reasonable vidth (3 m) is greatly reduced with the use of the geosynthetic reinforcement. In these plane strain Snalyses, the FE model enforces un{fora displacesents at che Ieft and right boundaries Of che sesh az one vould expect if the underlying bedrock in this area displaced uniformly. The reinforced coupacted £111 Ineresses the vidth of the transition zone at the ground surface. Finally, the perforeance of the coapacted fill reinforced vith four layers of geogrid instead of two layers is only slightly better, and the improved perforaance is Judged co be inconsequential Aa shown in Figure 9, {ncreasing the reinforced £111 height spreads the bedrock fault displacenent across a wider zone of general shear in the £11. The results, however, appear to be insensitive to reductions in the soll-geogrid interaction2 8 +. Deformation (mn) Deformation fm) Si 70 239 t 3 Disanee (im) Figuce 6. Effect of reinforcement to Figure 9, Effect of variations in the reduce differential soveuents at reinforced fi11 hefghe, geogeta surface of 6m high #11 properties and interface properties coesficient and the geogrid’s stiffness, The stiffness of che reinforcement appears fo be lass daporcant because iz 12 relacively stiff compared to the soll. Although the sagnitudes of angular distortion calculated by che FE analyses are fairly insensitive fo the soil-geogrié interaction coefficient within the range of oveuents exanined in this atudy, the FE ragults indicate a large mmber of failed sofl-seructure interface clenents at the 5 om magnitude of bedrock fault offset for the case with a 50 Feducrion in the soil-geogri interaction coefficient. For this case, the Feinforcenent is beginning to lose ite effectiveness at this level of movement. Hlence, goil-roinforcenent wich the higher soil-geogrid interaction coefficients such as Tensar (1500 should be used. Finally, the oll-reinforcement must possess adequate tensile capacity vith a reasonable safecy factor, and che PE results suggest that at least two Layers of reinforeenent are necessary within the compacted £111 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ‘The FE results suggest that there are principally three construction techniques ‘ctive in mitigating the potential hazards associated vith earchquake base rock faule rupture propagation through compacted £11, The hazards can be Feduced by: (1) increasing the ductility of the compacted £111, (2) increasing the height of the cospacted £111, and (3) installing eoll-reinforcenent within the compacted £111, on this project, large volumes of £111 materfal were required, and hence it was sapraccical to not ase on-site aaterials as fill. Laboratory test results indicated that the £111 material waa fairly stiff, but that ductility could be increased by placing che fill material wee of opeisun at lover dry densities with kneading Compaction, The performance of the compacted £11 could be further enhanced by increasing itz thickness, The FE results indicated that the unreinforeed compacted £111 would have to ba 12 m high to meet the project's performance criteria for the 2.5 Gm bedvock fault offset. This £111 height required extensive overexcavating and wae considered prohibitive in terms of additional cost and tine:a a fy 9 36 ae Toa OS OO Sie a enene epee OS ara dng Dison orer3 ‘Maxima Tes Sein (2) Tse Ra Uae = = Se R= ST Figure 10, Comparison of unreinforced and reinforced compacted £11 for baseline case (SMSC, MCmoptest, RGH90H) for 2.5 em and 5.0 cm fault offsets ‘The so{l-veinforcenent proved affective in spreading the differential movement acrogs the bedrock fault across a wider zone of shear in the #111, chereby reducing che angular distortion (Hazeré 8), horizontal tensile strains (Hazard C), and the tensile stresses (Hazard D) at the ground surface. The height of che shear rupture zone in the conpacted £111 overlying the dlaplaced bedrock fault (Hazard 4) was insensitive to che tise of tofl-retnforceaent, but ehis hazard did nor govern the design. ‘The Improved performance of the reinforced compacted fill { shown in Figure 10. In this figure, the angular distortion across a 3a vide zone at the ground surface and the maxiaun tensile strain at che ground surface are plotted against the Fill heighe for beth the uateinfarced and reinforced compacted fi11 qubjected to 2.5 em and 3.0 em base rock fauls offsees, The FE results indicate that the angular discortion (Hazard 5) and che maximun consile strain (Hazard C) is roughly inversely proportional to the F111 height. In addition, these potential hazards are significantly reduced by including #ill-reinforcenent materials within the compacted fill. specifically, co satisfy the project's performance criteria, a 6 m high reinforced compacted fill is Eequised {a Lieu of @ 12 a high unreinforced compacted F111. This improved performance is achieved by installing 2 layers of Tensar UX1300 geogrid within the bottom half of the E411. The findings of this FE study agree generally with the results of published Laboratory teats which indicated chat the geosynchetic reinforcement was effective in spreading differential movenent ina direct shear apparatus across @ wider zons of ahesr (Shewbridge and Sitar 1989), conotusrons Small snounts of displacement on minor subsidiary faults could produce structural danage in the buildings’ shallov foundations at a developsent project in southern California, The results of this study as well aa that of provious studles suggest, however, that differential aovement across distinct bedrock faults dissipates as cho shear rupture plane rises through overlying fla. At chis site, the cost of extensive Gxeavation and £11 operations requited to micigate the hazards associated with Sarthquake fault rupture propagation in this manner proved co be prohibitive, Hence,the use of £ill-reinforcement materials within smaller thicknesses of compacted £11 az cxplored, The FE reales indicated that the soil-reinforcement waz effective in upreading the dizferencial wovenent across che distinct bedrock faule plane actors & wider zone of shear in the reinforced cospacted f111. "This spreading of che localized base rock fault offset miniaized che differential settlement and tensile stratna at che depth of che buildings” shallow foundations asking it feasible to conseruet buildings with acceptable levels or risk at ehis site AcrowLepcexenns Financial support was partially provided by the National Sefence Foundation under grant No, BCS-9157089. This support Ls gratefully acknowledged. 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(1985) “Quaternary Rate of Folding of the Ventura Avenue Anciciine, Western Trensverse Ranges, Southern California,” Geological Society of america Bull, Vol. 100, pp. 850-658, Shovbridge, 3.2., and Sitar, N. (1989) "Defornation Characteristics of Retnforced Sand n Direct shear,” J. of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 115, No. 8, pp. 1134-1147. Yerkes, B.F., and Lee, WH-K, (1979) "Late Quaternary Deformation in the Western Transverse Ranges, California, L$. Geological Survey Gixculax 799-8, pp. 27-37.