20-10-2020

Gopal Lal Choudhary

Asstt. Prof.-cum-Jr. Scientist
(Agronomy)

Practical
 Crop planning, raising field crops in multiple cropping systems: Field
preparation, seed, treatment, nursery raising, sowing, nutrient, water and
weed management and management of insect-pests diseases of crops,
harvesting, threshing, drying winnowing, storage and marketing of produce.
 The emphasis will be given to seed production, mechanization, resource
conservation and integrated nutrient, insect-pest and disease management
technologies.
 Preparation of balance sheet including cost of cultivation, net returns per
student as well as per team of 8-10 students.

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 A staple food for > 60% of world population & about 90% of all rice produced and consumed only
in Asian countries
 An annual which usually grows to a height of 0.5 m to 2 m but certain varieties grows up to 6-9 m.
 Being a monocot belong to family Gramineae, sub-family Oryzoideae, tribe Oryzeae and genus Oryza.
 A semi-aquatic plant having high amount of K2O and Si that checks rotting under waterlogged
condition.
 Has fibrous shallow root, jointed stem (know as culm), rather flat leaves and terminal panicles; rice
fruit is botanically caryopsis.
 Presence of aerenchymatous tissue help to survive in waterlogged condition.
 High K presence in straw than its grain while reverse in case of rest cereals.
 Due to presence of air space occurs in endosperms during ripening, white, translucent, waxy or
chalkiness substances in rice grain.
 Aroma in aromatic rice is due to 2-acetyle-1-pyrroline.

 Area: 43.99 mha

 Production: 109.70 million tonnes
 Productivity: 2494 kg/ha
 Leading states in area: Utter Pradesh (5.99 mha), West Bengal (5.50 maha), Odisha (3.85 mha),
Chhattisgarh (3.83 mha), Bihar (3.34 mha)
 Leading states in production: West Bengal (15.30 mt), Utter Pradesh (13.75 mt), Punjab (11.59
mt), Odisha (8.33 mt), Bihar (8.24 mt)
 Leading states in productivity: Punjab (3998 kg/ha), Andhra Pradesh (3540 kg/ha), Haryana
(3213 kg/ha), Telangana (3075 kg/ha), Bihar (2467 kg/ha) at 6th Position

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Table 1. Rice Hybrids recommended for different states

State Hybrid
Andhra Pradesh APHR 1, APHR 2, DRRH 1, PHB 71, HRI 120, DRRH-3
Bihar PHB 71, DRRH 1, PA 6201, PRH 10, Arize 6444
Haryana Haryana Shankar Dhan-1 (HKRH-1), PHB 71, DRRH 1, PA 6201, Pusa RH 10,
Gujarat DRRH-3
Karnataka KRH1, KRH 2, HRI 120
Madhya Pradesh & Chattisgarh JRH-6, JRH-5, DRRH-3
Maharashtra Sahyadri-2, PHB 71, PA 6201, HRI 120
Orissa CRHR-7 (Ajay), KRH 2, DRRH 1, PHB 71, HRI 120, Rajalaxmi
Punjab Pusa RH 10, RH 204
Tamil Nadu CORH 1, CORH 2, ADTRH 1, PHB 71, DRRH 1, DRH 2, HRI 120
Uttaranchal Pant Sankar Dhan 1, PHB 71, HRI 120, Pant Sankar Dhan 6, Pant Sugandh Dhan-17
Uttar Pradesh Pant Sankar Dhan 1, Pusa RH 10, Narendra Sankar Dhan 2, PHB 71, PA 6201, HRI 120, UPRH 27
West Bengal CNRH 3, PA 6201, KRH 2, PHB 71, 6201 (CPA 103)

Table 2. Scented varieties of rice recommended for cultivation in different states zones/ states
Andhra Pradesh Sumati, Kaki Rekhalu (HR 59), Sukhdas (HR 47)
Assam Prasadbhog, Malbhog, Badshahbhog
Bihar & Jharkhand Basmati 370, Sugandha, Rajendra Suwasini, Rajendra Kasturi, Rajendra Bhagwati, Sabour Surbhit
Gujarat Kamod 118, Pankhari 203, Zeerasal
Himachal Pradesh Desi Basmati 23
Jammu & Kashmir Ranbir Basmati, Muskh Budgi, Basmati 370
Karnataka Jeerakasala, Gandhkasala, Sindigi local
Madhya Pradesh Gopalbhog, Kali Kamod, Chattri
Maharashtra Ambemoha 102, Ambemoha 147, Ambemoha 159, Krishnasal
Northern India (Haryana, Basmati-386, N 10 B, Basmati 370, Pusa Basmati 1, Hansraj, T 3, T 9, N 12, Taraori Basmati (Karnal
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh) local), Pusa Sugandh 2, Pusa Sugandh 3, Pusa Sugandh 4, Pusa Sugandh 5, Pusa Sugandh 6, Pusa
Improved Basmati, PRH 10, Pant Dhan 15, Kalanamak, Punjab Basmati-1

Rajasthan Mahasugandha, Kala Badal, Kamod, Nawabi Kolam

Tamil Nadu Jeeraga Samba
Uttarakhand Pant Dhan 15, Hansraj
West Bengal Badshah Pasand, Govindabhog, Kataribhog, Sitabhog

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Table 3. Rice varieties recommended for various states of India under irrigated conditions
State Improved varieties
Andhra Pradesh Amara, ASD-19, Cottondora Sannalu, Hamsa, Tella-Hamsa, Vashista, Mahsuri, Kasturi, Kakatiya, Prakash, Vikrant, Bhadra Kali, Jagtiala Mahsuri,
Jagitiala Sannalu, Santhi, Apurva, Mahamaya, Nandyal Sannalu, Varalu, Bapatla Sannalu, Early Sambha, GK 5003,
Bihar & Jharkhand Pusa 33, Pusa 2-21, Pusa 169, Mehsuri, Saket 4, IR-8, IR-20, IR-24, BR 368, Jaya, Padma, Deepa, Sita, Bala, Kaveri, Ratna, Sabarmati, Janki,
Rajendra Dhan 101, R. Dhan 202, Birsamati, Arvindha Amrit, JKRH-401, Rajendra Mahsuri, Rajendra Sweta, Swarana Sub 1
Gujarat Gurjari, GR-6, Gau R 1, Gau R 10, Gau R 100, Dandi
Haryana Pusa 33, Pusa 169, Ajay, Jaya, Bala, Ratna, Jhona 349, IR 8, PR 106, Kasturi, HKR-127
Himachal Pradesh Bhrigu Dhan , Himalaya 2216, RP 2421, Himalaya-1, Himalaya-2, Himalaya-22, Himalaya-79
Jammu & Kashmir SKAU 23, SKAU 27, Chena, Jhalum, Kohsaar
Karnataka IR-30864, Prakash, Madhu, Vikram, Suma, Kusuma, Vani, Akash, Sharavati, Maha Maya, BR 2655-9-3-1, Pant Dhan 12, Sakuntala, Gautam, GK
5003
Kerala KAUM 20-19-4, KAUM 59-29-2-1-2, KAUM 61-6-1-1-2, Anupurna, Aswathi, Bharti, Jyoti, Rohini, Triveni, Sabari, Kunju, Priya, Varsha, Kunju
Varna, Gauri, Sweta
Madhya Pradesh Prabhat, IR 8, IR 24, Jawahar 75, Mehsuri, Bala, Kaveri, Ratna, Jaya, Pragati, Jagrati, Kranti, Garima, Anupama, Akashi, Madhuri, Vani, Mahamaya
& Chattisgarh
Maharashtra Ratnagiri 24, Karjat 184, Karjat 2, Ratnagiri 3, PKV Makarand
Orissa Rajeshwari, Hema, Sakti, Kumar, Bala, IR 20, Prakash, Vikram, Vani, JKRH-401
Punjab Sahyadri-4, Jaya, Bala, Ajai, PR 105, PR 108, PR 109, IR 8, Palman 579, Mutant 95, Ratna, Sabarmati, Aravinda Amrit, PRH-122
Rajasthan Jaya, Ratna, Pusa 33, Ajay, Sabarmati, Chambal PR 106, BK 29, BK 130, Vani
Tamil Nadu COR-46, ADT (R) 45, ADT-42, ADT-43, ADT-44, ASD-20 Kari Kalan, Karuna, Bhawani, Vaghair, Bharti, Caveri, Krishna, Kanchi, PMK 2 and
ADT 42,.
Uttar Pradesh Saket 4, Govind, Prasad, Manhar, Pusa 169, Pusa 33, Pusa 2-21, Ratna, Narendra 2, PNR 381, Saket 4, Prasad, Manhar, Pusa 169, Ratna, Ashwani,
Ratna, VLK Pant Dhan 11, IR 24, IR 36, Sarju 52, Jaya, NDR 80, Pant Dhan 12, Pant Dhan 4, Jaya
West Bengal and IR 20, Jayanthi, JKRH-401
Assam

 Rice is mainly grown on uplands, medium lands and lowlands

 System of rice cultivation in a region depends largely on
 Topography of land
 Type of soil
 Irrigation facility
 Availability of labour
 Intensity and distribution of rainfall
 Based on availability of water, the principal systems of rice cultivation
 Rainfed or dry or semi-dry upland cultivation
 Broadcasting the seed
 Sowing the seed behind the plough
 Irrigated or wet or lowland cultivation
 Broadcasting sprouted seed in puddled soil
 Transplanting in puddled soil

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 Modern techniques of rice cultivation

 System of rice intensification (SRI)
 Direct seeded rice
 Aerobic rice

 Sowing time is generally decided on the basis of maturity group/duration of verities

 Short duration or early maturing verities: 25th June to 10th July
 Medium duration or medium maturing varieties: 10th June to 25th June
 Long duration or late maturing varieties: 25th May to 15th June
 Scented varieties: 25th June to 10th July

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 Depends on duration, test weight, soil type, moisture content, system of cultivation
 Transplanted rice
 Small seeded varieties: 20-25 kg/ha
 Medium seeded varieties: 25-30 kg/ha
 Bold seeded varieties: 30-35 kg/ha
 Hybrid varieties: 15-20 kg/ha
 Direct seeded rice
 Drilling: 30-50 kg/ha
 Broadcasting: 60-100 kg/ha
 SRI: 5-10 kg/ha

 Select the fertile, well drained upland field near the source of irrigation water.
 Area: 1/10th of the main field i.e. 1000 m2 for one hectare area.
 Seed treatment
 Take a container and fill it with water up to 2/3rd part.
 Mix 5-10% salt in water and then put seed in it.
 Stir gently the solution along with seeds.
 Remove unfilled grain as they float in water surface.
 Take the bold seed that setting at the bottom & thoroughly wash with fresh
water.
 Treat the seeds with carbendazim or thiram@2-2.5 g/kg of seed- to prevent from
seed borne diseases.
 Use pregerminated seeds since they start to grow quickly in the field.

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 Pregermination consists of soaking and incubating the seeds.

 Soak the bold seeds in fresh water and keep at room temperature (≥27ºC) for 24
hrs.
 Wash the seed thoroughly after 24 hrs with fresh water.
 Place the seed in clean and moist bag tightly and keep it in a shady place.
 Stir the seed every 12 hrs for better air circulation and sprinkle water over seeds
while stirring.
 Incubation period
 Wet and dry method: 24-36 hrs.
 Dapog method: 36-48 hrs.

 Methods of raising seedling

 Dry bed method.
 Wet bed method.
 Dapog method.
 Modified dapog method.

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(1) Dry bed method

 Practice in areas where water is not sufficient to grow seedlings in wet nurseries.
 Plough the field 1-2 times with MB plough at a depth of 20-25 cm, then 2 harrowing followed by
planking and make the soil thoroughly pulverized.
 Wait at least 7 days if field is over moisten and provide light irrigation if there is moisture stress and
leave for 7 days, that facilitate emergence of weed which are destroyed by harrowing.
 Raise the seedbed 10-15 cm above ground level with channels (30 cm wide) between the beds.
 Divide the nursery area into narrow beds of 1.25 m width and of any convenient length (preferably
10-15m) depending upon slope.
 Nutrient management:
 Compost or FYM @ 2 t/1000 m2 15-20 days in advance of seed sowing.
 225 g Urea or 500 g Ammonium sulfate and 500 g SSP per 10 m2 (or 100:80:40 NPK g/10 m2).
 Top dressed by 50 g Urea per m2 land in case of N-deficiency symptoms.
 Give two spray of Zinc sulfate (5 g Zinc sulfate + 2.5 g Calcium carbonate in per litre of water),
one 10 DAS and another 20 DAS in case of Zinc deficiency.
 Spray 0.5% Ferrous sulfate solution in case of iron deficiency.

 Uniformly apply about 2-3 handfuls of seed on a square meter of seed bed.
 Cover immediately the sown seed with a layer of soil.
 Allow the water to run in channels first and then raise the level of water slowly to saturate the soil of
beds.
 Do not flood water in beds and keep the seed bed saturated with water.
 Maintain a thin film of water if possible after 5 DAS if there is no rainfall otherwise a sort of hard
surface called crust may form, crust hinders the emergence or growth of seedlings.
 Cover seedbed with rice straw to protect from crust formation vis-à-vis save the seeds from bird
menace.
 Remove straw after 5-6 days from bed.
 Adopt suitable disease and pest control measures
 Removes the weeds by hand if they appear.
 Seedling ready for transplanting at an age of 25-30 DAS.
 Irrigate seed bed 2-3 days before uprooting the seedling to soften the soil for easier uprooting and to
prevent root injury.
 Transplant within 24 hrs of uprooting.

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(2) Wet bed method

 Prefers in areas where irrigation water is not a constraint or the field is wet due to constant rainfall
 Saturate the field by providing the irrigation water.
 Puddle the soil by 2-3 runs of puddler or 3-4 ploughing with local plough.
 Divide the nursery area into narrow beds of 1.25 m width and of any convenient length depending
upon slop after 1or 2 days of puddling, to facilitates sowing, weeding, spraying of chemicals and
irrigation operations
 Construct drainage channels 30 cm wide in between the seed beds
 Generally no need of incubation of seeds
 Nutrient management:
 Compost or FYM @ 2 t/1000 m2 15-20 days in advance of seed sowing.
 225 g Urea or 500 g Ammonium sulfate and 500 g SSP per 10 m2 (or 100:80:40 NPK g/10 m2).
 Top dressed by 50 g Urea per m2 land in case of N-deficiency symptoms.
 Give two spray of Zinc sulfate (5 g Zinc sulfate + 2.5 g Calcium carbonate in per litre of water),
one 10 DAS and another 20 DAS in case of Zinc deficiency.
 Spray 0.5% Ferrous sulfate solution in case of iron deficiency.

 Uniformly broadcast about 2-3 handfuls of seed on a square meter of seed bed.
 Keep the seed beds saturated with water for first 5 days and then increase gradually the
level of water up to 5 cm as the seedlings grow.
 Drain the excess water in periods of heavy rains during the first week of sowing.
 Adopt suitable disease and pest control measures.
 Removes the weeds by hand if they appear.
 Seedling ready for transplanting at an age of 20-25 days.
 Irrigate seed bed 2-3 days before uprooting the seedling to soften the soil for easier
uprooting and to prevent root injury.
 Transplant within 24 hrs of uprooting.

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(3) Dapog method

 Widely adopted in Philippines.
 Most economic as it saves almost half of the time in seedling raising.
 Needed less area to raise seedlings (25-30 m2 for one ha planting; ratio of nursery to main
field = 1: 334-400).
 Bed preparation
 Prepare on an even but slightly raised (4-5 cm) surface in an open field or on even
cement floor.
 For every 3 kg of seed about one m2 of seed bed is required.
 Width = 1.5 m as it is manageable.
 Cover soil surface of the seed bed evenly and completely with banana leaves with
protruding midribs removed or preferably with plastic sheets.
 Carefully lay strips of banana bracts along the edge of seed bed (or use wooden sticks,
bricks).
 Push thin bamboo pegs through the bracts into the soil to keep bracts upright and firm.

 Broadcast 36-48 hr pregerminated seeds uniformly over plastic or banana leaves @ 3

kg/m2.
 Sown seed in multiple layer i.e. layer of 3 seeds thick Do not press to hard on seeds.
 Follow this by sprinkling water gently.
 Sprinkle water 3-4 times a day up to 4 days to keep the seed bed wet and thereafter cover it
with 1-2 cm of water till the end.
 Press the seeds once a day till fourth day and protect them from birds.
 Seedlings become ready for transplanting within 12 to 14 days, regardless of duration of
the variety.
 Roll the raised seedling like a carpet with roots facing outside and carried to transplanting
site.
 Fertilizer is not needed since the seedlings are nourished by food in the seed.
 Transplant 3-4 seedling per hill instead of 2.

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Advantages
 Require less area for raising seedling.
 Takes less time to get seedlings ready for transplanting
 Saves the cost of uprooting seedlings.
 No need of applying fertilizers.
 Early prepared seedling helps to escape from disease and insect incidence.
Disadvantages
 Obtain thin, pale, cylindrical, delicate and weak seedlings.
 Require uniform leveling and low level of water in the main field.
 Need to transplant seedling within 12-14 DAS since the seedling can not survive for many
days.
 Require more no. of seedling per hill to compensate the death of seedlings
 Need of technical hands to raise the seedlings.

(4) Modified dapog method

 Develop keeping in view the disadvantages of dapog method and used to prepare nursery
for use with mechanical transplanters.
 Prepare bed as in case of dapog method but the nursery area should be more (200-300 m2).
 Major steps of bed preparation
 Collect the soil and sieve it through a 3-5 mm sieve.
 Add FYM and 10 g of each N, P2O5 and K2O in each square meter area of nursery.
 Place a 50-60 gauge polyethylene sheet cover over the area.
 Place wooden frames having compartments equal to the size of the tray of the machine.
 Fill the prepared soil in these frames uniformly up to the top surface or use ash to fill.
 Spread about 600 g/m2 of pregerminated seeds in these compartments uniformly at
single grain thickness.
 Cover the seeds by a thin layer of soil or with gunny bags (for first 3 days) and sprinkle
water on it twice or thrice a day.

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 Gently press the germinated seeds with hands both in morning and evening so that root
system may not be exposed.
 Maintain 1-2 cm water level over the bed for 4 days after removing the gunny bags.
 Ensure that nursery is free from weeds and keep it wet without over flooding.
 From 8th DAS, 25-30 g of ammonium sulfate dissolved in water and spray over seeding up
to 12th day if no fertilizer is added previously.
 Seedling ready to uproot after 12th day onwards.
 Drain the water few hours before transplanting.
Advantages
 Obtain tall, healthy and robust seedling.
 Can plant the seedling even in more water levels and can withstand rough handling.
 No difficulty in uprooting seedling as they are planted in ash or fine sand/soil.
 Prepare seedling in early time and if water is not readily available in the main field, the
seeding can be allowed growing for more than 3 weeks in nursery beds.

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