Pakistan’s First Monthly E-Magazine for Civil Services Aspirants CSS TIMES September 2021 INTERNATIONAL EQUAL PAY DAY 18 SEPTEMBER 2021 Pakistan has Highest Gender Wage Gap in World Women in Pakistan earn 34% less than men on average. PDF Ss DOWNLOAD + ‘wwwhsmpublishers.com(OV Oyen (B) ENIAC (8) ABC (olen (QZ (0) All of the above (D) None of above rent ey Eero} Dreher teeta Cried (B) Hard Disk (olen (Onarisee cs ‘Answer: (b) 3 = a rs Sy 5 KNOWLEDGE ON Is (8) MARKT. 1 Oz lOvCrs Aaet) a (8) Address bus Laer (0) All of the above ‘Answer: (b) www.hsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS wiw.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM Tine: UN International Day ts September 18 International Equal Pay Day i’ “Equal pay means that have the right to recei remuneration for work of equal value. While the concept i straightforward, what equal pay and how it's applied International Equal Pay Day is being celebrated for the first time ever on 18 September, 2020. ‘On November 15, 2019, the UN General Assembly adopted Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | resolution proclaiming September 18 as International Equal Pay Day. The resolution was introduced by the Equal Pay International Coalition (EPIC), with the support of Canada, Australia, Germany, Panama, New Zealand, South Africa and Switzerland. EPIC is led by the International Labour Organization, UN Women and partners. Its goal is to achieve equal pay for women. International Equal Pay Day represents the longstanding efforts towards the For Free Download: woww.hsmpubishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM CSS Times _Sep 2021 achievement of equal pay for work of equal value. According to United Nations (UN), Across all regions, women are paid less than men, with the gender pay gap estimated at 23 per cent globally Pakistan has Highest Gender Wage Gap in World According to the ‘Global Gender Gap Report 2021' published by the World Economic Forum (WEP), Pakistan ranked 153rd out of 156 countries on the gender parity index. Pakistan ranked seventh among eight countries in South Asia, only better than Afghanistan, There is a broad consensus that no country can progress without the full participation of women in public life. Most of the positive attributes associated with development — rising productivity, growing personal freedom and mobility, and innovation — require increasing participation of excluded groups. Pakistan stands near the bottom of women's participation in the workforce. This lack of Participation is at the root of many of the demographic and economic constraints that Pakistan faces. tis in that context that the World Bank, in its Pakistan@100 initiative, has identified inclusive growth as one of the key factors to the country's successful transition to an upper-middle income country by 2047. Pakistan's inclusive growth targets require Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | UN International Day 04 women's participation in the workforce to rise from current 26 per cent to 45pc. Women's participation rate has almost doubled in 22 years (1992-2014) but the increase isn't happening fast enough and with the majority of our population in the youth category, we need to rapidly take measures to address gaps in women’s work status to achieve our goal. Focus should be on the following Briorty areas: Increase access to education, reproductive health services: Half of Pakistani women have not attended school. Presently only 10pc of women have post-secondary education whereas their chances of working for pay increase three-fold with post-secondary education compared to women with primary education. More educated women are also more likely to get better quality jobs. Pakistan also couldn't meet Millennium Development Goals (MGDs) target of reducing maternal mortality ratio to 150. The government must implement anti-early age marriage laws and invest in transforming behaviours of parents and society on such practices. This will allow girls to have more years of education and have better reproductive health outcomes. Fertility decline related behavioural change efforts are also critical in addition to improved service delivery to enable women to have healthier lives and find better economic opportunities. Unpaid care work and informal economy. Women are 10 times more involved in household chores, child and elderly care than ‘men in Pakistan. This leads to women being more time poor and having less time to spend in gaining skills and getting jobs. For Free Download: wwww.hsmpubiishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS wiw.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM Tine UN International Day _ ts Social norms also do not support women's involvement in economic activity outside their homes and this forces them to either fall back in the informal sector (women are heavily concentrated in it) and rely upon unskilled or low skilled jobs (mostly home-based) or to simply not participate in the wider economy. Adoption and effective implementation of home-based and domestic workers laws can address informal economy issues of extremely low wages and lack of access to social security The burden of unpaid care work with high fertility rate is in many ways at the root of all of these problems because more children result in more unpaid care work and it also means that women will be in poorer health conditions, especially in lower and middle income levels, rendering them unable to acquite the skills needed for gainful employment opportunities. While recognising ‘women's overwhelming engagement in Unpaid care work, private and public sectors must contribute to reducing the burden by, for example, investing in day care centres and adequate maternity and patemity leaves. As part of a wider behavioural transformation process, men in the family need to start sharing unpaid care work with women, Safer public spaces: Less than half of women surveyed in a 2013 study reported that they feel safe while walking around in their neighbourhoods and such women are also more likely to work than women who do not feel safe. Effective implementation of laws on sexual harassment and violence against ‘women will encourage more women to engage in economic activity outside their homes, Regular massive awareness-raising campaigns are needed to change social norms that perpetuate gender-based violence both at homes and outside. The government and other partners must work towards making harassment-free transport options available for women to access jobs. Availability of gender friendly services at underrepresentation in almost all areas of economic activity. A recent study highlights that Pakistan has the highest gender wage gap in the world that gets more pronounced by women's minimal representation in STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) fields because apparently women in some of these fields experience relatively less wage disparity (10pc) compared to other sectors. Women with the requisite educational qualifications also find that the prospective employers don't have the ability or will to address the needs of their women employees. This partly explains the phenomenon of highly educated women — for instance doctors — opting out of the careers they are qualified for. Their degrees or their Qualifications are often seen as an asset in terms of improving their marriage prospects rather than contributing to the society at large. Private and public sectors must provide basic facilities such as separate washrooms, effective anti-sexual harassment mechanisms and residential facilities for women’s increased participation. Enabling environment for women-owned businesses: Globally women-owned businesses are found to hire more women Pakistan has Ipc of women entrepreneurs because they experience several challenges, including limited access to finance and markets. Punjab has adopted inheritance laws reforms to improve women's access to their inherited agricultural land and urban property that can also improve their access to finance Pakistan needs its women to enter the workforce and thrive in public and economic life. Investment in human capital, gender sensitive policies and transforming social norms can change the status of women's economic participation and put the country in the direction of growth and prosperity. Without increasing women's participation, Pakistan cannot meet its development targets or reasonably expect to become a ‘workplaces: Formal sector has massive competitive state and society in the 21st disparities in terms of women's century. Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: woww.hsmpubiishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS wivw.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM CSS Times Sep 2021 UN Women, NCSW (National Commission on the Status of Women) Report Findings ‘The report found that nearly half of all young women (between 15-24 years of age) in the country (around 48%) are not getting education, jobs or training. By comparison, this ratio was just 7% for men On decision-making, just 24% of young women made decisions about their education and jobs. Only 6% of women who have an account work in agriculture while 9% are in non-agriculture sectors. Further, 32% are paid ‘workers, and 52% of young women are Unpaid family workers. ‘Around 80% of women work without contracts, while 75% of young paid female workers earn less than minimum wage, with median wages at Rs7,000 for young women. The wage gap between men and women is 80%, one of the highest, for skilled agriculture workers, 65% in the manufacturing industry, and 17% for those with higher education. Further, 68% of young women two in three have ‘vulnerable jobs. UN International Da 06 When it comes to marriage, only 1% of women decide alone, while only 16% are consulted by their family. Being married is not empowering with 49% of married, but employed women, reporting control over their earnings, while only 9% have a say in how earnings of a spouse are used. Has COVID-19 Exacerbated Gender Inequalities in Pakistan? Women in the developing world face an array of vulnerabilities and are at a relative disadvantage when compared to men. In Pakistan for example, they are less likely to receive vital information on health safety, have lower levels of education, and are less likely to own @ mobile phone or have internet access. In the context of a pandemic like COVID-19, these disparities only exacerbate with a larger proportion of women being pushed into extreme poverty than men. This is due to a higher probability of employment Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: ww hsmpubiishers comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM Tine: UN International Day_ t in the informal sector and lower wages, which are negatively affected in a health-care emergency. Moreover, women often have a higher share of domestic responsibilities, which have only increased during the pandemic. Policy needs to tackle this depravation and should be formulated in a way that stems information asymmetries and ensures the provision of essential services so that women are looked after both financially and otherwise. Multidimensional gender disparities have worsened globally during the COVID-19 pandemic, These are further amplified in regions of high fragility, conflict and poverty Women face a disproportionate impact of such external shocks as they are more exposed to health risks and loss of income. With social confinement measures in place, women also take on a larger share of unpaid care work and become more likely to face gender-based violence. Even when resources and institutional capacity is limited, an effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic needs to focus on safeguarding and representing everyones interests equitably ‘hile ensuring that women remain at the centre of such efforts This pandemic has exposed and exacerbated deep-rooted gender inequalities within Pakistan, just as in many other countries. Pakistan already ranks low on the global gender parity index (151 out of 153 Countries), performing poorly across most parameters of gender equality. COVID-19 poses a significant risk to any development gains (even marginal) that women have made women have remained at the forefront of all efforts to fight the pandemic. More than three-fourths of all employees in the country’s health sector are women, while the role they perform as caregivers within households has become of immense importance due to the current arrangement of work-from-home and home-school children, Are Men More Prone To Contra Virus? In Pakistan, it appears that more men than women have been affected by COVID-19 as more than 70% of all positive cases were reported amongst men. This is contrary to WHO figures that show a relatively even distribution of the case load across both genders. In Pakistan, higher infection amongst men could possibly be due to their more active engagement in the public space as labour force participation rate for men is much higher at 68% compared to 21% for women, far lower than countries with similar income levels, Despite a steady increase in the past decade and a half from a low of 13.7% in 2000, these rates remain the lowest in the world, second only to Afghanistan's. However, itis important to note that comparatively lower level of positive cases amongst women may be a result of lower rates of testing for women rather than a lower rate of infection due to reduced mobility, Regardless, the risk of spreading the disease in-doors still remains high while intra- household dynamics may be preventing women from making independent decisions regarding their health, including accessing healthcare. Moreover, women in Pakistan are less likely to receive information about COVID-19 for reasons such as limited access to the internet, limited cell phone ownership, and relatively lower levels of education, Women in Pakistan are 37% less likely than men to own a mobile phone or have internet access. Limited access to such necessary information puts not only women, but also their families at higher risk of contagion. In addition, it also limits their 19 The in the past decade, Despite this, Pakistan access to essential services such as helplines Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: woww.hsmpubshers.comBAPE oBective Gender Studies Gender Studies MCQ | Solved MCQs iS is | (with Explanation) : Seinen tobudina >| Solved MCQs CSS Past Papers 2016-2020 Queer theory finds its roots in OCU Rxcetctclny (c) Functionalism. (d) Interpretivism ate (Cag = Ss SH ON aot sryy.atite SUE RYT GYL) fi hsmpublishers © /hsmpublishers > hsmpublishersUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM Tines UN International Day_ ts or online platforms in case of health or financial crisis, or incidence of violence. Economic Vulnerability In addition to a substantial rise in overall poverty due to the pandemic, more women than men are likely to be pushed into extreme poverty as they are often less prepared than men to bear the economic impact of such shocks. They typically earn less than men, reporting wages lower by at least 67% compared to men. Women are also more inclined to work in the informal sector with less secure jobs compared to the formal sector. They form 74% of the informal economy, although only 3% of the employed women work in the informal sector while more than half work as contributing family ‘workers. With reduced economic activity due to COVID-19, women remain more vulnerable to layoffs and loss of livelihoods. Girls education is also suffering. When schools reopened in September 2020, approximately 13 million children remained unenrolled, of which 60% have been girls. Women are essential to the subcontracting system, especially for small enterprises operating out of home-based or informal workshops. Of the 12 million home-based workers in Pakistan, 80% are estimated to be women. Many women employed by small or medium businesses and/or working as domestic workers have faced pay cuts or layoffs due to a slowdown in economic activity and inability of employers to continue paying wages in the face of COVID-19, Pakistan's women-owned microenterprises, often smaller than men-owned, have been 8% more likely to lose their entire revenue due to the on-going pandemic. Teaching is a common profession for many working women in Pakistan. Due to indefinite school closures, staff and teachers of many private schools have received substantial cuts in their salaries or faced layoffs as owners try to stay afloat. Getting to work remains a ‘major challenge for most Pakistani women, As smart, localised and intermittent lockdowns continue, hindered mobility and increased absenteeism may also result in loss of employment for many women who lack access to independent means of transportation. Domestic Violence The onslaught of the pandemic has also brought with it increased burden of domestic violence; a direct association has been observed between number of cases of domestic violence and COVID-19. Government statistics show a 25% increase in incidents of domestic violence during the lockdown just across eastern Punjab alone. Between January and December 2020, the country reported 2,297 cases of violence against women based on data collected from 25 districts (according to a recent report by the Aurat Foundation). At the peak of the pandemic in July, cases of violence against women were highest and rose again with the resurgence of COVID-19 in September last year Unpaid Care Work In Pakistan, not only do women earn less than men (when their work does not go unrecognised and unremunerated), but they are also more time-poor. Accounting for both unpaid care and paid work, women work thrice as many hours as men on average globally, and up to 10 times more in Pakistan. There is excessive drudgery and time burden of unpaid care for women. During the lockdown, this disproportionate burden of household work increased even further. AS families stayed home all day, basic domestic responsibilities ~ such as cooking and cleaning — increased as did the burden of home-schooling. An unequal responsibility for unpaid care work continues to constrain women's mobility and time, impeding their access to education, healthcare, skills development, technology and financial services. Cura in Shh hw benators Goth Cat 16) Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: woww.hsmpubiishers.comHSM Optional Subjects MCQs Series Agriculture&Forestry MCQs For CSS/PCS/PMS/NTS/NAT/GAT (Subject)/Lecturer Agriculture Officer/Forest Officer And All Other Competitive Exams NE atUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM CSS Times [nternational Relations t Afghanistan Crisis ‘The Taliban's Emirate has been re- established. What will happen going forward, not just for Afghanistan, but also the region and beyond? After the Biden administration announced its intention to withdraw all forces from Afghanistan while continuing to assist Ashraf Ghani's government, there was a veritable hailstorm of articles in the US, Europe and South Asia, with Japan and Southeast Asia contributing their mite, questioning the withdrawal. However, they conceded for the most part that this was necessary to implement the agreement the Trump administration had reached with the Afghan Taliban in February 2020. There was criticism of the fact that the Afghan government had not been consulted and yet was required, as part of the US-Taliban agreement, to release 5,000 Taliban prisoners. Many reports asserted that those released included not only the Taliban but also adherents of Al Qaeda and, most significantly, of the Islamic State group’s Khorasan chapter. What is the crisis about? In rapid takeover, Taliban regained control over country, prompting fall of govt and ending 20-year US. occupation In mid-August 2021, Taliban militants swept into Kabul, completing their takeover of Afghanistan and marking a new phase in what has been the world's most lethal conflict in recent years. Surprising everyone, the Taliban won a stunning military and political victory. The United States (US)-supported Afghan government led by President Ashraf Ghani could not stand up to the Taliban assaults and ultimately surrendered. History: The Afghanistan conflict was a series of wars fought in Afghanistan from 1978 through 2021. The conflict Includes: The Saur Revolution of 1978: It happened when the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) overthrew the government of the Republic of Afghanistan, which was headed by president Muhammed Daoud Khan, It then established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, a Communist state which allied itself with the Soviet Union Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: wwww.hsmpubiishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Monthly _HSM CSS Times |nternational Relations: 1 The Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989): The Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) started when the Soviet Army intervened in the country in order to support the ruling PDPA following large-scale rebellions against the government. Soviet troops along with the allied Afghan Army fought against rebel factions which were mostly collectively known as the “Afghan mujahideen’. Afghan Mujahideen were backed by countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, China, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Iran, Egypt and West Germany. The war ended with the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989; The Afghan Civil War (1989-1992): The Afghan Civil War was the continuing war between the government and the mujahideen, but without the involvement of Soviet troops. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union continued to financially support the Afghan government in its fight, and likewise, mujahideen factions continued to receive support from the United States and Pakistan. The Democratic Republic of ‘Afghanistan survived until the fall of Kabul in 1992, after which the mujahideen established the Islamic State of Afghanistan. The Afghan Civil War (1992-1996): Another Civil War began when various mujahideen groups withdrew support from and began fighting against the Islamic State, including Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, later largely replaced by the Taliban and al-Qaeda (all of whom were supported by Pakistan), Hezb-i Wahdat (who were supported by Iran), and Junbish-i Mili (who were supported by Uzbekistan), Mujahideen loyal to the Islamic State were supported by Saudi Arabia. This phase of the war ended when the Taliban captured Kabul and established the partially recognised Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan; ‘The Afghan Civil War (1996-2001): The Afghan Civil War (1996-2001) was the continuation of the previous phase of the war, between militias loyal to the rival Islamic State and Islamic Emirate. Islamic State loyalists reorganised into the Northern Alliance, including Hezb-i Wahdat and Junbish-i Milli, who previously opposed the Islamic State. During the civil war, Al-Qaeda began committing terrorist attacks against the United States, culminating in the September 11 attacks, after which the Islamic Emirate lost almost all international support and diplomatic recognition US Backed - War in Afghanistan (2001-2021): The War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) began with the NATO invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October 2001, seeking to remove the Taliban from power as they were hosting al-Qaeda militants, After the invasion overthrew the Taliban and established the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the war turned into a protracted insurgency, with Afghan National Army and NATO troops fighting the re-organised Taliban and sporadically other groups such as al-Qaeda, Haqqani network, Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin and ISIS-K After the withdrawal of NATO forces and the 2021 Taliban offensive, the Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: wwww.hsmpubiishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM CSS janes _Sep2021 Islamic Republic fell to the Taliban and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was re- established. The Panjshir conflict: The Panjshir conflict occurred in 2021 when the remaining forces loyal to the Islamic Republic reorganised into the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan in the Panjshir Valley. Despite having international recognition as the legitimate government of Afghanistan, the National Resistance Front received no foreign support. Attempts at a ceasefire were made as final victory by Taliban forces occurred with Lela alm doll Itis a valley in north-central Afghanistan, near the Hindu Kush mountain range Itis divided by the Panjshir River. The valley is home to Afghanistan's largest concentration of ethnic Ta if leant The valley is also known for its emeralds, which were used in the past to finance the resistance movements against those in power Panjshir means “Five lions”. There is a legend that in 10th century 5 brothers built 2 dem for king Mahmood Ghazni in the valley to prevent floods from damaging people's homes. Hence it was named valley of 5 lions (after those 5 brothers). _International Relations. 3 their capture of the valley on 6 September 2021. Impact of the crisis on Global Politics: After the withdrawal of US forces under the Doha Agreement, Pakistan's Afghan policy regained its prime. Probable Shift in Global Power Balance: The long term consequence may be that the Afghan War symbolizes a global shift away from US power. The US became a global hegemon in the wake of the Second World War and Cold War and that has led to the construction of an American world order based around US allies and partners from South Korea to Israel, from NATO to US bases that used to be in place like Afghanistan. AAs the US withdraws, there are calls for more American withdrawals, such as from Iraq and Syria. The consequences are not just the immediate power vacuum or empowering US adversaries, and not just a blow to US reputation US-China Competition: With the US decision to withdraw from Afghanistan, the US now will have better options and greater resources in dealing with China On the other hand, the absence of the US in Central Asia provides an opportunity for China in that region. Rising Global Influence of Qatar: Afghan crisis raises Qatari influence on global stage Political leaders have flocked to Doha and some countries have moved their Kabul embassies to Qatar, all praising their host for its key role in the airlift out of the Afghan capital Tiny Qatar has seized the moment, cementing its outsized global influence and reputation as a neutral mediator after winning the trust of all sides in Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: woww.hsmpubiishers.comJust Released C S S Compulsory Subjects sowven MICQs Aap ls, (with Explanatory Notes) SG For Online Booking © +92 324 8455780 ee oy Eon tema meet cuitUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Monthly EMS Tes International Relations 5 Afghanistan's forever war. Doha’s long-standing hotline to the Taliban ultimately helped Qatar burst onto the world stage as the lynchpin of efforts to evacuate desperate Afghans and foreigners - and now the push to reopen Kabul airport. HR a Engagement with Taliban and Conciliation Many external actors, such as China and Russia, have been conciliatory toward the Taliban, even hinting at formal recognition Humanitarian Crisis and Migration US surrender to the Taliban will have deleterious effects far beyond Afghanistan. Another migration crisis in Europe could be among the most consequential Migrants and refugees from Syria, Iraq and Libya will be joined by people from Afghanistan The coming influx of tens of thousands of unvetted Afghan migrants will undoubtedly result in a much more grave humanitarian crisis as well as national security threat Impact of the crisis on the Region ‘A major humanitarian crisis is looming in Afghanistan with many aid agencies having pulled out after the recent takeover of Kabul by Taliban. An economic turmoil is also inevitable due to the suspension of aid by major donors and halting of payments by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. This, if it happens, can exacerbate the feared humanitarian crisis. Although some countries have come up with commitments of humanitarian assistance for Afghanistan, they have made it clear that the same would be channelled through humanitarian agencies working in the war-ravaged country, Therefore, for the humanitarian lifeline to be operational, itis important for the Taliban to provide safe and secure environment for the aid agencies to work. Pakistan has earlier helped the World Health Organisation (WHO) deliver its shipment in Afghanistan. A similar arrangement with World Food Programme is also being worked out The Taliban takeover of Afghanistan created thousands of fearful Afghan refugees desperate to leave the country. However, humanitarian efforts from neighboring countries, particularly in Central Asia, have been lackluster. Uncertainties / Regional Instabili The situation in Central Asia has fundamentally changed since a hotspot of instability developed. Much will be determined by the Taliban's policies, which is now difficult to anticipate, Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2021 | For Free Download: woww.hsmpubishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM CSS Times [nternational Relations ‘16 Afghan talks fail to halt civilian casualties The conflict in Afghanistan has killed and injured nearly 6,000 civilians in the first nine months of 2020 according to the United Nations, as high levels of violence continue despite peace negotiations CIVILIAN CASUALTIES BY PARTY TO CONFLICT (%), Jan 1-Sep 30, 2020 Taliban International military forces Afghan Total number national of civilian security casualties forces Undetermined oo _ So-called Islamic State “ CIVILIAN CASUALTY NUMBERS, Jan 1-Sep 30, 2012-2020 killed © Injured "g034 8487 8.539 go94 9.249 8,470 6,963 2012 2013 2014 «2015-2016 «2017-2018 +=—2019 +2020 Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: woww.hsmpubiishers.comHSM Armed Forces Books To get book at your doorstep or Whatsapp at : 0308-4544244 fia an aad COMO TTS TOMS Sn @ hsmpublishers.comMonthly UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com _HSM CSS Times |nternational Relations: 18 Shared Destiny-2021 UN Peacekeeping Field Training Exercise ecules Tecan eer eee ee Pier ear RS is CTR Ee yard b) China Cenc) Onn Siem o ea) ‘The UN peacekeeping field training exercise, Shared Destiny-2021, kicked off at the Queshan County in Central China's Henan Province on September 6. Participating troops from the militaries of China, Mongolia, Pakistan and Thailand started training right after the ‘opening ceremony of the exercise. It is learnt that the training exercise will be organized in three stages, namely, independent training for troops of different specialties, joint training involving all the participating troops from the four countries in mixed training groups, and the training demonstration and observation ‘The Shared Destiny-2021 UN peacekeeping field training exercise will conclude on September 15. Itis the first multilateral UN peacekeeping field training exercise organized by the Chinese military, and also the first joint exercise to test the achievements made in the construction of its peacekeeping standby forces. Under the theme of "Joint Operation of oe Multinational Peacekeeping Forces", the exercise aims to respond to the UN's “Action for Peacekeeping” initiative, serves to build a community with a shared future for mankind, and to promote practical cooperation among troop-contributing countries to make concerted efforts in enhancing the peacekeeping standby forces’ capability of carrying out tasks. Based on the UN Standard Operating Procedures, rules of engagement and actual combat standards, the exercise set up a joint command composed of commanding officers from participating countries. The main Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: wwww.hsmpubiishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS wivw.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM CSS Times Sep 2021 training items include battlefield reconnaissance, vigilance and patrol, armed escort, protection of civilians, response to violent and terrorist attacks, establishment of temporary operating bases, battlefield rescue and epidemic control, which basically covered the main operations of current UN peacekeeping missions, Relevant leaders from the Central Military Commission departments, the PLA Army and the PLA Central Theater Command attended the opening ceremony of the exercise. Related Facts From September 6 to 15, 2021; peacekeeping exercise called Shared Destiny-2021 will be organised in China, Militaries of China, Mongolia, Thailand and Pakistan are set to take part in this multinational exercise. International Relations 19 Exercise Shared Destiny-2021 will be conducted at the combined-arms tactical training base in central Henan province of China The People's Liberation Army of China will lead this exercise with its four friendly countries. This is the first multinational peacekeeping live exercise, involving four nations. All the participating countries will dispatch about 1,000 troops to be the part of drills 1000 troops will involve units of infantry, security, fast response, engineering, helicopter, transportation and medical service. Exercise will be held in close-to-real battlefield environment that will be set in accordance with international, professional and realistic combat standards. Korea may have restarted N-reacto ‘The UN atomic agency has observed that North Korea might have resumed its plutonium-producing reprocessing reactor This observation is based on the resumption of work on the 5-megawatt reactor in Yongbyon — North Korea's main nuclear complex North Korean leader had offered to dismantle part of the Yongbyon complex at a second summit with then US. President Donald Trump in exchange of removal of sanctions; however, the talks have been at a standstill since then North Korea is under multiple sets of international sanctions over its nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programmes The possible operation of the reactor follows a recent indication that Pyongyang is also using a nearby radiochemical laboratory to separate plutonium from spent fuel previously removed from the reactor. This situation underscores the need for resumption of dialogue between the stakeholders involved to ensure that the secutity situation in the Korean peninsula does not become worse Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: woww.hsmpubishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM = lanes _Sep2021, _World Report _ 20 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific: 2021 Den Pea ren 52nd edition of "Key Indicators for Asia & the Le teuryaird following statement is correct ? Rela acon pod erry 2021 ‘Asian Development Bank (ADB) released a report titled as the Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2021. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has pushed an estimated 75 mmllion to 80 million more people in developing Asia into extreme poverty as of last year compared with what would have happened without COVID- 19, The ‘Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2021 says the pandemic is threatening Asia and the Pacific's progress toward critical targets under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Assuming that the pandemic has increased inequality, the relative rise in extreme poverty -- defined as living on less than 1.90 dollars a day -- may be even greater. Progress has also stalled in areas such as hunger, health and education where earlier achievements across the region had been significant, albeit uneven Key indicators presents comprehensive economic, financial, social and environmental statistics for ADB's 49 regional members. According to the report, about 203 million people or 5.2 per cent of developing Asia's population lived in extreme poverty as. of 2017. Without COVID-19, that number would have declined to an estimated 2.6 percent in 2020. Key Points Poverty: The pandemic pushed 75-80 million people in the developing Asia-Pacific into extreme poverty in 2020. About 203 million people — 5.2% of developing Asia's population — lived in extreme poverty as of 2017. Without Covid-19, that number would have declined to an estimated 2.6% in 2020. Contribution to Global GDP: Asia and the Pacific's economy has grown at a robust pace in recent years and contributed as much as 35% to global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in current US dollars in 2019, But Covid-19 took a toll just when weaker domestic investment and slowing global trade and economic activity started to challenge this momentum. Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: ww hsmpubiishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM CSS Times _Sep 2021 Household Income: A significant number of households engaged in business were severely affected by the pandemic. Among households engaged in agriculture or relying on wages and salary, more than half reported an increase in income, no change or a decrease of less than 26%. Unemployment As unemployment rates increased by at least 20% in 2020 due to the pandemic across the globe, the Asia-Pacific region lost an estimated 8% of working hours. ‘As businesses were disrupted, many workers lost their jobs, leading to higher unemployment and underemployment rates. CORRE nen send ‘About: It is a regional development bank established in 1966. It has 68 members. India is a founding member. 49 are from within Asia and the Pacific and 19 outside, AAs of 31st December 2019, ADB's five largest shareholders are Japan and the United States (each with 15.6% of total shares), the People's Republic of China (6.4%), India (6.3%), and Australia (5.8%). Aim: To promote social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific. Headquarters: Manila, Philippines Labour Force Participatio From 2019 to 2020, labour force Participation rates among women, on average, declined by 1.4%, while labour force participation rates among men declined by 0.8%. 71% of Asia-Pacific’s workforce is now in _World Report i} non-agricultural employment. From 2000- 2019, the region's non-agricultural employment rate grew to 71% from 52%, one of the fastest growth rates worldwide. PAK ‘Across developing Asia, the number of people living in extreme poverty fell from 12 billion in 1999 to 203 million in 2017. The prevalence of undemourishment decreased from more than 521 million people in 2001 to 316 million in 2019. ‘Among reporting economies, completion rates for primary education have increased by 8 to 11 percentage points, on average, since 2000. The region's impressive economic growth has contributed to these gains. In 2019, Asia and the Pacific accounted for 35% of global gross domestic product {in current U.S. dollars)—exceeding the share of Europe and North America. While progress before the pandemic varied across developing member economies, the pandemic has further widened these differences. In more than one-third of reporting economies, unemployment rates increased by at least 20% in 2020, relative to estimates recorded a year earlier, and this contributed to Asia and the Pacific losing about 8% of working hours. By the end of the year, three in every four reporting economies posted declines in Gop The pandemic has pushed about 75 million to 80 million people into extreme poverty, compared with a scenario without COVID-19. Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: wwww.hsmpubishers.comA HSM European History has been has been divided into 13 chapters ee namely, French Revolution of 1789, Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, and Congress of Vienna Industrial Revolution, Unification of Italy and Germany, Imperialism and Colonialism, Russian Revolution, World War I, World War II, Liberation from ‘Colonial Rule, Post War Foundations: NATO and European Community and Fall of the Soviet Union;; expansion and development of the European Union to Europe from 1991 to 2020. As the book has been designed strictly on the lines of latest FPSC Syllabus for CSS Exam and keeping in mind the changing nature of the civil services examinations, this book will serve as ‘an impeccable tool in gettin thorou knowledge of the European History. Written in an accessible and student-friendly style, this Roatan ee A oe eee Peer Retr i Skee CMe a SOLVED Question papers. ata CASH For Online Booking DELIVERY, Oe RY) i) (|UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS wiw.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM CSS Times Sep 2021 Sustainable Development: The pandemic is threatening Asia-Pacific's progress toward critical targets under the United Nations-mandated Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Children Related Data: The prevalence of undernourishment decreased from more than 521 million people in 2001 to 316 million in 2019. Almost all learners in the region were affected by closure of schools during the Covid-19 pandemic. Despite efforts to continue school activities through remote learning, poorer students suffered greater disruption to their education during the pandemic. Asia and the Pacific's economy has grown at a robust pace in recent years and contributed as much as 35 per cent to global gross domestic product (GDP) in Monthly HSM GSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2021 | World Report current US dollars in 2019. But COVID-19 took a toll just when weaker domestic investment and slowing global trade and economic activity were starting to challenge this momentum. ‘Among reporting economies in Asia and the Pacific, only about one in four posted GDP growth last year. The region lost about 8 per cent of work hours due to mobility restrictions, deeply affecting poorer households and workers in the informal economy. The key indicators report includes a special supplement introducing a practical framework for measuring the digital economy and its growing role in modern life, which has been particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cos emu aoe can spend on online returs Chinese regulators slashed the amount of time players under the age of 18 can spend on online games to an hour of game-play on Fridays, weekends and holidays, in response to growing concern cover gaming addiction Online gaming companies will be barred from providing gaming services to them in any form outside those hours and need to ensure they have put real name For Free Download: wwww.hsmpubishers.comMonthly HSM CSS Times _Sep 2021 UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS wiw.hsmpublishers.com World Report 4 The Children's Climate Risk Index UNICEF The climate crisis is a child rights crisis presents the Children's Climate Risk Index (CCR), which uses data to generate new global evidence on how many children are currently exposed to climate and environmental hazards, shocks and stresses. A composite index, the CCRI brings together geographical data by analyzing 1) exposure to climate and environmental hazards, shocks and stresses; and 2) child vulnerability ‘The CCRI helps to understand and measure the likelihood of climate and environmental shocks or stresses leading to the erosion of development progress, the deepening of deprivation and/or humanitarian situations affecting children or vulnerable households and groups. Count Maximum Vulnerability: Young people living in the Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau are the most at risk of the impacts of climate change. These children face a deadly combination of exposure to multiple climate and environmental shocks with a high vulnerability due to inadequate essential services, such as water and sanitation, healthcare and education. Impact of Climate and Environmental Hazards: Nearly every child around the world is at risk from at least one of the climate ‘The Children's Climate Risk Index’ introduced by UNICEF on August, 2021. Accordingly, which of the following statement is correct ? Statements — (a) It ranks countries based on children’s exposure to environmental shocks (b) Climate crisis puts Pakistani and Indian kids at ‘extremely high risk! (c) The 33 extremely high risk countries emit only 9.38 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions (d). All of the above jate and Answer: () Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2021 | For Free Download: wwww.hsmpubiishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM CSS Times _Sep2val and environmental hazards which are Coastal Flooding, Riverine Flooding, Cyclones, Vector Borne Diseases, Lead Pollution, Heatwaves and Water Scarcity. An estimated 850 million children ~ 1 in 3 worldwide - live in areas where at least four of these climate and environmental shocks overlap, As many as 330 million children ~ 1 in 7 worldwide live in areas affected by at least five major shocks Inequitable Impact: There is a disconnect between where GreenHouse gas (GHG) Emissions are generated, and where children are enduring the most significant climate- driven impacts. The children from countries least responsible will suffer most of al. Climate change is deeply inequitable. While no child is responsible for rising global temperatures, they will pay the highest costs Children are More Precarious: Compared to adults, children require more food and water per unit of their body weight, are less able to survive extreme weather events, and are more susceptible to toxic chemicals, temperature changes and diseases, among other factors. _World Report a “The climate crisis is a child rights crisis" is a report recently(August 2021) released by UNICEF. Report introduces the Children's Climate Risk Index(CCRD. Which ranks countries based on children's exposure to climate and environmental shocks, It ranks countries based on children's exposure to climate and environmental shocks, such as Cyclones and Heatwaves, as well as their vulnerability to those shocks, based on their access to essential services. Pakistan (14th), Bangladesh (15th), Afghanistan (25th) and India (26th) are among four South Asian countries where children are at extremely high risk of the impacts of the climate crisis The 33 extremely high risk countries emit only 9.38 per cent of global greenhouse ¢gas emissions One billion children are at ‘extremely high risk’ of the impacts of climate change. That is nearly half of all children. Pakistan ranked at 14th place on the index. India ranked at 26th place on the index. CRI finds children in the Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria, Guinea, Guinea Bissau and Somalia are the most at risk Central African Republic ranket at 1st place on the index. Both Chad and Nigeria ranked at 2nd place on the index. Guinea Guinea Bissau and Somalia jointly ranked at 4th place. Iceland, Luxembourg, New Zealand and Finland are the countries where children are least at risk Iceland ranked lowest at 163rd place on the index, While Luxembourg.New Zealand and Finland are placed at 162,161 and 159 rank respectively Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: woww.hsmpubishers.comPerera] nn BOOK HOUSE One of the leading Book Store in Pakistan We Deal All Subjects CSS, PMS, Medical, Technical, College Books, O Level and A Level. All Kind of Book Are Available Here Discover our full range of books at ilmipk.com Join Us On Whatsapp 03364414150, 03214414150 Chowk Urdu Bazar Lahore (Pakistan).UPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS www.hsmpublishers.com World Report Monthly HSM CSS Times Sep 2021 : Nations Not Meeting the Climate Goals: The majority of the carbon emission reduction pledges for 2030 that 184 countries made under the Paris Agreement aren't nearly enough to keep global warming well below 2 degrees Celsius. Some countries won't achieve their pledges, and some of the world’s largest carbon emitters will continue to increase their emissions. Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Countries must cut their emissions by at least 45% (compared to 2010 levels) by 2030 to keep warming to no more than 15 degrees Celsius. Provide Climate Education: Provide children with climate education Recommendations: Increase Investment: Increase investment in climate adaptation and resilience in key services for children. Coy a ea mOalc i uPA OUT] am le The Children’s Climate Risk Index reveals that: 240 million children are highly exposed to coastal flooding 330 million children are highly exposed to riverine flooding 400 million children are highly exposed to cyclones 600 million children are highly exposed to vector borne diseases 815 million children are highly exposed to lead pollution £820 million children are highly exposed to heatwaves 820 milion children are highly exposed to water scarcity billion children are are highly exposed to exceedingly high levels of air pollution Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2021 | For Free Download: www nsmpublishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS wiw.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM CSS Times Sep 2021 and greens skills, critical for their adaptation to and preparation for the effects of climate change. Include Young People in Decisions: Include young people in all national, regional and international climate negotiations and decisions, including at COP (Conference of the Parties- A climate Convention) 26 (It will be held in Glasgow, UK in November 2021). Ensure Pandemic Recovery is Inclusive: Ensure the recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic is green, low-carbon and inclusive, so that the capacity of future generations to address and respond to the climate crisis is not compromised Way Forward Meet the Goal: In order to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, global net man-made emissions of carbon dioxide must be nearly halved by 2030, and reach “net zero" by 2050, World Report a Scale up Social Protection System: Scale up adaptive and shock-responsive social protection systems ~ such as grants for pregnant mothers and children - to address the increasing impacts of climate change on children and their famil sd approach towards child More countries need to work towards their commitment in the Convention on the Rights of the Child to ensure every child is protected from poverty, for example by providing universal child benefits to improve children’s well-being and build resilience. The Key Goals Of The Paris Climate Agreemen' The Paris Agreement on Climate Change has four main goals with regards to reducing emissions: 1) A long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels 2) To aim to limit the increase to 1. °C, since this would significantly reduce risks and the impacts of climate change 3) Goverments agreed on the need for global emissions to peak as soon as possible, recognising that this will take longer for developing countries 4) To undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | For Free Download: woww.hsmpubishers.comUPLOADED BY HSM PUBLISHERS wivw.hsmpublishers.com Monthly HSM CSS Times _Sep2021, South Asian Survey _ a MY As. Dismal Healthcare SS (uaa) RYN ACHe MN (teh Attention The second wave of pandemic highlighted the lacunas in the healthcare systems in South Asia. The situation now demands the replacement of short term measures with a well-thought-out vision and political commitment for long-term healing. Background: ‘The pandemic managed to penetrate across the countries due to the dismal state of health infrastructure and reluctance to enhance public health care spending. For example, In Pakistan, from 3 January 2020 to 31 August 2021, there have been 1,156,281 confirmed cases of COVID- 19 with 25,670 deaths, reported to WHO India recorded 4,529 deaths from COVID-19 on 18th May 2021. It is the highest daily death toll recorded in the world, beating 4468 deaths recorded by the US in January 2021. The virus has consolidated itself in other South Asian countries as well © Sri Lanka added 78,218 cases in May. © Bangladesh detected the highly contagious Delta variant of Covid-19 ‘The consolidation of the virus Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Sep 2024 | has been attributed to the dismal state of healthcare systems in South Asian countries. Dismal State of Healthcare systems in South Asia: Funding: Pakistan is spending far less on healthcare than what is recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO), according to figures released in the Economic Survey 2021. The Indian government spends around 1.4 % of its GDP on public healthcare. There is a lack of prudent expenditure towards public health in other south Asian nations as well. Doctor to Population Ratio: Pakistan and Bangladesh have less than one doctor per 1000 population.in India, there are only 0.08 doctors per 1000 For Free Download: wwww.hsmpubishers.com