Unit 9 “ International

Markets”
“Everyone lives by selling something”
How has the development of international
markets affected
• You as a consumer ?

• your company or institution?

• your country?
• Dumping: country or Company exports product at a Price that is
lower in the foreign importing market than the Price in the exporter
domestic market.
• Open borders: is a border that enables free movement of people
between different jurisdictions with few or no restrictions on
movements.
• Tariffs: a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class or imports or
exports.
• Strategic industries: an industry that the government considers to be
very important for the country’s economy or safety.
• Subsidize: pay part of the cost of producing something to keep the
selling price low.
• Regulations: a law that controls the way that business can opérate.
• Restrictions: limits given by the law.
• Quotas: a limited quantity of a particular product which under oficial
controls can be produced, export or import. “ the country may be
exceeding its OPEC quota of 1.100.000 barrels of oil per day”
• Laissez-faire: abstention by governments for interfering in the
workings of the free market.
• liberalise: remove or loose restrictions of something.
• Custom: official organization for the collecting taxes on good coming
into a country on preventing an illegal goods for being brought in.
• Deregulation: the removal of regulations or restrictions especially in a
particular industry / the act of remove restrictions or regulations by
the government.
0pen market (trade without restrictions on the movements of goods)
• Open borders
• Free port
• Strategic industries
• Liberalice
• Deregulation
• Laissez - faire

Protected markets (trade with restrictions on the movement of goods)

• Dumpling
• Tariffs
• Restrictions
• Quotas
• Customs
• Subsidice
• regulations
 Conditionals or “if clauses”
• Definition : Conditional clauses descibe a result of something that
might happen ( in present or future) or might have happened but
didn’t ( in present)

If clause , Main clause

if you heat ice , it melts

If I spoke Greek , I could ask Sophia out.

Zero conditional: for routines, habits, rules, preferences, rules
and laws and causes / effects.

If clause ( present simple) , main clause (present simple)

If I mix hydroen with oxigen It turns into water

1. if it rains, you get wet

2. If you heat ice, it melts
First conditional: talks about possible events or situations in
present or future and its results or consequences

In business:
We use conditional sentences when discussing the terms of an agreement, making hypothetical proposals,
bargaining and making concessions.
If clause ( present simple) , main clause ( will / won’t)
If you give us a duscount of 5 % We will place a firm order.

If you lower your Price We will buy at least 4.000 units.

1. We can use unless in conditional clauses to mean if not.

• We won’t be able to start the construction, unless you train our personal.

2. As long as and provided that is also used in conditional sentences.

▪ We will sign the contract as longs as you guarantee the prices.

▪ We can reach agreement an a joint venture provided that our firm has a representative on your board.
 Second conditional: to talk about hypothetical or imaginary
situations in the present or the future and their consequences.

If clause ( past simple) , main clause ( would, wouldn’t/ cound, coudn’t/

might)

If we said we were prepared to deliver in March , would you make a firm order?

If you agreed to create more jobs , we might think about a productivity deal.

• Business ( negotiation): If the proposal is more tentative and possibly

less certain, we use past verb forms.
More vocabulary for negotiation
Unit 10 “Ethics”
Professions:
Vocabulary
• Accountant: someone who keeps or examines the records of money received,paid, and owed by a company or person
• Civil servant: a person who works in the Civil Service
• Lawyer: someone whose job is to give advice to people about the law and speak for them in court
• Police officer: a male or female member of the police force
• Politician: a member of a government or law-making organization.
• Banker:someone with an important position in a bank
• Estate agent: person whose job is to arrange the sale, renting or management of homes, land and buildings for the
a
owners

• Nurse: (the title given to) a person whose job is to care for people who are ill or injured, especially in a hospital

• University lecturer: plan and direct the learning of university students in one or more specific topics, as well as conducting their own research
in those areas.

• Journalist: a person who writes news stories or articles for a newspaper or magazine or broadcasts them on radio or
television

• Soldier: a person who is in an army and wears its uniform, especially someone who fights when there is a war
Some concepts about ethics…..
Bribery and corruption: dishonestly giving money to someone to
persuade them to do something to help you.

Environmental pollution: is the introduction of contaminants into the natural

environment that cause adverse change.

Sex discrimination:a situation in which someone is treated less well because of

their sex, usually when a woman is treated less well than a man

Animal testing: The use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control
the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study
Counterfeit goods: fakes or unauthorized replicas of the real product
Insider trading: is the trading of a public company's stock or other securities
(such as bonds or stock options) by individuals with access to nonpublic
information about the company
Money laundering: the process of creating the appearance that large amounts of
money obtained from criminal activity, such as drug trafficking or terrorist activity,
originated from a legitimate source.
Industrial espionage: the covert and sometimes illegal practice of investigating
competitors to gain a business advantage.
Price fraud:
Tax fixing: is a lump sum tax that is not measured as a percentage of the tax base (income, wealth, or consumption). Fixed taxes like
a poll tax or sin tax are often considered regressive, but could have progressive effects if applied to luxury goods and services.
Exercises
1 Match the words from column A to those from column B to make
word partnerships.
A B
money testing
sex laundering
animal goods
counterfeit fixing
price discrimination
2 Choose the correct word partnership from Exercise 1 to complete
the sentences.
1. A few years ago, British Airways and Korean Air were each fined $300m by the
US justice Department for their roles in separate ............ conspiracies in both
their cargo and passenger operations.
2. According to a survey, 91 % of doctors believe ........... is important to medical
progress.
3. An anti· ............ directive was passed to prevent the proceeds of organised
crime circulating through the financial system.
4. In 2008, it was estimated that $13Sbn of ............. .. were sold online.
5. Banks were recently accused of. …………..., as apparently female staff are
often paid 40% less than their male counterparts.
 Narrative tenses
when we are telling a story in the past we can use a variety of narrative
tenses.
1. Past simple: we use the past simple to talk about the main events in
the story.
“ The audience watched the live broadcast on horor”
“ The company hired 40 now staff”
2. Past continuous: we use the past continuous to describe other
events and actions that were in progress at the time of the main
events.
“ I was listening music when my mom arrived”
3. Past perfect: to describe events that happened before the story
begins.
“She had lied on her CV”
“ Frida had finished school and was traveling home when her bus
crashed.”

4. Present perfect: To say what are the present story results. (remember
that the present perfect is to describe a situation that started in the past and still continuous in the present).

“ Since my accident, I’ve advised not drink while you are driving a car”
“ She has lived in Santiago for 20 years”
Choose the correct tenses to complete the text.
Two years ago, we had a lot of trouble with one of our new shampoos. It was selling
really well, but then one day dozens of customers ....... .... ' (started / had started)
phoning and complaining that the shampoo was burning their scalp. The newspapers.
(heard / were hearing) that one of our products ........... .' (caused / was causing)
allergies nationwide, and of course they started calling us too to ask what we ........... .'
(did / were doing) about this problem. Honestly, we didn't understand what.. . . .... '
(happened / was happening). We are a responsible company and, as you would expect,
we ........... .' (were testing / had tested) the shampoo for months before launching it,
and there had been no bad reaction to it whatsoever. We had invested a lot of money
in the testing and marketing and now we ............ ' (were losing / had lost) money
because of bad publicity. We .... ' (realised I had realised) that the growing number of
complaints was harming our image, so we ............ ' (decided / had decided) to recall the
shampoo.