SMALL WATER IMPOUNDING PROJECT

ROSE MARIE ABRACIA

KING DAVID AUDENCIA
MARIA SARAH DG. BULACLAC
REDEKAH RUTH U. CASTRO
JASMIN WYX C. DULAY
JEDDY LEE S. GACAYAN
MARY JOY PACAG
AMELIA PALTEP
LHIRA MAY A. PEÑARANDA
JOHN ERWIN P. RIVERA - Leader
JASMINE JOYCE SALONGA
MARY JOY SERADOY

A Final Requirement Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Agricultural and

Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering, Central Luzon State University,
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS

ENGINEERING

MAY 2023
 INTRODUCTION

In part to the Philippines' harsh environment and topography, the country is prone to natural

disasters such as droughts and floods, which inflict massive losses in the agriculture industry. The

development of large-scale irrigation had been prioritized, but the development of small-scale

irrigation regions had lagged behind. At the time, there was rising concern about differences in

agricultural output, the income disparity between rural and urban areas, and the disproportionate

concentration of people in urban areas, which was threatening public order. This was the context

for the formation of the Small Water Impoundment Management (SWIM) Plan, which was based

on Presidential Administrative Decree No.408 in May 1976 (JICA, 2001)

The intriguing issue of rising numbers of people and food provision, combined with the

emerging issue of poor performance and increasing construction costs, as well as operating and

maintenance costs of existing large irrigation systems, has led policymakers to direct investment

funds into small irrigation systems, which are potentially more productive and cost effective than

large irrigation systems. Furthermore, environmental issues concerning massive irrigation systems

have become more prevalent today (Salguero, 1995).

Small scale irrigation projects, such as Small Water Impounding Projects, are gaining

popularity due to the quick yielding effects and relatively low capital investment required for the

construction of small reservoirs when compared to much larger national projects and their potential

multi-oriented uses. These projects are typically built in areas that are not served by large national

irrigation systems and where there is a potential for the development of upland watersheds through

the use of small water impoundments as an economic source of water for irrigating small farm

systems planted to both upland and lowland crops.

 The Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIP) is an earth-filled structure with a height of

5-15 meters constructed across narrow valley or depression to create a reservoir that will harvest

and store rainfall and run off for immediate and future use (SSIP Guidelines, 2018). It is one of the

soil and water conservation methods recognized to address water scarcity in the upland areas. The

environmental benefits include recharging of groundwater aquifers, reduces run-off volume,

erosive power, and peak flood discharge during rainy season. Its purpose is multifunctional. Aside

from supplemental irrigation, stored water can be used for livestock production, inland fishery,

recreation, and domestic activities.

In this paper, a Small Water Impounding System was designed in accordance with the

specifications and standards present in PNS/BAFS/PAES 225:2017.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this activity, the students were able to:

1. familiarized the standards related to small water impounding system; and

2. design a small water impounding system.

METHODOLOGY

1. The standards of small water impounding system have been studied.

2. An area with regression coefficient values (in p. 21 of PAES) but have no irrigation facilities

or services provided by the National Irrigation Administration was selected.

3. With the determined total service area, available data and the condition of the area, a SWIS

was designed using the standards.

4. In this technical paper, the standards used have been discussed and the computations/solutions

in coming up with the final design were shown.

5. Along with the computations, technical drawings (scaled) of Dam, Spillway, Stilling basin, etc.

were also presented.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Small Water Impounding System (SWIS)

A structure known as a Small Water Impounding System, or SWIS, is built across a small

dip or valley to retain water and create a reservoir that will collect rainwater and runoff during the

rainy season for use now or in the future. The SWIS has traditionally been advocated as one of the

mechanical steps to conserve soil and water in support of the overarching goal of successfully

promoting the greatest possible use of land and conservation of soil and water resources in upland

areas. While coordinating natural resource management and infrastructure development, it could

transform underdeveloped upland rural communities into ones that are more self-sufficient and

viable. What’s more, it improves agriculture’s ability to mitigate floods, promote groundwater

recharge, and absorb sediment, all of which are vital environmental benefits.

Small Water Impounding System (SWIS) Standards

The term “small water impounding system” refers to a building made of soil filled with the

purpose of collecting and storing runoff and precipitation for both immediate and future uses. It

has a service area of 25 to 150 ha, a height range of 5 to 15 m, and a service area.
1. Components

 Earth Embankment

 Canal Outlet

 Catchment Area

 Service Area

 Access Road

 Spillway

 Reservoir

2. Site Selection

The selected site for the Small Water Impounding will be located at Iba, Zambales.

a. Physical Condition - It has a natural depression

 The earth dam will be placed at the depression area so that it has the smallest

possible width.

 Embankment materials like clay and sandy clay borrows are readily

accessible and in sufficient quantity.

 The dam site have stable base which is made of rock to prevent excessive

leakage.

 Spillway will be situated on a naturally cemented formation.

 Vehicle access will be available to the site.

b. Watershed Condition

 It have good vegetation cover

c. Service Area
  Situated closely to the reservoir location as is practical.

3. Preliminary Design Activities

a. Soil and Topographic Surveys

b. Dam Site Characterization

c. Agrohydrologic Analyses

Before designing the structures and project components, agrohydrologic

parameters will be establishe. There are three main factors taken into account:

 Run-off and inflow hydrograph

 Field water balance

 Reservoir inflow

4. Design Considerations

Dam height is determined based on the vertical storage requirements: dead

storage, active storage, flood surcharge and freeboard.

The type of suitable dam was selected based on the availability and

excavation costs of the materials for construction.

• Homogeneous/Modified Homogeneous Type – The supply of materials

is low permeability such as sandy or silty clay and other clayey material

is abundant.

b. Spillway

c. Outlet Works
AREA: Iba, Zambales

Iba is centrally located at the western coast of the province, at the coordinates of 119

degrees – 58 minutes east longitude and 15 degrees – 19 minutes north latitude. It is bounded on

the north by the Municipality of Palauig, on the west by the South China Sea, on the east by Tarlac

Province and on the south, by the Municipality of Botolan. Its coastline has a total span of 12.00

km. from its northern boundary of Bagsit River down to its southern limit of Bancal River. The

municipality has a land area of 153.38 square kilometers or 59.22 square miles which constitutes

4.22% of Zambales's total area.

DELINEATION

Iba is a coastal municipality in the province of Zambales. It serves as the provincial capital.

The municipality has a land area of 153.38 square kilometers or 59.22 square miles which

constitutes 4.22% of Zambales's total area. Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was
55,581. This represented 8.56% of the total population of Zambales province, or 0.45% of the

overall population of the Central Luzon region. Based on these figures, the population density is

computed at 362 inhabitants per square kilometer or 939 inhabitants per square mile.

Normal values of selected elements, i.e., Rainfall, Temperature (maximum, minimum and

mean) and Wind, which are presented in graphical form, represent the long-term averages over a

30-year period.

LOCATION JAN FE MA AP MA JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NO DE ANNUA

B R R Y V C L
IBA, 4.1 9.3 19.8 38.1 254.7 519. 838. 897. 559. 234. 62.3 13.2 3450.7
ZAMBALE 9 1 7 5 2
S

Agrohydrologic Studies and Analyses

Required Data:

Drainage area - 7500m2

Mainstream length from outlet to highest ridge - 1100m (0.68mi)

Mainstream outlet to point nearest basin centroid - 550m (0.34mi)

Elevation difference - 230

Watershed Gradient - 20.91

Soil Type - Clay

A.1 Estimation of Runoff and Derivation of Inflow Hydrograph

Lag Time
 Ct is the coefficient with values:

1.2 for mountains drainage area

a is 0.38
0.38
0.68 × 0.34
𝑇𝐿 = (1.2) × ( )
√20.91

𝑇𝐿 = 0.39ℎ

Adjusted Lag Time

1 𝑇𝐿
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇𝐿 + (∆𝐷 − )
4 5.5

1 0.39
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝐿 = 0.39 + (0.4 − )
4 5.5

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝐿 = 0.47ℎ

Time of Concentration

𝑇𝐿
𝑇𝑐 =
0.70

0.47
𝑇𝑐 = = 0.67ℎ
0.70

Time to Peak

1
𝑇𝑝 = (0.4) + 0.47 = 0.67ℎ
2
 Peak Rate of Runoff

0.2(0.75)
𝑞𝑝 = = 0.32𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑚
0.47

Compute for rainfall depth for different durations:

Regression Coefficients Of The Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve

REGION LOCATION a b c d R
3 Iba, Zambales 51.960 0.80 0.2020 0.448 0.9951

Rainfall Depth, Duration and Rainfall Increments (25 year Return Period)
Sequence Duration, D Rainfall Rainfall Depth, P Rainfall
(h) Intensity, I (mm) Increments, ∆P
(mm/hr) (mm)
1 0.4 91.74 36.70 36.70
2 0.8 80.65 64.52 27.82
3 1.2 72.98 87.57 23.05
4 1.6 67.25 107.61 20.03
5 2 62.77 125.53 17.93
6 2.4 59.12 141.89 16.36
7 2.8 56.08 157.03 15.14
8 3.2 53.50 171.19 14.16
9 3.6 51.26 184.54 13.35
10 4 49.30 197.20 12.67
11 4.4 47.56 209.28 12.08
12 4.8 46.01 220.85 11.57
13 5.2 44.61 231.98 11.12
14 5.6 43.34 242.70 10.72
15 6 42.18 253.07 10.37
Calculation and Re-arrangement of Rainfall Increments (2/3 Position)
Sequence Rainfall Re-arranged Rainfall
Increments, ∆P (mm) Increments,
2/3 Position
1 P1 36.70 P14 10.72
2 P2 27.82 P13 11.12
3 P3 23.05 P12 11.57
4 P4 20.03 P10 12.67
5 P5 17.93 P9 13.35
6 P6 16.36 P7 15.14
7 P7 15.14 P6 16.36
8 P8 14.16 P5 17.93
9 P9 13.35 P3 23.05
10 P10 12.67 P2 27.82
11 P11 12.08 P1 36.70
12 P12 11.57 P4 20.03
13 P13 11.12 P8 14.16
14 P14 10.72 P11 12.08
15 P15 10.37 P15 10.37

Maximization Patterns for Rainfall Increments (PAES 225)

Determination of Precipitation Depth

25400
s= − 254 = 63.5
80

Ia = 0.2 × 63.5 = 12.7

Recommended Retention Rate for Hydrologic Soil Group (USBR)

Hydrologic Soil Group Retention Rate, in/h
D 0.04

Rainfall Excess Computation Using Hydrologic Abstraction

Sequence Rainfall Abstraction Retention Rainfall Excess,
Number Increments (mm) (mm) (mm) E (mm)
1 10.72 10.72 0.00 0.00
2 11.12 1.98 0.00 9.14
3 11.57 0.00 0.41 11.16
4 12.67 0.00 0.41 12.26
5 13.35 0.00 0.41 12.94
6 15.14 0.00 0.41 14.73
7 16.36 0.00 0.41 15.95
8 17.93 0.00 0.41 17.52
9 23.05 0.00 0.41 22.64
10 27.82 0.00 0.41 27.41
11 36.70 0.00 0.41 36.29
12 20.03 0.00 0.41 19.62
13 14.16 0.00 0.41 13.75
14 12.08 0.00 0.41 11.67
15 10.37 0.00 0.41 9.96
 Derivation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
Sequence Time Time Ratio Hydrograph Unit HYdrograph
Number T/Tp (q/qp) Ui Uu=Ui/K
1 0.4 0.60 0.60 0.192 0.138
2 0.8 1.19 0.93 0.298 0.213
3 1.2 1.79 0.43 0.138 0.099
4 1.6 2.39 0.183 0.059 0.042
5 2 2.99 0.076 0.024 0.017
6 2.4 3.58 0.033 0.011 0.008
7 2.8 4.18 0.015 0.005 0.003
8 3.2 4.78 0.006 0.002 0.001
9 3.6 5.37 0 0 0
10 4 5.97 0 0 0
11 4.4 6.57 0 0 0
12 4.8 7.16 0 0 0
13 5.2 7.76 0 0 0
14 5.6 8.36 0 0 0
15 6 8.96 0 0 0
K=1.396

Flood Hydrograph For The Design Flood

Sequence
Time Discharge
Number
1 0.4 0.00
2 0.8 1.26
3 1.2 3.49
4 1.6 4.97
5 2 5.88
6 2.4 6.62
7 2.8 7.39
8 3.2 8.13
9 3.6 9.41
10 4 11.41
11 4.4 14.25
12 4.8 14.58
 13 5.2 11.40
14 5.6 8.72
15 6 6.98
16 6.4 4.59
17 6.8 2.02
18 7.2 0.84
19 7.6 0.34
20 8 0.13
21 8.4 0.05
22 8.8 0.01
23 9.2 0.00
24 9.6 0.00
25 10 0.00
26 10.4 0.00
27 10.8 0.00
28 11.2 0.00
29 11.6 0.00
30 12 0.00

Flood Hydrograph
16

14

12
Discharge, Q (cms)

10

0
0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4 4.8 5.6 6.4 7.2 8 8.8 9.6 10.4 11.2 12 12.8
Time, (hr)
 A. DAM HEIGHT
1. Creek Bed Elevation, m 96
2. 25 - year Sediment Volume, m3 17,150
3. Minimum Storage Elevation, m 104
4. Maximum Active Storage Elevation, m 107
5. Peak Flood Inflow, cms. 14
6. Peak OutFlow, cms. 10
7. Maximum Surcharge Elevation, m 107
8. Wave Run-up, m 1
Fetch Length, km. 0.3
Wind Velocity, kph 30
9. Preliminary Dam Crest Elevation, m 108
10. Preliminary Dam Height, m. 12
11. Embakment Settlement (5 % of 10) 0.6
12. Final Dam Crest Elevation, m 109
13. Final Dam Height, m 13

B. DAM CREST WIDTH

1. Minimum Width for Maintenance, Wo, m. 4
2. W1, m. 6
3. W2, m. 5.7
4. Final Width, W, m. 6

C. SPILLWAY HYDRAULICS
1. Tail Water Elevation (Use Natural Ground Elevation at End of Basin), m. 96
2. Head, m. 10.5
3. Spillway Width, b, m. 6
4. Jump Height, d2, m 1.2
5. Depth Before jump, d1, m. 0.3
6. Froude Number, F 3.27
7. Length of Basin, L, m. 6
8. Other Basin Dimension
Chute Blocks
Height, d1, m. 0.3
Width, w1, m. 0.3
Spacing, s1, m. 0.75
No. of Blocks 6
Baffle Blocks
Height, h3, m. 0
Width, w3, m. 0
Spacing, s3, m. 0
End Sill
 Height, h4, m 0.4
Distance Between Baffle Blocks and
Chute Blocks 1
9. Channel Freeboard, fc, m. 0.6
10. Basin Freeboard, fb, m. 0.6

D. OUTLET WORKS
1. Demand from Reservoir Operation Studies, m^3/Decade 19,836
2. Designed Q, m^3/sec. 0.023
3. Elevation at the Outlet 104
4. WS Elevation from ROS, m. 105
5. Available Head, H, m. 1
6. Final Pipe Diameter, d, m. 0.2

E. IMPACT TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATOR

1. Hydraulic Head, H, m. 2.5
2. Pipe Diameter, dt, m. 0.2
3. Equivalent Opening, ds, m. 0.18
4. Velocity, Vs, mps. 7
5. Froude Number, F 5.31
6. Basin Width, W, m. 1.3

F. SEEPAGE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TOE DRAIN

1. Trial Height of Toe Drain, ht, m. 2
2. Dam Crest Length, Ldam, m. 191
3. Upstream Slope(Horizontal Component) 2.75
4. Downstream Slope(Horizontal Component) 2.5
5. Seepage Length, Lw/o drain, m. 49
6. Seepage Length, Lw/ drain, m. 43
7. Yo 1.11
8. Seepage through embankment, Qe, cms. 0.00017
9. For Safety, Qdrain must be = 5*Qe 0.00085
10. Computed Length of drain, Ldrain, m. 40.8
11. Actual Length of Drain, m.(From Site Development Plan) 48
12. Yo(with drain) 1.26
13. Seepage through embankment with drain, Q ew/drain, cms. 0.000193
15. Seepage through the Drain, Qdrain, cms. 0.00064
16. Q drain/Q embankment 3.32

G. DESIGN OF UPSTREAM SLOPE PROTECTION

1. Diameter of Boulders, dm, m. 16
2. Average Boulder Diameter, dav, m. 0.2
3. Average Weight of Boulder, Wav. lbs. 24
Note: 40 % of Riprap(Hand-laid) layers should consist of smaller sizes than the 24 -lb
boulders.

H. DESIGN OF MAIN CANAL

1. Design Flow, Q, cms. 0.023
2. Roughness Coefficient, n 0.015
3. Bottom width, b, m. 0.3
4. Side Slope, m 0
5. Canal Bed Gradient, s 0.002
Lateral B concrete canal
1. Design Flow, Q, cms. 0.089
2. Roughness Coefficient, n 0.018
3. Bottom width, b, m. 0.4
4. Side Slope, m 0
5. Canal Bed Gradient, s 0.3
Farm Canal Right earth
1. Design Flow, Q, cms. 0.089
2. Roughness Coefficient, n 0.03
3. Bottom width, b, m. 0.3
4. Side Slope, m 1
5. Canal Bed Gradient, s 0.008
Lateral A concrete canal
1. Design Flow, Q, cms. 0.292
2. Roughness Coefficient, n 0.018
3. Bottom width, b, m. 0.7
4. Side Slope, m 0
5. Canal Bed Gradient, s 0.003
DESIGN OF SPILLWAY
DESIGN OF TOE DRAIN
Design of Core Trench
Design of Anti-seep Collar
 CONCLUSION

In this laboratory exercise, we were able to design a Small Water Impounding

Project (SWIP) at our chosen location, which is the Iba, Zambales. In designing the
SWIP, we have considered the different standards in the Philippine Agricultural
Engineering Standard 225:2017. Through this laboratory exercise, we learned that SWIP
is a structure built across a narrow depression or valley to hold back water and create a
reservoir to store rainfall and run-off during the rainy season for immediate or future use.
Water management in the agriculture sector should be examined in the general
framework of sustainable development goal that addresses environmental challenges (e.g.
climate change), attainment of economic targets, and provision of social needs. Within
the context of a sustainable development, SWIP plays a critical role in ensuring
sustainable agriculture development which “maintains an acceptable and increasing level
of productivity while protecting and enhancing the quality of land and water resources to
meet future needs”.
 REFERENCES
JICA Philippines (March 2001). Small Water Impounding Management Project. Retrieved from
https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2001/pdf/e_project_53
_all.pdf

PNS/BAFS/PAES 225:2017. Rainwater and Runoff Management – Small Water Impounding

System. AMTEC. Retrieved from https://amtec.ceat.uplb.edu.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2020/06/PNS-BAFS-PAES-225_2017-Rainwater-and-Runoff-
Management-Small-Water-Impounding-System.pdf

Salgero S.M. (February 1995). Evaluation of Small Irrigation Projects in the Philippines.
Retrieved from https://mro.masse
https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/12719/01_front.pdf
y.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/12719/01_front.pdf