Chapter 1

Review of Basic Concepts

of Statistics
 Learning Objectives

In this section you learn:

 The development of statistics;

 Differentiate the two branches of
Statistics; and
 The applications of statistics.
 …branch of mathematics, an aspect
of scientific method which deals
with the…

 collecting

 organizing
What
is presenting data
Meant
analysis
by
Statistics?
interpretation
Types of
Statistics
 Types of Statistics
Descriptive Inferential

Methods of… Science of…

collecting making inferences
organizing about a
presenting population,
and based on sample
information
analyzing data
 Descriptive Statistics

 Collect data
 e.g., Survey

 Present data
 e.g., Tables and graphs
 Characterize data
 e.g., Sample mean =
 X i

n
 Statistical inference is the process of
making an estimate, prediction, or
decision about a population based on a
Population
sample.

Sample

Inference

Parameter Statistic

Measures used to describe a Measures computed from

population are called sample data are called
parameters statistics
 Identify the following…
Descriptive Inferential

1. The average number of students in

a class at the City University of
Pasay is 55.67.

2. The accounting department of

a firm will select a sample of
invoices to check for accuracy of
all the invoices of the company.

3. Wine tasters sip a few drops

of wine to make a decision
with respect to all the wine
waiting to be released for sale.
 Identify the following…
Descriptive Inferential

4. Last, semester, the ages of

students at the College of
Business Administration ranged
from 16 to 25 years old

5. The average life expectancy in the

Philippines is 78.49 years old.

6. The total amount of estimated

losses from super typhoon
Yolanda was 4.2 billion pesos.
 Identify the following…
Descriptive Inferential

7. A diet high in fruits and vegetables

will lower blood pressure

8 A survey says that 1 out of 10

Filipinos is a member of a fitness
center.
 Identify the following…
Descriptive Inferential

9. The guard in a department store

records the number of buying
customers daily for the past 7
days.

10. Researches stated that the

shape of a person’s ears is
related to the person’s
aggression.
 Learning Objectives

In this section you learn:

 The two types of variables;

 The types and sources of data; and

 The types of variables used in various
fields of applications.
 Classification of Data

Qualitative Quantitative

Categorical Numerical
Observations Observations
 Qualitative – or Attribute

Gender Political Party Rating Scale

Male Lakas Strongly disagree
Female Liberal Disagree
Nationalista Agree
National Peoples Coalition Strongly agree
National Unity
United Nationalist Alliance
 Qualitative – or Attribute

Country of Birth
U.K.
Marital Eye Colour Student
Germany
Status Blue Type
Taiwan
Single Brown Freshman
China
Married Green Sophomore
Philippines
Annulled Red Junior
Japan
Widowed Russia Senior
Separated
Quantitative – Numeric

Grades Age

85 Number of
12
80 25
93 cars owned 35
1 40
88 …
… 2
4
…
Quantitative – Numeric

Speed Body
Temperature
40 Number of
80 36
100 Children in 37
120 a Family 39
… …
1
2
3
4
…
 Classify the following as either
quantitative or qualitative data.

1. Size of shoes 1. Quantitative

2. Height of a building 2. Quantitative
3. Weight of package 3. Quantitative
4. Brand of soft drinks 4. Qualitative
5. Religion 5. Qualitative
6. Student type 6. Qualitative
7. Number of pages of a book 7. Quantitative
8. Time required to repair a car 8. Quantitative
9. Gender of household head 9. Qualitative
10.Name of companies 10. Qualitative
Classification of Variables

A Variable
a characteristic
of
a population or sample
that is of interest to us
 Classification of Variables

According to Functional Relationship

Independent Dependent

Predictor Outcome
Variable Variable
 According to Functional Relationship

Example 1: The academic performance of students in Mathematics

depends on their study habits and their attitudes towards the
subject.

Independent Variable:
Student’s study habits and attitudes
Dependent Variable:
Academic performance of students in Mathematics

Example 2: To predict the value of fertilizer on the growth of plants.

Independent Variable:
The amount of fertilizer used.
Dependent Variable:
The growth of plants
 According to Functional Relationship

Identify the independent and dependent variables in

the following statements.

1) The more time people spend using social media, the

less they read books.

Independent Variable: Time on Social Media

Dependent Variable: Less books read

 According to Functional Relationship

Identify the independent and dependent variables in

the following statements.

2) Drinking energy drinks makes people more aggressive

Independent Variable: Drinking energy drinks

Dependent Variable: Aggressive behavior

 According to Continuity of Values`

Continuous
Characteristics
variables that can be
expressed in decimals.

e.g. - Pressure in a tire

- Weight of a pork chop
- Height of students in a class
- Prices of commodity
- Distance travel
 According
Accordingto
toContinuity
Continuityof
ofValues`
Values`

Discrete
Characteristics

variables that cannot be

expressed in decimals.

e.g. - Number of bedrooms in a house

- Number of hammers sold (1,2,3,…etc)
- Number of teachers in school
- Number of students in the classroom
 Classify the following as either discrete or
continuous data.

1. Price of commodities 1. Continuous

2. Wind speed 2. Continuous
3. Number of people 3. Discrete
4. Grades 4. Continuous
5. Height of a building 5. Continuous
6. Distance travelled 6. Continuous
7. Water temperature 7. Continuous
8. Number of voters in an election 8. Discrete
9. Number of Facebook likes 9. Discrete
10.Volts of electricity 10. Continuous
 Levels of Measurement
Highest Level(Strongest forms of measurement)
Differences between Ex. Height, Age, Weekly Food
Ratio Data measurements, true
Spending, Salaries, Weight, Volume,
zero exists
Area, Length, etc.

Differences between Ex. Temperature in Fahrenheit,

Interval Data measurements but no Celsius, Standardized exam
true zero score
Higher Levels
Ex. Service quality rating, Standard
Ordered Categories
Ordinal Data (rankings, order, or & Poor’s bond rating, Student letter
scaling) grades, Ranks (top ten videos,
products), etc.
Categories (no Ex. Marital status, Type of car owned,
ordering or gender, color, professional
Nominal Data direction)
classification, time orientation, political
affiliation, civil status, religion, region,
Lowest Level(Weakest form of measurement)
etc.
 Identify the level of measurement of each
of the following.

1. Yes or No to a question 1. Nominal

2. Office budget 2. Ratio
3. Location of school: Urban or Rural 3. Nominal
4. Socio economic status 4. Ordinal
5. Religion 5. Nominal
6. IQ Test (Intelligence Scale) 6. Interval
7. Curricular & Co-curricular activities 7. Nominal
8. Class attendance 8. Ratio
9. Market share 9. Ratio
10.S.A.T. scores 10. Interval
 YOUTUBE LINK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IngKIlvpg3s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rUVYWfZOb8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvRz_6emPoo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuBD49SFpWs
END OF CHAPTER