| 7. | Alternating current Most of the electric pewen genarcteal anol wel in the world da in’ the frm of oHemeding curmemt (Q.C.): This +9 because- Ci) Altemmecting voltege can easily amo efficient! be Came ea porn one valur # Cen. by meant OF tramnafosmens! Gi) The Alternating current rat can be transmritec) amd distributes! Zover long dis fances econdrmcatly, without much oss of energy. Alternating Cussent Cac.) Tha megnituce o alternating cusaunt (O-C-) Changes Condmuorsly with dime omd Sts cdivection Is Alversed periodically Tt 34 vepretentesl by - ov [Ts tocomst | Here I is instantaneous volue of Curent omol Te Gs the peok volue or maximum vous of a.c. w Ss Cablect omgutor prequancy of AC: bshore ws a = omf + = Ff (frequency) ao yes nee Aime period o ae eee yuo, the me token by the ac. xl d vaxtocLionis. rr Ono revolution 81ee Ff Ga the ua of ac. Lt is equod to the number. of Com e ces oh vasiat uns gore through by ae in secon! ——— the SHaneting om a be represented by ac. Circuits , twe additional chew ee axg uUsecl. These are inductor (L) ond cider CC): Thus Cussant and voltoge in ac civeudt art Cmdrolled by three Circuit etements R, L omc C- ¥ The voltoge across % Pure. inductor Lis geen by- =e List Ms at Usture AT/olt Gs rooke of Chomge Of Currant. The above equating Shows that an inductor ects, the voltage. ong. when current I Chomges with time: * for om icleal Capacitor of Copacitane ¢ 5 Qe: cv As r= AQ s re dev) “oF ? as I= cav oF alv/elt Ja rate ef change ob potentiol. ior, Shows that a Capociter affects” the Caomcer erly When Vv Chomges with dimeMean or Averoge value of Alternating Current — Tt us ineol A& that value of s Cursent which would send the same amount o Chorge- through @ circuit in the dime oly hal Cycle (te. Tia’ as 4b Sert the ac. Heol sme Crewt, in He same me * The mean or avaoge value of arc. over one. Complete cycle Ws which woidd genre the, eine Pate, heat in “gen resistance IN) a gives time , asi done bi Ge 5 When possecl “through the same resistant for the “same time. R R AL Tas I = LeSinwt ouThe rms volue is Oso Calkel eftectie Value ac. or virtual voll of acs nt a by rmg OY Iv: Let om alternating Current Gs represercteol by - [ae] = — oO Let thy Current flow thro! Q resistance R. Ina small time alt, the amount of heat producec| in resistence R ds - dH = I7*Rdt — 8 In one ates le (tiene 0 > 7), the totes amount oy heat proditcd in resistance R is- SProt 3 vs Os We {@ Sinrot RAT 2 + He aie [Cir cesmot) oe _ JER [ [ese - fms so] Hos zee [+ ~ Sinawe ° Hos eR — Sin eo Singer] feces = co RT So OH Sails @ Ih rms. volue or virtual volue of ac. 4d representect b. Ime a then, the ameu of heot p ucecl in same vesistance R im the same time T would be He InRT —@D oSo fm 24° @® ond @ - T.eRT = eet a Hence the rms. value or virtued vedue or fective Volue of AC: 4a 0-707 dimes the Peak Value of ac. or we Can sag ToT % ob the peak value of a.c. Note- AHernating Current / sel Je joe measured by qe. peer) 4 Voltmeter 9 ively « ee Lees ee. hot corre imshuments “isha ov rms. values of weet Canis) Volt @ « bulb 32 rated. sow for 220V 4c Supply BE ae a Hz. Calculate (a) the resistance ok He Lath G&) the mS Cwrent through He butb. 52 Given thet - FISOW 5 Ve 220V (> Resistence of te bulb R = = 220X220 = - R — = 322-7 ww Ce) ees gs mse oe = O68 A RR. 322-7A.C. Cincuit Containing Resistance onl Let OQ Source of alternoding emf. 4A Cenmnectes}| to Q pure resistance R § Suppose the alternating emg, supplied is represented L E = E,Sinwt —@® Ee) R hat T be the Cument fn fhe civcurt ot any imstarct £+ The potentia} Aifperanca clewelopect ocrnss R wnll be LR- Thin must be equol to e-mg. abplical at thot instant - TR = & = Eo Sinwt Ce a = Sinwt = Te Simat == @) vohre To = Eo/g (Maximum Vedue of Current) * Te behoviowe of R in alc. amd a-c. Circuits is the some. R Can veduce aC. as well os aC equally ebbechvely: B Comparing gotion @, omd @ we can sea that in on. ae Civeurt Comcorming gz , the voltage omd Current are in the Ysome pitase- Phasor Diagram - A xotating vector thet represents 4 quantity varying. simusoral worth Aime is Calcd a phasor O7Gd In mM» peak values o alterna Cussant at) area pare ating emf. Eo) re reprecerdf by cows Cattead phasors. 4 - GD hey ore Inclined 40 horizontal axis at Lwet omd xStade mM the omticlockwise clirvecHon. The panne the amo represents the maximum value of the Saati ie. Ie omd &- E= - - ott = Eo =. 1 1= Ig sin wt Gi) TRe p72) gyecon of the anew on ain Oud's represents the instantoneous vodue of quondity - Gv) The. phosor cHifheronce between the two oMeenating guand Bs iepete osc by he omgde. between the vectors EY Cv) Im the ac. Civeuit Confouminng, RW only 5 Curent and lade. arg ‘im the same phose te. the Phowe Cm: betweory Odskea noting voltage and Cosvrund Grae R sa 2er0- OBA.C. Cireust Containing Inductance only Let o Source of emy. ds Comnectec| do QO clreukt Comtedmimg a pure inaluctomee L only Suppose the atternadting em. Supplied ua very buy - f 4 E = &Simwt E = &Simut TH AT/At ds the wate oh Chomae of Cuarrent throgh L at any inatemtb, then icuced™ emp. in the inductoy at the Same. imstomt is- - -tat The negative Si molicodes hed induces! e-m.f. oppose Chemge of current. eat "agp tad bite Masa a Ht Civeuit, voltage must an ite Ao the indica voltoge - i E s-CL az) = Ee Sineot or oar = Ge Sinwt dt By inde grading beth sides we get - = £ : or ze fsinwet ott Ts Eo —— = TE Cost = oO OL ce ar = re = a Sin ( we) os T= €° Sin(wt-B 29TRe Current (L) will be maximum (To) > When Sin (Wt-M2) = maximum = £ s So : te = et Hence. ITo= Te sin (wt-Mr) So we find thet jn an oe. Cirewt Containing Lonly , otterneh cument I legs behind the eter necting volteGe E by a phowe on of 20 Gr we Car Say one pwtth of A peridd. Phaser Diagram - ; In the phodos cliogsam of O40. circuit Containing L Cwrrent Legs behind the emf. by So, So the phosor represerthng To Us tirmnec| clo&kwise Through 30° fem the cdiv€etion ob Ee. The projections of these phasors on y axis give instantoneous vol E ond I. *\ t | Here LoL represents the effective resistance opened by Inductance. L. Thy AS Calleal mductance réactence Yomd us olenoteol bg X.- Ss = = Wort ° i terra Jo¥* In ole civcuits fre Se xXL= 6 So thet a Pure imductance erk Cero resistence to dc. It meang a Pure imcuchr cannot reduce oc. S1 unit of inductive reactance ws ohm.(2) Av = WL = henry __ Volt “see.” CSee. x amP/se. = ohm.ct) Bl A 4amH inductor us cmnecteal do 220Vv, SO He ac. Supply. Detexmme the rms. veduc Cumrent in the Civeuit. Sel Given that Ls 44mH = 44x153H Eyms = 220V 45 Gf = SDHD So xX, = wl = 27fL XL = 2xaiuxsoxuuxie? = 1383 ohm(A) Tee = rman = 22 . Is-g A Xe 13.83A.C. Civewt Contaiming Capacitance Only Lez & Source. of abternating ems. Gs Cennectes! 40 a capacitor only o aca tance C+ Suppose the attemeatng emf. supplizal a - E = Eo Sint The Cirxzent flowing in the crreuit transfers Cherage to the pletes “of the Capacitor. This products O potential sjpaente bbateen fen pede” c E=€, sinat At omy instant £, suppose 1 is the Chonge on the aditor. So the Potente Aikference across the plates of Copacitey wu v= te At ev instomt, the potentiol cliffermee vo must be cued "ho the emf opplical ai vee Ht = & Sinwt ae ov 4% = CH Snot g (CeE,Simeot) I= CE (Costot): to r= (Ee sin(wt +) t/oe IzThe Curent ill be maximum I= Te, = i = 1 Sm (wet +B) = maximum = > Eo so = o 8 TTest on c only We find that in an oe. civewt Containn eae Curent I Leads the alternetny ems by OQ phete om@le- ©b Bor Phasor Diagram - The phosor .Io is turmecl anticlockwise Pp ; trough 36 the olivection of phosor Eo: Thar Projechonk on y-axis gved Hye Inxtemdomoud voluss o E emd 1. 1= Ig sin (wt+90°) Hae l/c represents ective resistance offered b ihe Capacitor Ta OS Calkeal Capacitive reactance ~ om us ‘olenoteol! by Xe. Xx i a c= awe ange K Im de crewt feo Se -Xe=00 So a Copacitor oll block o.c. # Si unit eof Ke ws ohm. (2)Note- Gd) R com reduce ac. as well as alc Lo cannot reduce de. It can reduce only oC. C blocks of-C, but eUows a.c. to pars theough qi) Through Re akternating Cubront is in phase sith att ernading voltage . Through Ls, cltersnating | Current Loge behind the aldernoding voltage” by a phase Vomgle So Theo Cc, Abteansdting current Leacls the. alternating Voltage. by & prove mga. ek 80: (QA) A IS UF Capacitor it Connected to 220Vv, BSE SOH2 Sours Find the peck current. SO Here C= IS MF = ISxIoS Eyms = 220V 5 f = SDH2. _— po coe 2efe DKBIU SOX 1 KIT & Xe > QW DW Ivms = Eres = 220 = 1037 A Xe 212-1 omd Lo = J2 Tyme = Ulu xX 1-037 So Lo = LU7 AAG Civewt Containing Resistance , Incluctance ond Capacitance in Sevies (RLC Circuit) Let R,Ll,C are Connected in Series Jo a Source of attemoting ems. So the Current of omy instemst ted the three elememts hos the Save. amplitude anid phase. Z= Te Smwt But the voltage across each element has a Afferent phose™ relocomaship coith the Cuwuint. Ui) The measimum voltage ciempss RQ ia Vra= LR Im fi > Curxent Phower I. is representect edong OR, As VR vs im phose with Cwrent,So vt Gs vepresenterl by the vector O&, along ox. ve 1 Vig 4# VV. $V GO) The masimum voltage acwss L 4s Vi = Tox. As voltage across the inductor leods the curent by So’, So At sa represertecl by OB along oy, 96% aheod of To. Gil) The maximum volue across C us Ve = Tere - As the Vottage across the Capacitor Logs behina the oltermating Currant by go, So ts represrenrteo| by 0€ xptated © clockesise, Hhrough ao from the clivecton of Te: SE js along oy’. 1S:AS the voltage across L amd C have a Phose olifference of 180° 5 So net reactive voltoge 3S CUHVes 9 owsuming thot Vi? Ve, In Sieve SA Gs vepresentedl by on’. Be yesuttantd of DA od Oe! wb the Uegenal Hence, the Se Sum_of Veo Vi omel Ve Gd hasor Eo representect by ok making an a + oun Cuerh “Finowor 78 : 3 Hes so ok = fot aod™ i Ee =| Va + (W-Ve” Eo = | (lor) + (Doxe- Toxe}® a Eo = Tef p+ (n- Xe The total effective resistance of RLC Civeuit v4 Cotlec| Trnpeclance, of the civeuit, It 1a represented by ZZ, where, = fe - 7 Zs = : [er+ (XL>Xe)y #sSo im an ac. Circuit Containing R,L>c , the Voltage. leads te coment by a phase omgle >, where ton $ = AK = 6B! = W-Ve 2 oxi —-Tke oA Ok ee or ton = Xen Xe So the cuterndting emf. in on Rie Civewit i's repregzentedl by - TeThere moy be three Coses - G) when XL = Xe 4 then tom b=o0 So -P = °° Gi) When Xu > Xe , then tomd ~Y positive. So gd ww positive - Hence vol e leads the Current by a phowe anyle ¢- Ci) cohen XL < Xe 5 then temd ww negotive. So p da negative. Hence voltoge™ Logs behind the Current by a phase. emple db. Gd Tire elechica) circuits having Ac Soumces of path veniable. fresuancy cre shown in Figures. Tritially ~ the Cuvunt Howing im each of these Wis some. Th the frequen of Sthe edé AC Source is ina how “will the ~ Cu rerct Flowing In thue circuits be affectes! 2 Give reason tor Gor omawers L < (I OS Ce Wi Gy VE S2h (i) Tire coil not be any xh epbect in the Cwwent on changing the frequency ob AC Sounce . al Lid) With tHe Increase ob ok AC Sowxe , inductive yeactance increases OA - 4. Lims = Mims = Nems I“ — 5 KE ang So Cweent clecreoses with Fee RSP eee | Git) The ccapacitive reactance | ™ decreases with incresse im ta F prequancy Se the Cwount will imerease . Lass Memes = Nems Xe 1/anFe(GLA resistor of 400.2, an inductor gH Ge ane a capacitor of SP uF ane Connectesl in ‘Serica across a Somte “oly allernoding voltage of Igo sin top mt Vv. Fim Bie woltoge (eins) akoss e resistor, Hy Inductor acter. Ts the, algebyale sum op, Page ‘voltages move than the “Source voliazeb? If yer, re¥olve He paradox. a Sol. Applies! Veltege Vv = 140 Sin loo nt ce SPue , c= SH, R= goon Comparing sith V= VeSintot Ve = I4ov > © = loom Tncluctive veactance Xe = ee Xu = bow x = soo Capacitive veactanee Xe = "Yee, Xe = Toon TEER = 200 Trmpecance of tee cireuit 2 = [Rey (RoR z = [(4e0)* + (Gen- 200) = smn Monimum Cuno in the chreuit Ie= We = 140. 2 es aos 3 ceoee aaa Vems acyoss vesistor Vas Tims R Vr = 02% 400 = 80 V Vems aevess incluctor Vi = ams Xe M. = 02x 500 = loov Vim eress Capacitor Ve = Teme Xe Ve or xo = 40v * Hoe Viz Va tM te Because Vi and Ve ancl Vr ane not in same phase instead v= Se OeElectrical Resonance - TAe Phenomenon of resonance is Commer) amon systems thot have “a tenclency te oseillode tHe. ritual Freq Ut oselliaci bn Of ial Siem. Th such a Stem ca driven by am ennnrg Source , Cohose feeds 4s esuct to the neck prequenuy of the system; then the omplituole of oscillation, becomes lange and resomancae is satel to Occ UR. Sertes Resonance Circuit A Clreult In which inductane .L, Capacitance C oma, resistance R axe Cormectes! in series, andl the Circuit admits maximum Cunt Corresponding do a given jay Of Ac., OS Collec! sexier resonance Circult- L R c At v low frequencies , incluchve reactme XL = WL wa ible but copacitve reactane Xe = ‘l/eoc o < eg As the frequen of alternating e-m-.f. ied to the circuit Ya ened ob XL goes tn oe ancl Xe goes on Aecreosing - For & Parsteulor value of 9 C soy bor) AL = Xe \ Deeos bdr = t= - 1 ana anf, = fee =a fe = anfiLe At this partic los preaueny fr GA XL = Xe So a R® + (XL- xe ze Re 40 = R Cmmmum) So Here impeclamce Of RLC Circuit is minimum amo hence the cwouent J, = Eo = Ee becones moutimum. z R Thu frequency Us Callecl series vetonance Hrequoney- R Decreases Q Increases ° 1 Of 2 x —o The voniedion Gireurt Peak cruxent uth the Chom gt Rey oN applies volHoge_ oa Shown in oF G2 Tt ww cleow fiat + fee Becteencics reater than or Les thon tor he ihe c. Be leas thom the Pe value Gid at bo came the, value oh eee maximum Cie)- 20Applications - Serer vesomence Circuit ca wseot in radio ond T.v. receiver Aets, The. amtenna of a recllo/ tv. intercepts Signals — fxorry Be eee ead) sStections . To lee one pos racdto® stotion / T.v. channe), we tune Our Teceiver seb by changing the Capacitance Of & Capacitor in the -+tunmg chee of the Set Suh Hot resmane prequency of the crecWit becomes equod 40 tHe prequency Of the olive station. the reBomance OCccurdA Ong +Hr<_ emmplitucle Deh cuutanh cots the prequency of the Signod the cusiverl stotHon becemer maximum ol GAGA rveceivect in oun Set. Q- Factr ob Resonance Circurt The ChoracterisHe of A Series resonant , caret Gs Aaetermimedl by the @ factor or Quality factor of te Circuit - Tt obfmes sharpners ob tuning at reromante, _TRe Q- factor of a series resonant cirowt Js ines] as the vodio of the voltoge cevetopesl acrosS the imductonce ov “Capacitance at reamance do the impremedt voltage » vohich us the voltage Qe: Voltage across L or © applies! voltage ( =voltage across R) Qe a oy az a Using Wr =e > using lor as 7 - i 2 ot Qe ele a: ee Zi*# As R WB increases, & factor of the circuit decreases. * The values of @ usuathy vooug from Lo to loo. K The elechonic circuits with high @ values Would respond to a er Narmw Yange of frequencies anal sharper us the retonance- \ Iya Series L-c-R circuit, the voltages acwss an oes inductor, a Capacitor and a resis he 30V> 30Vv and Gov respectively: Whet is tha phore Aitferonce betwen the applies! voltoge and the Cweunt in’ tre Circuit 7 Sol. Given that - VL = 30V, Vez Sov, Va =60V Herz we Con See that Vi= Ve, Henee the Circuit as in resonance, so there will be no phase oliffeserce between the applied voltage omd cwrent.ww The Figure Shows @ series L-C-Q circuit with Sie Ls lot, cs 40uF, R= 602, Connected to a PN variable frequency 240V source, Calculate. fz ‘ ) The angular pean He Source cohich Ties Gn ROR bn ) The cunant at the resonati ancy = fed the ame prtential ivop "anoss Set ctr at resonance - Sel Given that- Leto, C= UeMF , Reber Vent = 240 ° onadin toe > Raenelitt gran brea ey peace or = so mel/s. (o> Cumrent od resonating frequency Ts = Mit: Yems (at resonance 22) = 240. Tims = 282 = 4m (©) Tncluctive reactance xX, = Cob At resonance Xe = Wyk X= sexi soo Potential cmp across inductor Meme = Terms XX = 4x 500 Vems = 2000 V.S woh a given coil is Connected to a 200V 2EE De Some 5 2ACuent flows anc when Hu same OCG i Connected do 200 vy Sute AC Suunte, only JA Curent flows in the circuit. @ eee coy the. cument clecreases in the later (6) Caleuleda the self induchmce of the ceil ubeok Sts) In pe circuit - % = 2amfl =O Ws The lampeclance of the coil 7 Oe ee ee But im AC, 2s [Ree PR becate x_ hove certain value in Ac. As Tx‘ hence in De, more cumaent flows then Ac ) In De civeuit- REY 2 Be = toon Tey AC Circuit — ze 2208 = 200m i As phaxt 2 2h so xt = tee X= 2ngL = Leos + Taduetanee Lb Ls Jooss axai Xo2 poy nt Lens BS ob wae ee Bs CO La eo (rad/s) Observe the graphs carefully. Ui) State the velodion behsean L ond c vals of the Fao Circuits, When the Cumant in the At chreuits Ja maximum. Gid Indicate the cirenit for which ) power, factor ds hi : @) Guolihy? factor (@) Gs Longer. Give reasons for each “Case. S22 Since resonant on; Wr Ja Same fpr beth the porns (or), = God, = ote =m acm 7? ae Gi) @) TH graph ©, cumant Ty dd greater than arerh, (1) Cwount Ima. be Tm, > Ime > Power factor of circuit represented! by graph GD hos higher power factor os Cord OR () + &s APE for boo grap Ry < Ra ane ane ee Q 7 Ar Quail ctor © Hh (ED a 3. " Sope cas ob oer nnGl An induchy 200mH, Capacitor svo ir and a Se vesistoy 102 one connected im series with a 22 Joov, Vorlable frequency Ac source. Calewlete @) the frequmney od which te power factor the Gree Sar unity: pie cneei i) (B) Current amplitude ot tia frequency ©) @- factor. Sel: (A) twhen power factor Cosh = 1 ,hence > and +e L-C-R Civeuit da in yeasnonce. Reronating frequency - te to. = oo BOORISR Soonio® = loo s b rms = Mims 2 Vim fe (> x fons, = Yes: at reser Dems F482 2 yo Te oe Pmpliticle of maximum cument Le = SE Tema Tes ban 4 aE 4 fees zoe te Tsconee = C2) @. factr =Average Power in RLC Civeuit Let the attemating <-m-f. apptied to an RLC Civett Wsa—- E = Eo Sinwt I alternating Curwant clevelopedl behind the appliedl emf. by a phore omale b, then - T= Te Sin (Wt -4) Power at instomt t 5 ay = EL So awe Eo Sinwt x Ip Sin (ot - >) = Eole Sin tot (Sinwt Cosh ~ Costat Sind) = Eole Sin*tot Cash — Eo To Sintot Cosat Sind = Eole Sin? cot Cos — Eole sin avat Sind a Th His instantoneous power is crsumecl to remain Comstomt aA Sma time alt, then SmoWt amount of work lone mm thia Aime aa - in = (Eos SinPeot cond — Bale sin att sinh) ott Toted work olone over a Complete cycle Oa + we este sivPoot Coad tt — {Este sin 20 Sing ott i a : a We oto cosd fSiteot ot — E220 omg [Sin zat ott © 2 As { SiPotar = a oma J{ Sinwt ou = 0 oe We Est, Cosgx LD a Aw e@ power iy thea RLC Circuit over a Complete ‘eyde Sa - po ow a = 2So R,= Eole Cosh a le Py = Exms Inns Coad Hence Average power over a Complete cgele im an Inductive “civeust i8 the product of rims, ems. oma vems. Currant cmol Cosine of the phase angle between tHe volege amd Current. * The above relotion du abplicable ato aU ac. owe h fale van “per ZS om Z wil) have DPT ues, ajoates Cirewits. 7 (ap) Only R Civeuit - Z=er ond Cosd= 1 Gi) Only L cireuit - Ze Xe and Carp = 0 Gi) Only © Civeuit - Ze Xe and Carp = 0 Gv) In RLe Cirewit _ zs fran ond cod = & iv) In RL Greuit - zs [eax od cospe & Qi) Im Re civeuit - ze [Ree xe and Corp = Qi) In Le crewit- Z = [&L— xe® = Xr- Xe, Coad =O, and > =90° 28Power Factor of an A.C. Cireuit- We Know that tre average pewer in RLC Circuit YA Bven by - eng Herne Pas Cottecl true power, (Enns Ime) ia Called Apparent power or virtucd power aml Cord is Collect power factor Of the Circuit. True Power (P) Power Factor (Cosh) = apparent Power From diagram — v _ _vR Coad = Eo 1 = BR 2 R re Le 2 | ° G) In a non- inductve Cirewit, XL = Xe “- Fowes. fatlor = Coad 2 tz =e d= TWA 4s the maximum volue of power factor. (ii) In a Pure inductor or an ideal copacitor p= 80 “Power Factory = Cash = Cosgo = 0 So av e@ Power Conaumnaal in a Pure incluctor or tcleal capacttor P= Evyms Tmms Cos =o : Tr actual practcee we co nat have cleo imcluctor or ideal capacitor - Therejyre , Hwre oloes Ocour Some clissipation of ensray- aSI An inductor and @ bulb art connectest in series Be fo an AC Sowa of lav, Sd He, 2A Curunt Fons 58°? ty the Chreuit and Phase omgle between vil ane) Cunmurt is 34 vod. Coleulate Hu Impedance emd inductance af the Circuit. S52 Given thet- Vins 2 lev 5 fe spae $2 M/q Temes = 2A Tmpedance 2 = Yom = 12 2 en Also, power factor Cosd = & R= acosd R= 6xCoam = exe = 3 Tn LR Cireuit ete Rae so xPe thigh x = [Ferny = 3 Bub x, sanfl = aye so be 3 ste = Las my any BxS.MRSD A Capacitor and @ resistor ome Connected SE in Series with an Ac Source. Th the potential ee nce OCSS C, R One 120V, GOV wef and 4 the rms Cwwant ok the cireuit is 34, coleulade the (a) Impedance, (B) Power factor of He cheust. Sch Given thot- Ve = 120v , Vaz 90V, Tg 3A (2 In CR series AC Circuit Vins = SVEaNE Vins [ORO = = isey Mem = Vems Iems = Vena. see = Yns.Teme = Yep. sez 2-12 2 sen = : = Va Oo) Ve = R > Re R= 22 aon Power. fachy (Cos 4) = & Power facty = 38 = oe CHOKE CorL - Choke coil is simply a coil having a Lai inductance but a small ee a : : iinper ssire Construction Choke ceil ig, mace by a thick Copper wire 40 reduce ats resistance. It 4s wouncleel on plated seht iron cove to increase ws sub inductance - Principle - At most placs, the household electric power is supphitel at 210V, seHe. If such a source is clivectly Connectecl to a mereury tube, the tube will be damaged. To wedluce +he cumunt, a choke Coil Jb Connecteo} in series with the tube. x Sept iron @ Power Contumed in an AC. Circuit 48 P = ExmsTrmsConp For pure inductor $= Zt Se that P= 0 Hence the advantage cf using choke Coil 40 Tealuce the voltage is that an inductor aloes not consume power. Henea we cle not Lose electric. energy in the form of hut: iWattless Current ovr Idle Current The Curxent cohich Consumes no Power its maindtenan @ Pr bad in the cirewit Ss Calle wastless current. We Know that ay. ROG ES wer Over A Complete cgde jn an induchve crew x is P = Enns Lrms Cosh | Im a particulor Civeuit, Suppose Erms Lusds Ins by phase omgle Ga sholon in pigurs: Temes Com be resolved into two rectangular Components an- Lyms Coad oteng Ewms and ImsSing Perpendicular to Ems. TRus Terms ds the vector sum of tsp perpendliadar Components Iams Cosh and Ims Sing As phowe angle. bebveen Eyms Omd Imms Cosh I's Zeav. 1 Average power Consumed cycle in the Chet clue Go Component Tims Oss os = fae ee (Tims Cosh) Cond or Pay Ens Toms Cosh Again as phase angie between Ems ond Ives Sing 48 “Tt/r | So avernge Power consumed per cycle In the circuit ‘clue to Component Trme Sing is - I Fav = Evml Tyme Sing ) Cosme =o 32Thus, the eeade power Consumeol / cycle im the ac. Cirewit As ool Vy Aue to Comp Lens Cosh of the virtual Current. The Com wma Singh | makes n0 Contribution tp the consumption of power in the ac Civeurt. Thot 3s Why Hid Component Lime Sing Gs Calc) the tlle com oY = wottess component Of Ae. anol the Component Trms Cos, is Calucl wodktfull component of ac. A radio con +me over the frequen vange of @ portion of MW brvadcost bond (800%kHe 4d l200 KHz). Ey wts Le Civeuit has on epfectve Inductance of 200 JRH, then whot must be the remge. ob its’ variable ~ capacitor 7 Sel Given that - f,= 80> KH2 = BxI0S Ho $, = Woo KHe = 12 KIS He L = 200 UH = 200 x1I0o H Copacity romge between Ci oma Cz - Rom fi = 1 2m fle; So a 1 uel d* Ux(Batuy x 2x1e4 x (Bx105 J* Clee NOt Klee b= loge ee Sritlarly , (en, 5 TRE eo Ux Bi y* x 2x64 (42 x105)* C2 = 87 Bxt = 878 PF 33LC Oscillations A copaciter C is tonnectect +o an inductor L through Koy Ky. Gnd oa Cell in Connect sto C through Key Ck - —————> DISCHARGING CURRENT CHARGING, 1 CURRENT Lf, *«? then Ki 4s on, He cel charges tre Capacitor jo a potertiol v= Ao 5 Where % js the Charge on cCopacitor plates at any instomp omol v ua the “voltage across plates oad He Samz. Inston . Some | fen Fhe cell Jd Store jn the Hiclechic. meclium Oded een the plotes 6; Capacitor in the fom of dechostohe envrgy > whith id — Ue = 2c Now oSf the Key Ry omel when Key Ra ws on then the Chargech capocitey 4s Comectec! to Lomd Starts clucharging throwgh L. An inducecl ems. developes inn the Cirewit which opposes the growth of Curent in L oma hence delays it: vonon citer Us Completely lischarged , the en Stored in wee Capacitor pees, in “the. Pow of magne field energy around L, which Ww - Us = 4 im As Soom ak Asch i oF Capacitor is Soe current stops oma agnetic’ flux Linked oh L Stents Collapsing: Thre an Undutsol emf. developes Lohich Starts‘ rechatging the Capacitor in the opposite livec tion. 34The recharging 43 also spposec| omd hence Aelaye). twhar Capacitor ds recharged Completely , the mognadie Pee erry Cela reappenna ©: ECC entrg . te trae? process aa repeated, a Thus taken once from the cell amo iver, to the taplheiter Keeps ont ose lacking betwen Cc omd L- The ed stages im a Simate. Cycle of oscillodion of LC Urcuit are shown in $f : Imax o. oo Ero © e "eo * 1=0 I Imax 1 cs c i. ¢ L ‘cc 7 FOO? OO; OOF ee g—_o, q_., o—s, ° ° © Undampes| oscillotions ~ TH the creuit hoe no resistance ten no loss of energy would occur. The Oscillations produces will Be of Constomt omplitucle- These are cattcol undampeal © oscillations. Dampeol Oscillations - Tm actual practice, Here occur some losses en + So the amplitude of oscillations goes on Reread These Peters amped ofcillationd, 35AC. Generotoy or A.c. Dynamo An ac: foereso fe yee 4s a machine which produces ottern ing energy from machanicos enorgy. It is most important applicodions the phenomenon Of electromagnetic: Pectin. The joos was _clerigned iginadly yy A Yugoslav scientist, Nikola Tesla: Principle - aamePe. An ee eee beeen us beseel on the Phenomena of elecho metic. Induction: Whenever the amount of 1m: e ftux Linked unith a coi) Changes, an emp “ss induced Yin the coil. The clivection Of Cwrent Induced is given by Fleming's right hanol rule. Construction - The essential ports of an ac qennrodoy ant- Q) Armature - . ———— FOCD ws a rectangulor armatwe corl- It Consist of a Lorge numba of \tuans of insulated Copper wire “wound over a Laminated| soft irom Cove. The Coil Can be rotrtecl about the Central axis. Gi) Fielel Magnets - : Nom S are the pole pieces of Q Stomg elechomognet inn tohich He armature coil iu votecdeolS Axis of/ rotation vs perpendicular ado the magnetic ped Lines. Gi) Slip Rings - : R, omd Rz ane Foo hollow metallic rings , 40 Which two endls of Armature Coil are Cormectect., Tree rings rotate with the 10 odio of the coil- 37ue Brushes - g, omd By are oe piectaeles mh Plates ox carton | ee are, bizec omal im Lis eae nee Ry oe inoat ose Je os oe Gent peor the The penpes 4 joes to the epee Load restate R. Theory 4 Working As the Vemoturg Col is rotated jn the m ne pa a je pare a teld and) normal to iL cho muUoUs Therefore magnetic Hux Linkeal with the oh changes. Avi om emf. Ad Saeed In te Coil. To Start wrth, Suppose the Coil 2 perpenclicudar do the plane of the paper in which magnetic field vey plied, with AB at tsomt amd CD at “the hack. Tre amount of flux dinkeo) with ceil in ths position ws Maximum, (38)7 As the cil ia xteteel amticlickwise , AB moved twards and cb meved outwards, The amor of- magnetic plux Linked with the Coil Changes: Accoroling 4d Fleméng’s vi homd rule, Currort a, Fe at indlucec! in, & is gwm B® ond in cd, ab Ja gom ct D. Ty the extemal Cireuid, Currant plows pom B, t Bi: A kter the rotetim of the coil, AB us ab the back ome” cD 4s at the front CH (oy). Therefore om vototing futher, AB moves outwi omd CD moves inwards. The Current tnduced in AB 4d B to A omd In cD, ut ds ‘Db to Cc. Through external Clreut, Cwrrent flows fom B, +o Bo. Trolucecl current in the externod Circuit changes clivection or evety hod rotodion of the coil. Hence the curr induc? mM coil ua alternating im neduw, Magnitude of induced emf. 4 Induced Current Let N= Nusmnber of tums in the coil = Grea enclosed iy each tum eb the coil Strength of magnetic +elel om@e~ whieh norenol 40 the eel makers with B S B o omy hime t. NORMAL COIL BR 6 UY So the meagnreHe Pux Linked with the cil in HVS positon “us— ? p= N(BA) = NBACSOor d= NBA Coscot -O oherxe ow da angular. velocity, of the col. As the Coil Gs rotated ,8 Chan 5 moagnsHc flux inked rH the coll Drange Se Re N emf. as treuced iy the coil- At this instant £ , af @ Ja the emg. fnetuced in the Ceil , then - eo =-a (NB ae eC A Costot ) es —Nen gt (Coswt) = -N@A (-Sintob) eo ov C@ > NBA Sincot —& Tre Imducecol e-m.f- will be maximum , ohen Sinvwot = maximum = 1 Cmax = Go = NBA x4 —- © by equation @ we get - The Current Supplied by the Gc. generator is oso Sinusoidal. Tt Ga given by 3 hore Ips & = maximum Value of Current. ‘uoTrans former A ean Us an electicol olevicea Neh JA Used for cherging the ac. voltages. A teanstoemer which increoses the a.c. voltages is Catlecl Step up trans wr and a tramstormer eahidh decreases the ac. voltogés 4s Calle! q step clovon transfoumur: Prnuple - A transforma is ‘borecl om the principle oh mutual Induction “ie. Whenever the amount of mypelie fltx dinkeol with 4 Coil changes y an emf. 1s ind in the neighbouring. Coil. Construction — eee iue ben A bransformer Consist of O Sob iron Core. macle off Laminades) sheets 5 well fnauloteo pom each othr. Two coils P,P. C Prim aye Coil) and S82 Cseconclary Coil) are wow om the Game Core 5 but are well” Insulatest frm each othr. Note that both the coils ate also Iisulated from thre Core. Tae Source of Obterneting ems. ( do be tanspormedt) is terinectect! to Gne primary coil APs ad @ oad resistance R is Connected to secondary Coil $,S.. LAMINATED CORE Theory 4 Working - Let the albteanati “mf. ied b Qc. Source connect eck ¢ privy tht 7 tee Ep= & Sinw+tThe attematin piivnng Cusrerdt ianuces an atterating netic. pux dy oh the cx, Cove. Because Hre Core aceon mee See erica Secorr >to the inclu lux so extends rough the. secendanig According 4 the Faraday's Law oj clechomngrelic (induction , the Garces! amf. pane eet is Same for both parimovey 4 secondary «nr "9: Em, = doe = Ge = ot Ne Ns Here Np5>Ns represents thre sotal number of tums in the Primary oma Secondary ails Arapectively. Ea: Ne Ep Ne As we ossume that no enmgy is Jost along. tre way, Conservation of energy Yequives thot - Input Power = Ontput Power 2 : Ip = £s TpEp = Tels ve ze = In genmal- ” fs .JeoM = k Ep ta) Ne Hee K = fromgiprimation rato Note - T Ns > Np thon Es > & then the tronstonmer D callid? alte Up trenajpaner: . Th Ns< Np then Es < Ep: then the bronsfpmer Js Coble! a step coum -trangiornar. Taz]Efficiency of transformer Tt Js opined as the ratio of output power to the input power. i“) 6 Output Power y 199 he sls y joo h Input Power EpIp Note - The transformer Cannot esoxk on ae. A mer chomges ac. Voltages / currents: I+ does not affect the Een of ac. when Ac. voltege vs vaisecl n times, pea corsponcling alteanoting Current reduce +o din Fxrnes, Energy Lessea in a transformer (\.) Copper Loss — — Lt i the energy tose tn the ppm of heat in the Coppr coils o Alas wmeY. THis dd ato Toute hesting of Conolucting wives. These are minimiseo) using Hick “corres. Gi) Iron Loss - Tt Us the energy toss in the trem heat In the, iron Core vf the “tromaformer: This is UL fe Panna) os ely, Currents in tron Core. TH wy mimimise. by tekking Laminocdec! Cores. Gii) Leakage of magnetic flux- Due to th the vee of change of magnetic flux Linked with each +usm of S)S2 4a Aes than the rote of change of magnetic $tux Linked cotth each turn of RP2- It Com be reduced by windin the PAtmany and seconelaxy Coils one over. Sine othe Gv) Hysteresis Loss - This 4s the Joss of encrgy tus Ad repestesl m« 1Sertion oma slemognetisasion Ob the Ise core Whi ac 4s ato dt = The loss is t to a minimum by using’ & magnetic. matertos whi how a Lovo hugs v3 los’ , aS