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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Dictators" redirects here. For the American band, see The Dictators.
For the ancient Roman title, see Roman dictator. For other uses, see Dictator
(disambiguation).
 20th-century leaders typically described as
dictators, from left to right and top to bottom, include Joseph Stalin, General
Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Adolf
Hitler, Führer of Germany; Augusto Pinochet, President of Junta Government; Mao
Zedong, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party; Benito
Mussolini, Duce and Prime Minister of Italy; Kim Il Sung, Supreme Leader of North

Korea Julius Caesar outmaneuvered his opponents in

Ancient Rome to install himself as dictator for life.
A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power. A dictatorship is a
state ruled by one dictator or by a small clique.[1] The word originated as the title of
a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to rule the republic in times of
emergency.[1]
Like the term tyrant, and to a lesser degree autocrat, dictator came to be used
almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive rule. In modern usage the
term dictator is generally used to describe a leader who holds or abuses an
extraordinary amount of personal power. Dictatorships are often characterised by
some of the following: suspension of elections and civil liberties; proclamation of
a state of emergency; rule by decree; repression of political opponents; not abiding
by the procedures of the rule of law; and the existence of a cult of
personality centered on the leader. Dictatorships are often one-party or dominant-
party states.[2][3]
A wide variety of leaders coming to power in different kinds of regimes, such as one-
party or dominant-party states and civilian governments under a personal rule, have
been described as dictators.

Etymology
Main article: Roman dictator
The word dictator comes from the Latin language word dictātor, agent
noun from dictare (dictāt-, past participial stem of dictāre dictate v. + -or -or suffix).
[4]
 A dictator was a Roman magistrate given sole power for a limited duration.
Originally an emergency legal appointment in the Roman Republic and the Etruscan
culture, the term dictator did not have the negative meaning it has now. [5]
It started to get its modern negative meaning with Cornelius Sulla's ascension to the
dictatorship following Sulla's civil war, making himself the first Dictator in Rome in
more than a century (during which the office was ostensibly abolished) as well as de
facto eliminating the time limit and need of senatorial acclamation. He avoided a
major constitutional crisis by resigning the office after about one year, dying a few
years later. Julius Caesar followed Sulla's example in 49 BC and in February 44 BC
was proclaimed Dictator perpetuo, "Dictator in perpetuity", officially doing away with
any limitations on his power, which he kept until his assassination the following
month.
Following Caesar's assassination, his heir Augustus was offered the title of dictator,
but he declined it. Later successors also declined the title of dictator, and usage of
the title soon diminished among Roman rulers.
The term comes from Latin dictator, having same meaning as in English, originating
in dicto 'I dictate', which comes from dicio 'exert authority; make a decision'.

Modern era

Country ratings for 2016 from Freedom House's Freedom in the World 2017[6]

  Free (86)   Partly Free (59)   Not Free (50)
2017 Democracy Index by The Economist in which countries marked in different shades of red are
considered undemocratic, with many being dictatorships.[7]

Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea is

Africa's longest serving dictator. [8][9]

As late as the second half of the 19th century, the term dictator had occasional
positive implications. For example, during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the
national leader Lajos Kossuth was often referred to as dictator, without any negative
connotations, by his supporters and detractors alike, although his official title was
that of regent-president.[10] When creating a provisional executive in Sicily during
the Expedition of the Thousand in 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi officially assumed the
title of "Dictator" (see Dictatorship of Garibaldi). Shortly afterwards, during the
1863 January Uprising in Poland, "Dictator" was also the official title of four leaders,
the first being Ludwik Mierosławski.
Past that time, however, the term dictator assumed an invariably negative
connotation. In popular usage, a dictatorship is often associated with brutality and
oppression. As a result, it is often also used as a term of abuse against political
opponents. The term has also come to be associated with megalomania. Many
dictators create a cult of personality around themselves and they have also come to
grant themselves increasingly grandiloquent titles and honours. For instance, Idi
Amin Dada, who had been a British army lieutenant prior to Uganda's independence
from Britain in October 1962, subsequently styled himself "His Excellency, President
for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor[A] Idi Amin Dada, VC,[B] DSO, MC, Conqueror
of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular".[11] In
the movie The Great Dictator (1940), Charlie Chaplin satirized not only Adolf
Hitler but the institution of dictatorship itself.
Benevolent dictatorship
Main article: Benevolent dictatorship
A benevolent dictatorship refers to a government in which an authoritarian leader
exercises absolute political power over the state but is perceived to do so with regard
for the benefit of the population as a whole, standing in contrast to the decidedly
malevolent stereotype of a dictator. A benevolent dictator may allow for some civil
liberties or democratic decision-making to exist, such as through
public referendums or elected representatives with limited power, and often makes
preparations for a transition to genuine democracy during or after their term. The
label has been applied to leaders such as Ioannis Metaxas of Greece (1936–41)[citation
needed]
, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkey (1923–38)[citation needed], Josip Broz Tito of SFR
Yugoslavia (1953–80),[12] and Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore (1959–90).[13]
Military roles
The association between a dictator and the military is a common one. Many dictators
take great pains to emphasize their connections with the military and they often wear
military uniforms. In some cases, this is perfectly legitimate; for instance, Francisco
Franco was a general in the Spanish Army before he became Chief of
State of Spain,[14] and Manuel Noriega was officially commander of the Panamanian
Defense Forces. In other cases, the association is mere pretense.
Crowd manipulation
Some dictators have been masters of crowd manipulation, such as Mussolini and
Hitler. Others were more prosaic speakers, such as Stalin and Franco. Typically the
dictator's people seize control of all media, censor or destroy the opposition, and
give strong doses of propaganda daily, often built around a cult of personality.[15]
Mussolini and Hitler used similar, modest titles referring to them as "the Leader".
Mussolini used "Il Duce" and Hitler was generally referred to as "der Führer", both
meaning 'Leader' in Italian and German respectively. Franco used a similar title
"El Caudillo" ("the Head", 'the chieftain')[16] and for Stalin his adopted name, meaning
"Man of Steel", became synonyms with his role as the absolute leader. For
Mussolini, Hitler, and Franco, the use of modest, non-traditional titles displayed their
absolute power even stronger as they did not need any, not even a historic
legitimacy either. However, in the case of Franco, the title "Caudillo" did have a
longer history for political-military figures in both Latin America and Spain. Franco
also used the phrase "By the Grace of God" on coinage or other material displaying
him as Caudillo, whereas Hitler and Mussolini rarely used such monarchical-
associated language or imagery.
Criticism
The usage of the term dictator in western media has been criticized by the left-
leaning organization Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting as "Code for Government We
Don't Like". According to them, leaders that would generally be considered
authoritarian but are allied with the US such as Paul Biya or Nursultan
Nazarbayev are rarely referred to as "dictators", while leaders of countries opposed
to U.S. policy such as Nicolás Maduro or Bashar al-Assad have the term applied to
them much more liberally.[17]

Modern usage in formal titles

 Giuseppe Garibaldi proclaimed himself dictator of Sicily in
1860.
Because of its negative and pejorative connotations, modern authoritarian leaders
very rarely (if ever) use the term dictator in their formal titles, instead they most often
simply have title of president. In the 19th century, however, its official usage was
more common:[18]

 The Dictatorial Government of Sicily (27 May – 4 November 1860) was a

provisional executive government appointed by Giuseppe Garibaldi to
rule Sicily. The government ended when Sicily's annexation into the
Kingdom of Italy was ratified by plebiscite.[19]
 Marian Langiewicz of Poland proclaimed himself Dictator and attempted
(unsuccessfully) to form a Polish government in March 1863. [20]
 Romuald Traugutt was Dictator of Poland from 17 October 1863 to 10
April 1864.[21]
 The Dictatorial Government of the Philippines (1898–1898) was an
insurgent government in the Philippines which was headed by Emilio
Aguinaldo, who formally held the title of Dictator. [22] The dictatorial
government was superseded by the revolutionary government with
Aguinaldo as president.

Human rights abuses, war crimes and genocides

Under Syrian dictator Bashar al-

Assad, Syrian military inflicted industrial-scale atrocities on civilian population during
the Syrian civil war. These include hundreds of chemical attacks, such as the Ghouta
chemical attack, the largest chemical attack in the 21st century. [23][24][25]

Over time, dictators have been known to use tactics that violate human rights. For
example, under the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, government policy was enforced
by secret police and the Gulag system of prison labour camps. Most Gulag inmates
were not political prisoners, although significant numbers of political prisoners could
be found in the camps at any one time. Data collected from Soviet archives gives the
death toll from Gulags as 1,053,829.[26] Other human rights abuses by the Soviet
state included human experimentation, the use of psychiatry as a political
weapon and the denial of freedom of religion, assembly, speech and association. [citation
needed]

Similar crimes were committed during Chairman Mao Zedong's rule over

the People's Republic of China during China's Cultural Revolution, where Mao set
out to purge dissidents, primarily through the use of youth groups strongly committed
to his cult of personality,[27] and during Augusto Pinochet's junta in Chile.[28]Some
dictators have been associated with genocide on certain races or groups; the most
notable and wide-reaching example is the Holocaust, Adolf Hitler's genocide of
eleven million people, of whom six million were Jews.[29] Later on in Democratic
Kampuchea, General Secretary Pol Pot and his policies killed an estimated 1.7
million people (out of a population of 7 million) during his four-year dictatorship. [30] As
a result, Pol Pot is sometimes described as "the Hitler of Cambodia" and "a
genocidal tyrant".[31]
The International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for Sudan's military
dictator Omar al-Bashir over alleged war crimes in Darfur.[32] Syrian dictator Bashar
al-Assad, known for perpetrating numerous chemical attacks, has been regarded as
the deadliest war criminal of the 21st century for inflicting industrial-scale atrocities in
the Syrian civil war.[a]

See also
 Authoritarian personality
 Absolute monarchy
 Benevolent dictator for life
 Democracy indices
 Dictator novel
 Dictatorship of the proletariat
 Emergency powers
 Greek junta
 List of political leaders who suspended the constitution
 Nazi Party
 Strongman (politics)
 Supreme leader
 Totalitarianism

References
Informational notes
 A ^ He conferred a doctorate of law on himself from Makerere University.
[40]

 B ^ The Victorious Cross (VC) was a medal made to emulate the

British Victoria Cross.[41]
Citation notes
1. ^ Sources:[33][34][35][36][37][38][39]

Citations
1. ^ Jump up to:a b "Lessons in On-Line Reference PublishingMerriam-Webster's Collegiate
Dictionary. Merriam-WebsterMerriam-Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus. Merriam-
WebsterMerriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. Merriam-Webster". The Library
Quarterly.  71  (3): 392–399. July 2001. doi:10.1086/603287.  ISSN  0024-
2519.  S2CID 148183387.
2. ^ Papaioannou, Kostadis; vanZanden, Jan Luiten (2015). "The Dictator Effect: How long
years in office affect economic development". Journal of Institutional Economics. 11 (1):
111–139. doi:10.1017/S1744137414000356. S2CID  154309029.
3. ^ Olson, Mancur (1993). "Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development".  American Political
Science Review. 87 (3): 567–
576.  doi:10.2307/2938736.  JSTOR  2938736.  S2CID 145312307.
4. ^ "Oxford English Dictionary, (the definitive record of the English language)".
5. ^ Le Glay, Marcel. (2009). A history of Rome. Wiley-Blackwell.  ISBN  978-1-4051-8327-
7. OCLC  760889060. Archived from the original on 2020-07-25. Retrieved  2020-05-21.
6. ^ Freedom in The World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global
Democracy Archived 2017-07-27 at the Wayback Machine by Freedom House, January
31, 2017
7. ^ "Democracy Index 2017 – Economist Intelligence Unit"  (PDF).  EIU.com. Archived
from  the original  (PDF)  on 18 February 2018. Retrieved  17 February  2018.
8. ^ "The brutal central African dictator whose playboy son faces French corruption
trial". The Independent. 12 September 2016.
9. ^ "The Five Worst Leaders In Africa". Forbes. 9 February 2012.
10. ^ Macartney, Carlile Aylmer (September 15, 2020).  Lajos Kossuth.  Encyclopedia
Britannica.  Archived  from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October
31,  2020.
11. ^ Keatley, Patrick (18 August 2003).  "Obituary: Idi Amin". The Guardian.
London. Archived from the original on 2013-12-05. Retrieved  2008-03-18.
12. ^ Shapiro, Susan; Shapiro, Ronald (2004).  The Curtain Rises: Oral Histories of the Fall of
Communism in Eastern Europe. McFarland.  ISBN  978-0-7864-1672-1. Archived from
the original on 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
"...All Yugoslavs had educational opportunities, jobs, food, and housing regardless of
nationality. Tito, seen by most as a benevolent dictator, brought peaceful co-existence to
the Balkan region, a region historically synonymous with factionalism."
13. ^ Miller, Matt (2012-05-02).  "What Singapore can teach us".  The Washington
Post. ISSN 0190-8286.  Archived  from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2015-11-
25.
14. ^ Thomas, Hugh  (1977). The Spanish Civil War. pp. 421–424. ISBN 978-0-06-014278-0.
15. ^ Morstein, Marx Fritz; et al. (March 2007). Propaganda and Dictatorship. Princeton
UP. ISBN 978-1-4067-4724-9.
16. ^ Hamil, Hugh M., ed. (1992). "Introduction".  Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America.
University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 5–6.  ISBN  978-0-8061-2428-5.
17. ^ "Dictator: Media Code for 'Government We Don't Like'".  FAIR. 2019-04-
11.  Archived  from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
18. ^ Moisés Prieto, ed. Dictatorship in the Nineteenth Century: Conceptualisations,
Experiences, Transfers (Routledge, 2021).
19. ^ Cesare Vetter, "Garibaldi and the dictatorship: Features and cultural sources."
in Dictatorship in the Nineteenth Century (Routledge, 2021) pp. 113-132.
20. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Langiewicz, Maryan"  .  Encyclopædia
Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
21. ^ Stefan Kieniewicz, "Polish Society and the Insurrection of 1863." Past & Present 37
(1967): 130-148.
22. ^ "The First Philippine Republic". National Historical Commission. 7 September
2012.  Archived  from the original on 27 January 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2018.  On June
20, Aguinaldo issued a decree organizing the judiciary, and on June 23, again upon
 Mabini's advice, major changes were promulgated and implemented: change of
government from Dictatorial to Revolutionary; change of the Executive title from Dictator
to President
23. ^ S.B. (21 August 2013). "Syria's war: If this isn't a red line, what is?". The
Economist.  Archived  from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved  15 April 2015.
24. ^ "Syria gas attack: death toll at 1,400 worst since Halabja". The Week. 22 August
2013.  Archived  from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August  2013.
25. ^ D. Ward, Kenneth (September 2021).  "Syria, Russia, and the Global Chemical
Weapons Crisis". Arms Control Association. Archived from the original  on 8 July 2023.
26. ^ "Gulag Prisoner Population Statistics from 1934 to 1953." Wasatch.edu. Wasatch, n.d.
Web. 16 July 2016: "According to a 1993 study of Soviet archival data, a total of
1,053,829 people died in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953. However, taking into account that
it was common practice to release prisoners who were either suffering from incurable
diseases or on the point of death, the actual Gulag death toll was somewhat higher,
amounting to 1,258,537 in 1934–53, or 1.6 million deaths during the whole period from
1929 to 1953.."
27. ^ "Remembering the dark days of China's Cultural Revolution". South China Morning
Post. 18 August 2012.  Archived  from the original on 2018-06-09. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
28. ^ Pamela Constable and Aruto Valenzuela, A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under
Pinochet, New York: W.W Norton & Company, 1993., p. 91
29. ^ "The Holocaust". The National WWII Museum | New Orleans.  Archived  from the
original on 2021-07-15. Retrieved  2021-07-15.
30. ^ ""Top 15 Toppled Dictators". Time. 20 October 2011. Archived from the original  on
2013-08-24. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
31. ^ William Branigin, Architect of Genocide Was Unrepentant to the End Archived 2013-05-
09 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post, April 17, 1998
32. ^ "Sudanese dictator Omar al-Bashir faces war crimes charges Archived 2018-05-16 at
the Wayback Machine". The Daily Telegraph. July 14, 2008.
33. ^ Obaid, Rayburn, Nawaf, Joel (16 December 2022).  "Assad must face trial for his
atrocities against the Syrian people".  The Telegraph. Archived from the original  on 17
December 2022.
34. ^ Lister, Charles (10 May 2021).  "US policy in Syria in 2021".  Asharq al-Awsat. Archived
from  the original on 13 August 2022.
35. ^ Simons, Marlise (2 March 2021).  "Criminal Inquiries Loom Over al-Assad's Use of
Chemical Arms in Syria". The New York Times. Archived from  the original on 2 March
2021.
36. ^ Deknatel, Frederick (22 February 2021).  "Assad Is Getting Away With the Century's
'Greatest War Crimes'".  World Politics Review. Archived from the original  on 11 August
2022.
37. ^ Reinl, James (11 March 2021).  "Syrian atrocities are 'greatest crimes' this century, UN
chief says". The National. Archived from the original  on 11 March 2021.
38. ^ El-Bunni, Anwar (24 November 2020). "Breaking new ground: Transitional justice in
Syria". Brookings. Archived from the original  on 27 May 2022.
39. ^ Camuz, Hakan (15 March 2022). "What's taking the ICC so long to investigate war
crimes in Syria?".  TRT World. Archived from the original  on 6 April 2022.
40. ^ "Idi Amin: a byword for brutality".  News24. 2003-07-21. Archived from the original  on
2008-06-05. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
41. ^ Lloyd, Lorna (2007). Diplomacy with a Difference: The Commonwealth Office of High
Commissioner, 1880–2006. University of Michigan: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 239.  ISBN  978-
90-04-15497-1.

Further reading
Library resources about
Dictator

 Resources in your library

 Resources in other libraries

 Online books on dictatorship at the Internet Archive

 Acemoglu, Daron; James A. Robinson (2009). Economic Origins of
Dictatorship and Democracy (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 9780521855266. OCLC 698971569. Scholarly
approach to comparative political economy; excerpt.
 Armillas-Tiseyra, Magalí (2019). The Dictator Novel: Writers and Politics
in the Global South. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University
Press. ISBN 9780810140417. OCLC 1050363415. Excerpt.
 Baehr, Peter; Melvin Richter (2004). Dictatorship in History and Theory.
Publications of the German Historical Institute. Washington, D.C.;
Cambridge: German Historical Institute; Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 9780521825634. OCLC 52134632. Scholarly focus on 19th
century Europe.
 Ben-Ghiat, Ruth (2020). Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present. New York:
W. W. Norton &
Company. ISBN 9780393868418. OCLC 1233267123. Scholarly analysis
of 13 major dictators; excerpt.
 Brooker, Paul (1997). Defiant Dictatorships: Communist and Middle-
Eastern Dictatorships in a Democratic Age. New York: New York
University Press. ISBN 9780814713112. OCLC 36817139. Excerpt.
 Costa Pinto, António (2019). Latin American Dictatorships in the Era of
Fascism: The Corporatist Wave. Abingdon, UK:
Routledge. ISBN 9780367243852. OCLC 1099538601. Excerpt.
 Crowson, N. J. (1997). Facing Fascism: The Conservative Party and the
European Dictators 1935–1940. London:
Routledge. ISBN 9780415153157. OCLC 36662892. How the
Conservative government in Britain dealt with them.
 Dávila, Jerry (2013). Dictatorship in South America. Chichester, UK:
Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405190558. OCLC 820108972. Covers
Brazil, Argentina, and Chile since 1945; excerpt;
 Galván, Javier A. (2013). Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century:
The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland &
Company. ISBN 9780786466917. OCLC 794708240. Brief scholarly
summaries; excerpt.
 Hamill, Hugh M. (1995). Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish
America (New ed.). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma
Press. ISBN 9780806124285. OCLC 1179406479.
 Harford Vargas, Jennifer (2018). Forms of Dictatorship: Power, Narrative,
and Authoritarianism in the Latina/o Novel. New York: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 9780190642853. OCLC 983824496.
 Kim, Michael; Michael Schoenhals; Yong-Woo Kim, eds. (2013). Mass
Dictatorship and Modernity. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave
Macmillan. ISBN 9781137304322. OCLC 810117713. Excerpt.
 Im, Chi-hyŏn; Karen Petrone, eds. (2010). Gender Politics and Mass
Dictatorship: Global Perspectives. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave
Macmillan. ISBN 9780230242043. OCLC 700131132. Excerpt.
  Lüdtke, Alf, ed. (2015). Everyday Life in Mass Dictatorship: Collusion and
Evasion. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan. ISBN 9781137442765. OCLC 920469575. Excerpt.
 Mainwaring, Scott; Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, eds. (2014). Democracies and
Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. Cambridge:
Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 9780521190015. OCLC 851642671. Excerpt.
 Moore, Barrington Jr. (1966). Social Origins of Dictatorship and
Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World.
Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807050736. OCLC 28065698. online
 Peake, Lesley (2021). Guide to History's Worst Dictators: From Emperor
Nero to Vlad the Impaler and More. Self
published. ISBN 9798737828066. Popular.
 Rank, Michael (2013). Guide to History's Worst Dictators: From Emperor
Nero to Vlad the Impaler. Moreno Valley, Calif.: Solicitor
Publishing. OCLC 875273089. Popular; eBook.
 Spencer, Robert (2021). Dictators Dictatorship and the African Novel:
Fictions of the State Under Neoliberalism. Chaim, Switzerland: Palgrave
Macmillan. ISBN 9783030665555. OCLC 1242746124.
 Weyland, Kurt Gerhard (2019). Revolution and Reaction: The Diffusion of
Authoritarianism in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 9781108483551. OCLC 1076804405. Excerpt.

External links

Look up dictator in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

 Current Dictators of the World

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