CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presented and analyzed the data that had been collected. The primary

objective of the study was to seek nurses' views on the effectiveness of children undergoing

cancer treatment at the Korle-bu Teaching Hospital. The conducted in-depth interviews with

30 respondents. The analysis of data is presented in two parts. Part one presented the analysis

of the demographic information of respondents whilst part two presented the results of data

relating to the research objectives and questions. The study also presented a discussion of

results under each of the main themes and their subsequent subthemes.

4.2 RESPONDENTS’ DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

The focus of this part of the chapter is the examination of the attributes of the

participants in the study. The analysis encompasses details such as their gender, age,

educational attainment and rank of the study respondents. The objective of this analysis was

to evaluate the diversity of the sample group and the competence of individual participants to

furnish dependable data for the study. This analysis helped guarantee that the study had a

representative and competent pool of respondents who could furnish precise and credible

information.

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 Table 4.1 Distribution of Respondents by Demographics

Category Sub-group Frequency Percentage

Gender Male 7 23%

Female 23 77%

Age Group 23-30 years 18 60%

31-45 years 9 30%

46-60 years 3 10%

Highest Diploma 22 74%

Academic Degree 7 23%
Qualification
Master’s Degree 1 3%

Rank SN 7 23%

SSN 5 17%

NO 14 47%

SNO 3 10%

PEN 1 3%

Source: Field Data, 2023

Out of a total sample size of 30 respondents, 77% were female and 23% were males.

This finding showed the domination of females in the nursing profession. The findings also

showed that adequate level of equity was achieved with adequate representation of male

nurses. By doing this, the results are made to be more representative of the whole workforce

and less biased toward the experiences of one gender.

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 Distribution of respondents by age category showed that 60% of the study sample

were aged between 23-30 years, 30% were aged between 31-45 years old and the remaining

10% aged between 46-60 years.  Understanding the breakdown of respondents with respect to

age groups offers a context-specific lens through which to comprehend the study's findings.

Different age groups frequently have different generational viewpoints, which may impact

their views on the effectiveness of children undergoing cancer treatment at the Korle-bu

Teaching Hospital.

Distribution of respondents by highest academic qualification showed that 22% of the

sampled respondents were diploma holders, 23% were degree holders and the remaining 3%

were master’s degree holders. Respondents with variable academic credentials contribute

diverse levels of expertise and breadth of knowledge to the study. This diversity increases the

depth of the responses and contributes to a thorough analysis.

In relation to distribution of respondents by rank, the study showed that 23% of the

respondents were SN, 175 were SSN, 47% were NO, 10% were SNO and the remaining 3%

were PEN. Respondents with a range of job ranks provide a variety of experiences and

understandings of workplace interactions. This variety aids in developing a thorough

awareness of nurses' views on the effectiveness of children undergoing cancer treatment at

the Korle-bu Teaching Hospital.

In conclusion, the demographic analysis revealed interesting information on the

composition of the study sample. The distribution of responses among several demographic

characteristics, such as gender, age group, highest academic degree, and job rank, provided

for a comprehensive assessment of the participants' backgrounds and experiences. This

variation not only emphasized the participants' uniqueness, strengthening the research

findings, but it also increased the scope and significance of the study. The study expanded

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and deepened as a result of taking into account this diverse demographic environment, which

eventually improved the implications and application of its results.

4.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THEMES

There were 3 main themes and 17 sub-themes. They were presented in the table below.

Table 2: Summary of themes and their respective sub-themes

THEMES SUBTHEMES

1. The knowledge of Nurses regarding 1. Diagnosing pediatric cancer

the care for children with cancer. 2. Pediatric cancer prognosis

3. Effects of Pediatric Cancer on the

Child and Family

4. Perception of Staff Collaboration's

Influence on Pediatric Cancer Care

5. Significance of Psychological Support

in Pediatric Cancer Care

6. Collecting Medical History for

Pediatric Cancers

7. Conducting Physical Examinations

for Pediatric Cancers

2. Attitude of Nurses caring for children 8. Collaboration among professionals

with Cancer 9. Supporting the child family

10. Fear and anxiety reduction

11. Age-appropriate explanations

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 12. Child-centred care

2. Challenges of Pediatric Oncology 13. Access to specialist treatment,

Nurse 14. Research funding

15. Healthcare infrastructure

16. Lack of specialized oncology units

impacting individualized treatment

17. Government assistance

4.4 THE KNOWLEDGE OF NURSES REGARDING THE CARE FOR CHILDREN

WITH CANCER.

This bedrock of healthcare delivery becomes very important when dealing with pediatric

cancer. Being at the frontline of patient care, nurses have a significant impact on how patients

are treated and how they feel about their care. The investigation of nurses' knowledge in the

research reverberates as a crucial factor in the standard of care provided to children with

cancer. It aims to uncover the depth and scope of nurses' knowledge of pediatric cancer,

embracing;

1. Diagnosing pediatric cancer

2. Pediatric cancer prognosis

3. Effects of Pediatric Cancer on the Child and Family

4. Perception of Staff Collaboration's Influence on Pediatric Cancer Care

5. Significance of Psychological Support in Pediatric Cancer Care

6. Collecting Medical History for Pediatric Cancers

7. Conducting Physical Examinations for Pediatric Cancers

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4.4.1 DIAGNOSING PEDIATRIC CANCER

Pediatric cancer diagnosis requires a systematic approach that includes a clinical history,

physical examinations, laboratory testing, and imaging procedures such as X-rays,

ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRI scans. The diagnosis is further refined by biopsies and

genetic tests. This thorough procedure allows for the prompt detection and accurate

categorization of malignancies, assisting in the development of customized treatment plans

for young patients to achieve better results. In relation to the diagnoses of pediatric cancer in

Ghana, the following were the remarks revealed by interviewees:

“To correctly identify cancer kinds and stages, the diagnostic procedure includes blood tests,

imaging (X-rays, CT scans, MRIs), and biopsies. Public awareness efforts are necessary to

encourage early identification since access to specialist treatment and awareness are

difficult to come by in rural regions. To increase research funding, healthcare infrastructure,

and support systems for impacted families, cooperative efforts are required. The care of

juvenile cancer may be improved by prioritizing it and allocating resources, giving young

patients and their families hope. As a nurse, I am committed to promoting better treatment

for kids with cancer so that these courageous kids have the greatest results.” N4

“A wide range of tests are used to diagnose children cancer, each with a distinct

function in the process of diagnosis. Getting a thorough medical history is important to do

first. This involves learning about the child's health, any ongoing illnesses, any family

members who have had health issues, and any obvious indicators that would have caused

alarm. A thorough physical examination is another critical phase of the diagnostic process.

Expert medical personnel thoroughly inspect the youngster, looking for any anomalies,

growths, or swollen lymph nodes that might be cancer signs. Blood testing are essential for

locating probable cancer signs in children. A complete blood count (CBC) evaluates the

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 quantity and variety of blood cells, offering important information about diseases including

leukemia and lymphoma. When it comes to identifying and staging juvenile cancer, imaging

scans are important. To examine interior structures and determine tumor sites and sizes,

imaging techniques including X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic

resonance imaging (MRI) are often utilized. Additionally, regions of aberrant cell activity

may be seen during positron emission tomography (PET) scans, assisting in the diagnosis of

cancer metastasis.

A biopsy is carried out if required to formally establish the existence of cancer. In this

process, a tissue sample is taken from the suspected tumor or other damaged location, and a

pathologist examines it under a microscope. The kind of cancer and the degree of its

aggressiveness may be precisely identified by evaluation of the tissue sample. The kind and

stage of cancer inform the diagnosis procedure, and the studies chosen are specific to each

child's individual presentation. The greatest results for children with cancer must be ensured

by early identification since prompt diagnosis enables prompt implementation of effective

treatment modalities. As healthcare experts, we're devoted to using the most cutting-edge and

precise diagnostic technologies out there and improving our abilities to provide the finest

treatment possible for young patients. Our ability to diagnose childhood cancer with greater

specificity thanks to the integration of medical history, physical examination, blood tests,

imaging, and biopsy enables us to create individualized treatment plans that provide hope

and healing to the courageous children and their families going through this difficult

journey.” N7

“In Ghana, determining the presence of pediatric cancer requires a thorough

strategy that includes a number of inquiries that are adapted to the particulars of each case.

Blood tests are essential diagnostic tools because they provide important information about

any possible blood cell abnormalities that can be cancer-related. Imaging scans, such as X-

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 rays, CT scans, and MRIs, are essential for determining any abnormal growths or tumors

and for seeing inside structures. The location, size, and degree of cancer spread are all

determined by these scans. Additional tests, such as a bone marrow biopsy, may be required

for certain children malignancies. In order to check for malignant cells or determine the

bone marrow's capacity to create healthy blood cells, a sample of the bone marrow is taken

during this operation. Additionally, the cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord

is examined via lumbar puncture, sometimes referred to as a spinal tap. This test is essential

for identifying cancer cells that may have moved to the central nervous system, which is a

risk factor for several forms of juvenile malignancies. The kind of cancer suspected and the

disease stage upon presentation influence the choice of inquiry. Healthcare practitioners

may effectively detect children cancer using a mix of these diagnostic methods, laying the

groundwork for creating individualized treatment regimens and raising the likelihood of

favorable results. Our commitment as healthcare providers is to use these investigations to

ensure that pediatric patients get prompt and accurate diagnoses. We strive to provide the

greatest treatment and support to children with cancer and their families throughout their

recovery process by using a multidisciplinary approach and being on the cutting edge of

medical developments.” N13

4.4.2 PEDIATRIC CANCER PROGNOSIS

There are many different prognostic scenarios. There is a good prospect of recovery and

long-term survival for certain children's tumors that respond well to therapy. Others, though,

present more difficulties and have less promising outlooks. Early diagnosis is crucial because

it enables prompt action, perhaps improving the prognosis as a whole.

Over time, improvements in medical technology, therapeutic approaches, and supportive care

have dramatically improved the prognosis for pediatric cancer patients. More favorable

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results are a result of cooperative efforts by healthcare professionals, families, and

communities. The following remarks were obtained:

“The prognosis for pediatric cancer in Ghana is complicated. Although there have been

substantial advancements lately, problems still exist. A timely diagnosis is still essential, but

the prognosis is still affected by the fact that many patients are still detected at late stages.

Variables including accessibility to specialist care and resource availability affect treatment

efficacy. These difficulties and the progress being achieved are shown by the research we

conducted at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Collaboration between families, support

networks, and medical experts is essential for improving prognosis. Better results come from

using a comprehensive strategy that includes medical, emotional, and psychological care.”

N7

“In Ghana, there are many possible outcomes for pediatric cancer. The diversity of

cancer forms and stages, which naturally affect prognostic outlooks, is where the journey

starts. The importance of early identification and thorough therapy is reaffirmed by our

research. Dedicated healthcare workers at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital work to enhance

prognosis via customized therapies despite ongoing difficulties including limited resources.

Enhancing prognosis requires more awareness campaigns, community involvement, and

capacity-building programs. Collectively, our results show how to improve the prognosis for

Ghanaian children with cancer.” N9

“Ghana's pediatric cancer prognosis represents a tension between advancement and

enduring difficulties. From the variety of cancer kinds to the socioeconomic differences

impacting prognosis, there are many intricate factors. The prognosis is largely shaped by

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cooperative efforts between healthcare professionals, decision-makers, and society at large.

However, the path to a better prognosis requires coordinated efforts to increase funding,

advance research projects, and promote improved healthcare infrastructure. Our work adds

to the current discussion about improving the prognostic outlook for pediatric cancer in

Ghana since the prognosis landscape is changing.” N17

4.4.3 EFFECTS OF PEDIATRIC CANCER ON THE CHILD AND FAMILY

Pediatric cancer has an impact that extends well beyond the affected kid and affects the

whole family as a whole. The diagnosis has a significant impact and sets off a chain reaction

of mental, physical, and practical difficulties. The physical side effects of cancer therapy for a

kid might include discomfort, exhaustion, and changes in normal routine. Fear, worry, and

uncertainty about their health and future might appear as a result of the emotional toll. Their

misery is exacerbated by their social isolation as a result of their treatment and

hospitalization.

The family experiences a seismic upheaval, too. Stress and emotional turmoil become a

parent's regular companions as they struggle with the agony of seeing their child's suffering.

Due to changing family relationships, siblings may feel abandoned or resentful of one

another. Financial difficulties arise as a result of rising medical costs and a possible loss of

income. The family unit as a whole gets entangled in a complicated web of difficulties and

changes. Families, however, often demonstrate incredible resilience in the face of hardship.

Relationships get stronger, social networks develop, and fresh perspectives on life emerge.

The need for comprehensive treatment is highlighted by the recognition of the severe

consequences that pediatric cancer has on both the child and their family. Respondents made

the following remarks:

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 “Pediatric cancer in Ghana has devastating impacts on both the kid and their family. The

emotional anguish that follows the diagnosis is shown in our research at Korle-Bu Teaching

Hospital. Treatments cause physical discomfort, mental suffering, and interruption of the

children's regular schedules. As they manage the complexity of therapy, families experience

enormous stress, which often causes financial hardship and emotional weariness. As the

family's emphasis moves to the kid with illness, siblings may feel neglected. Our results

highlight the value of psychological support networks in assisting the kid and their family in

overcoming these obstacles and preserving some sense of routine among the chaos.”N12

“The consequences that childhood cancer has on Ghanaian families are profound. Beyond

the physical issues, kids with cancer also struggle with emotions of loneliness, dread, and

worry. The family unit also suffers a great deal. The emotional misery of seeing their kid in

pain and the financial burden of therapy are both experienced by parents. Siblings may feel

overburdened and ignored, which strains family relationships. Our results highlight the need

for extensive support systems, such as financial aid and counseling, to help families cope

with the many difficulties. In addition to providing medical care, the hospital setting of

Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital serves as a center for family bonding and emotional

rehabilitation.” N9

“Within Ghanaian homes, the consequences of childhood cancer are felt far and wide. Our

research emphasizes the emotional toll, showing how fear, despair, and disturbance of

normal life affect children with cancer. The strain of the diagnosis on parents juggling job,

family, and medical visits may cause the family's fabric to tear. As the family's focus shifts to

the ill kid, siblings may experience a variety of emotions, from jealously to worry. Financial

difficulties exacerbate the misery. In addition to offering medical treatment, the Korle-Bu

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 Teaching Hospital also offers a place where families may get psychological and practical

help. Our results highlight the need of comprehensive support systems to lessen stresses and

improve the general wellbeing of the kid and their family.” N21

4.4.4 PERCEPTION OF STAFF COLLABORATION'S INFLUENCE ON

PEDIATRIC CANCER CARE

In the Ghanaian setting, our study focused on the efficacy of childhood cancer treatment at

Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. The findings reveal that staff collaboration holds immense sway

over the quality of care given to children with cancer. The perception of staff collaboration's

influence on pediatric cancer care is a critical aspect within the context of healthcare delivery.

The following were some of the remarks received by the study;

“Our observation at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital has shown that staff cooperation is a

crucial component of pediatric cancer treatment in Ghana. Our research sheds light on the

critical function played by multidisciplinary teams composed of nurses, doctors, oncologists,

radiologists, and other professionals. Collaboration that works improves resource

allocation, assures thorough treatment plans, and simplifies patient care. The combined

knowledge encourages a wholistic approach to treatment, addressing not just the medical

needs but also the child's and family's emotional wellbeing. Our research underlines the need

of maintaining efforts to promote a collaborative culture, improve communication pathways,

and regularly schedule knowledge-sharing platforms among staff members”N11

“We have observed that the critical role that staff cooperation plays in determining the

landscape of pediatric cancer treatment at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. To provide

comprehensive, patient-centered care, healthcare professionals must work together

effectively. Effective cooperation optimizes the effectiveness of existing resources and

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 knowledge in Ghana, where resources might be few. Children with cancer get thorough

treatment that is customized to meet their specific requirements thanks to the smooth

interaction between medical, nursing, and supporting professionals. Our results highlight the

need for ongoing training and awareness efforts to improve staff cooperation and guarantee

a coherent strategy that empowers kids with cancer and their families on their road to

recovery.”N5

“Our knowledge of events at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital confirms the value of staff

cooperation in the treatment of pediatric cancer in Ghana. Medical knowledge, emotional

support, and practical concerns all meet in a dynamic environment created by the

cooperation of healthcare experts. Interdisciplinary discussions help doctors and nurses

coordinate their treatment plans, radiologists supply vital diagnostic information, and

counselors provide emotional support. The findings of our research underscore the

importance of staff members' open communication and information sharing in establishing a

coherent ecosystem that benefits kids and their families. Collaboration not only improves the

effectiveness of treatments but also paves the way for a more sympathetic and caring

approach to pediatric cancer care in Ghana.”N17

4.4.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN PEDIATRIC CANCER

CARE

Psychological support is of paramount importance in pediatric cancer treatment, particularly

in Ghana. Pediatric cancer presents both the kid and their family with a physical struggle as

well as a psychological and emotional one. In order to manage the emotional anguish, worry,

and concern that often follow a cancer diagnosis, psychological help is essential. For the kid,

psychological support offers a secure setting where they may express their emotions, deal

with stresses associated with their therapy, and create pain- and discomfort-management

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techniques. It encourages resilience and gives them the tools they need to take an active role

in their recovery. Psychological help also extends to the family, providing instructions on

how to handle the challenges of caring and supporting their kid emotionally. The value of

psychological assistance is even more clear in Ghana, where resources might be few. The

following remarks were obtained from the study respondents:

“Psychological support is a crucial component of pediatric cancer treatment in Ghana.

Children who are diagnosed with cancer face enormous emotional obstacles that often

eclipse the physical effects of their condition. Interventions for psychological support provide

young patients a crucial lifeline by assisting them in overcoming the fear, worry, and

uncertainties that cancer entails. According to our research, such assistance not only

improves patients' mental well-being but also helps them stick to their treatments more

closely and achieve better results overall. As psychological assistance gives families the

skills to traverse the difficult road together, the influence goes beyond the child.”N1

“It is impossible to stress the importance of psychological support in the treatment of

pediatric cancer, especially in the context of Ghanaian healthcare. We observe that children

with cancer typically endure considerable psychological anguish, which might hamper their

therapeutic success. Counseling and art therapy are two psychological support therapies that

may help people deal with their emotional demands and maintain a feeling of normality in

the midst of hardship. This assistance goes beyond the confines of the hospital, assisting

families in better comprehending and handling the emotional difficulties they face.” N7

“Let me throw some light on the critical function that psychological support plays in

Ghana's pediatric cancer landscape. Children and families dealing with cancer often

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 experience excruciating emotional burdens, which have an impact on their mental and

emotional health. When psychological support treatments are included in care, children are

better able to manage their emotions, reduce anxiety, and generally lead better lives.

Furthermore, our research highlights the importance of psychological well-being in

influencing treatment adherence and outcomes, making it a crucial part of Ghana's complete

pediatric cancer care programs.” N10

4.4.6 COLLECTING MEDICAL HISTORY FOR PEDIATRIC CANCERS

The need for psychological assistance in the treatment of pediatric cancer is crucial,

especially in settings like Ghana. Pediatric cancer presents both the kid and their family with

a physical struggle as well as a psychological and emotional one. In order to manage the

emotional anguish, worry, and stress that often follow a cancer diagnosis, psychological help

is essential. For the kid, psychological support offers a secure setting where they may express

their emotions, deal with stresses associated with their therapy, and create pain- and

discomfort-management techniques. It encourages resilience and gives them the tools they

need to take an active role in their recovery. Psychological help also extends to the family,

providing instructions on how to handle the challenges of caring for and supporting their

child emotionally.

“Gathering a thorough medical history is a crucial component of providing pediatric cancer

patients with the best possible treatment. Gathering medical history is especially important

in Ghana because of the country's resource shortages and the necessity for focused

treatments. According to our research, nurses and other healthcare workers are essential in

getting families to provide correct medical information. This history covers the child's health

as well as any prior diseases, environmental causes, and family and personal histories. These

15
perceptions direct the creation of individualized treatment programs that are resource- and

culturally sensitive, assuring the optimal results for each child.” N16

“Effective care delivery is based on medical history, which enables medical providers to

customize therapies to each child's particular needs. The accuracy acquired from a well-

compiled medical history is priceless in Ghana's setting, where resources might be limited.

Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and the choice of appropriate treatment choices are all

aided by it. Our observation emphasized the critical role nurses play in establishing trust

with families, encouraging candid communication, and ensuring accurate data

collection.”N13

“Personally, my observations show that gathering medical histories for children with cancer

is a crucial component. Medical history becomes an essential tool for making well-informed

decisions in the Ghanaian environment, where access to healthcare services might be

difficult. Nurses play a crucial role in this process as front-line healthcare professionals.

They learn about the symptoms, prior illnesses, and family history of the kid by encouraging

open dialogue with families. This makes it possible for medical teams to make well-informed

decisions, ensuring that the treatment strategy is both efficient and suitable for the child's

particular set of circumstances. Our research emphasizes the need to work together with

families and medical personnel to get accurate health records for the best possible pediatric

cancer treatment.” N9

4.4.7 CONDUCTING PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS FOR PEDIATRIC CANCERS

In Ghana, where resources can be limited, it is even more important to conduct precise and

targeted physical examinations. These tests support accurate diagnosis, timely treatment

16
planning, and early detection. Healthcare professionals may spot possible warning signals,

suggest more investigations, and assist families through the diagnosis process by paying close

attention to the little things and using their clinical skills. The following responses were

received for the study:

“Conducting physical exams for pediatric malignancies in Ghana is an important step in our

healthcare strategy. These tests are essential for proper diagnosis and early detection. The

initial point of contact for families in this process is often nurses and other healthcare

workers. We may evaluate the child's general health, look for any indicators of cancer, and

decide on the best course of action for diagnostic testing by using complete physical

examinations. This strategy is particularly pertinent in environments with limited resources,

such as Ghana, where focused exams help to maximize the effectiveness of the resources at

hand.” N2

“The effective use of the instruments at hand is crucial in Ghana since resources might be

few. The skill of nurses in rigorous physical examinations becomes crucial. These tests

enable us to recognize clinical signs and symptoms that may point to an underlying

malignancy, facilitating early detection and treatment. Additionally, the information

gathered during these evaluations helps healthcare providers choose the best treatment

options and create patient-centered care plans. Our study emphasizes the crucial role played

by nurses in enabling precise physical assessments and developing strong bonds with

families.” N6

4.5 ATTITUDE OF NURSES CARING FOR CHILDREN WITH CANCER

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An important component in the general wellbeing and treatment results of these young

patients is the attitude of the nurses providing care for children with cancer. The attitudes of

nurses include empathy, compassion, patience, and a thorough understanding of the special

difficulties that children with cancer and their families experience. The importance of nurses'

optimistic attitudes is increased when compared to other countries, especially in Ghana where

the healthcare sector sometimes faces resource limitations. For children with cancer to

negotiate the physical and emotional hurdles of their disease, they need both medical

treatment and emotional support. Children and their families feel more at ease and reassured

in an atmosphere that is created by nurses who approach their jobs with compassion and care.

The following responses were received for the study:

The attitudes of medical professionals are critical because they have a big influence on how

children with cancer and their families experience treatment. Healthcare practitioners'

displays of tolerance, understanding, and compassion may encourage or dissuade parents

and guardians as they navigate the treatment process. A supportive atmosphere is created

through acknowledging and empathizing with the child's and family's emotional challenges,

which promotes open communication. Young patients' fear and anxiety may be reduced with

time and explanations that are suitable for their age, which encourages greater compliance

with therapy. It is crucial to have a child-centred approach, include kids in care choices, and

provide them play chances. Health professionals must undergo initial training as well as

continued education in child-centred care and emotional support. As a nurse, I'm dedicated

to emulating these traits and offering supportive care and assistance to families of children

with cancer as they navigate this difficult path.” N12

“The overall care and well-being of young patients are greatly influenced by the

attitude of medical staff members throughout the treatment of children with childhood

18
 cancer. As members of the medical community, we are aware of the profound emotional

effects that a cancer diagnosis may have on these young patients and their families. To build

a supporting and caring atmosphere, it is crucial to cultivate an attitude of understanding,

compassion, and patience. Children with cancer may feel scared and anxious about getting

the disease and getting treatment. They need medical professionals who can provide

confidence, comfort, and understanding given their fragile situation. Health professionals

may assist ease children's worries and develop a feeling of trust by treating each kid with

true empathy and compassion, which is crucial for developing a good patient-caregiver

connection. Additionally, observing each child's individual demands with patience and

attention guarantees that their physical and mental wellbeing is well-cared for throughout

their therapy process. When health professionals practice open communication and active

listening, they may foster a climate where young patients feel comfortable sharing their

worries and feelings. Our dedication to provide children with cancer both medical

competence and emotional support allows us to significantly improve their quality of life. We

can encourage these young warriors by maintaining a sympathetic and comforting approach,

giving them the confidence that a caring group of medical experts is committed to their well-

being and recovery.” N8

“In the field of treating children cancer, fostering a positive and sympathetic attitude

among healthcare professionals is crucial. The fragility of the young patients and the

emotional turmoil experienced by their relatives serve to highlight the relevance of this

behavior. This necessitates a loving and empathetic strategy that not only deals with the

physical component but also acknowledges the psychological and emotional toll. Healthcare

providers must be skilled at creating a soothing atmosphere and allaying the concerns and

anxiety that kids and their families experience during the arduous treatment process. A

strong network of support, supported by compassion and tolerance, fosters an environment in

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 which candid communication flourishes. In turn, clear and effective communication fosters

trust, which is essential for making informed decisions and feeling emotionally healthy. By

placing a high priority on these qualities, health professionals play a crucial part in not only

providing medical treatments but also boosting the morale of the young patients and their

families, providing comfort, hope, and a feeling of security in the midst of the difficult

environment of children cancer treatment.” N4

4.5.1 COLLABORATION AMONG PROFESSIONALS

Collaboration amongst healthcare providers is essential, especially when it comes to the

treatment of paediatric cancer in Ghana. Giving children with cancer comprehensive, high-

quality treatment requires effective coordination and communication across the many

healthcare professions, including nurses, physicians, radiologists, pathologists, and support

workers. Collaboration is much more necessary in Ghana since there may not be as many

resources available. Each kid gets thorough care that is individualized to meet their specific

requirements thanks to multidisciplinary teams. To make educated judgments regarding

treatment plans, doctors depend on nurses' attentive observation of patients, radiologists'

imaging knowledge, and pathologists' diagnostic abilities. The best remedies are found and

promptly administered with the aid of this collaborative method. Additionally, productive

teamwork improves the family support network. It gives them access to a network of medical

experts who can assist with inquiries, provide emotional support, and lead them through the

difficult process of pediatric cancer treatment. Professionals working together to enhance

patient outcomes and overall experiences for both patients and their families generates a

feeling of oneness. The following responses were received for the study:

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 “We conduct rigorous diagnoses in close collaboration with doctors, combining medical

knowledge and technical breakthroughs. Our mission—to provide these young people and

their families not just medical solutions but also steadfast support—is founded on this

collective effort. The environment of children's cancer treatment changes to one of resiliency,

empathy, and hope as a result of this collaboration between healthcare professionals,

households, and patients.” N1

“Collaboration between the government, healthcare authorities, NGOs, and international

organizations is necessary to address difficulties. Increased financing, collaborations, and

training initiatives may improve the treatment of paediatric cancer in Ghana, assuring the

best possible care for the vulnerable patients. In order to provide young patients, the best

care possible, a nurse's advocacy for better resources continues to be a top focus.” N13

“In paediatric oncology, are crucial for improving the detection, treatment, and management

of juvenile malignancies. Collaborations with NGOs and government funds for research and

therapy may improve the quality of care for children with cancer. Given the emotional toll

the illness has on patients and carers; psychological assistance is also essential. Healthcare

professionals can best care for and assist young patients in Ghana who are dealing with

childhood cancer by uniting their efforts in this area. As a nurse, I'm dedicated to promoting

these changes and helping the nation's treatment of children with cancer to be better.” N6

“The development of a multidisciplinary approach, where all team members

seamlessly interact to develop complete treatment plans and give patients with holistic

support, is facilitated by better communication and collaboration among healthcare

professionals. Our mission—to provide these young people and their families not just

21
 medical solutions but also steadfast support—is founded on this collective effort. The

environment of children's cancer treatment changes to one of resiliency, empathy, and hope

as a result of this collaboration between healthcare professionals, households, and patients.”

N17

4.5.2 SUPPORTING THE CHILD FAMILY

Paediatric cancer treatment must include supporting the family of a child diagnosed with the

disease, particularly in Ghana. These young patients' families often go through a great deal of

emotional, financial, and psychological hardship. To deal with the shock and grief of a cancer

diagnosis, families require emotional support. Healthcare workers need to be sympathetic and

supportive, guiding patients through the emotional ups and downs that come with a cancer

diagnosis. The following responses were received for the study:

“My responsibility as a nurse is to provide thorough and kind care to patients with

paediatric cancer. This involves giving drugs, controlling the negative effects of medical

procedures like chemotherapy and radiation, keeping track of vital signs, and supporting the

mental health of the child and their family. In addition, we collaborate closely with

radiologists, paediatric oncologists, and other experts to develop unique treatment strategies

for every kid.” N11

“The overall care and well-being of young patients are greatly influenced by the

attitude of medical staff members throughout the treatment of children with childhood

cancer. As members of the medical community, we are aware of the profound emotional

effects that a cancer diagnosis may have on these young patients and their families. To build

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 a supporting and caring atmosphere, it is crucial to cultivate an attitude of understanding,

compassion, and patience.” N9

4.5.3 FEAR AND ANXIETY REDUCTION

In Ghana, treatment for pediatric cancer must include strategies for reducing fear and anxiety.

Due to the uncertainty and stress brought on by the condition, families of children with

cancer often suffer high levels of worry and anxiety. In addition to being crucial for the

child's mental health, reducing fear and anxiety may also improve treatment results.

Healthcare practitioners in Ghana, where resources could be few, should give priority to these

psychological components of treatment to guarantee that children with cancer and their

families get thorough assistance. The following responses were received for the study:

“Young patients' fear and anxiety may be reduced with time and explanations that are

suitable for their age, which encourages greater compliance with therapy. It is crucial to

have a child-centred approach, include kids in care choices, and provide them play chances.

Health professionals must undergo initial training as well as continued education in child-

centred care and emotional support. As a nurse, I'm dedicated to emulating these traits and

offering supportive care and assistance to families of children with cancer as they navigate

this difficult path.” N15

“At our hospital, we actively endeavor to reduce fear and anxiety in the treatment of

children with cancer. Utilizing strategies for distraction is one strategy we've discovered to

be successful. We have child life professionals that interact with the children in a range of

activities, from interactive games to arts and crafts. We may often see a discernible decrease

in anxiety levels by redirecting their focus away from the medical procedures and treatments.

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 We've also seen a big difference when parents and other adults are involved in the

child's care. It tends to foster a more supportive atmosphere, which reduces anxiety for both

the kid and the family, when parents comprehend the treatment process and feel like they

have a significant part in their child's care.” N9

“Reducing fear and anxiety is a key component of our strategy for treating pediatric

cancer in Ghana. We've put in place a comprehensive plan that includes counseling. Our

experienced counselors work closely with the children's family as well. These sessions

provide a secure environment for the kid to express their emotions and worries, and they also

give parents coping mechanisms. Additionally, we have established a friendly atmosphere in

our pediatric oncology unit. With bright décor, toys, and play spaces, it is designed with

children in mind. This strategy aids in reducing hospital anxiety and normalizing the hospital

stay. In addition, we provide educational and multimedia resources to help kids get ready for

treatments. By demystifying the procedure and arming them with information, this

preparation may greatly reduce anxiety. These techniques are very helpful in our quest to

provide complete treatment for pediatric cancer patients in a resource-constrained

environment like Ghana.” N2

4.5.4 AGE-APPROPRIATE EXPLANATIONS

A crucial component of paediatric cancer treatment is providing explanations that are

age-appropriate. This method takes into account the fact that kids of various ages have

variable degrees of emotional development and cognition. To ensure that the kid can grasp

their medical condition and therapy, communication must be tailored. Age-appropriate

explanations for younger children may entail utilizing straightforward language, visual aids,

and analogies to explain complicated medical ideas in a manner that is simple to understand

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and not intimidating. For older kids and teenagers, explanations grow more thorough and

could include more candid conversations about their prognosis and available treatments. They

might be prodded to participate actively in discussions regarding their treatment and to ask

questions. Age-appropriate explanations aim to empower kids with knowledge of their

disease, reduce their fear and anxiety, and encourage their active participation in the healing

process. It also recognizes that as kids become older, they will require more independence.

The following responses were received for the study:

“One of the pillars of our strategy for treating pediatric cancer is providing explanations

that are age-appropriate. We are aware that children's levels of cognition and emotional

development vary with age. For younger children, we describe their illness and course of

therapy in basic, non-threatening terms. To make it understandable, we could utilize

analogies like equating cancer cells to "naughty" cells. We provide older kids and teenagers

more thorough information and often include them in conversations about their treatment

plans. We've discovered that patients are more likely to adhere to their treatment plan when

they have a clear grasp of what is occurring. Additionally, we honor their developing

demand for autonomy by maintaining anonymity throughout these interactions.” N13

“Age-appropriate explanations are important, as we know in our pediatric cancer care

center. We communicate with the very young patients using basic language and pictures. To

show what is occurring within their body in a non-scary manner, we could use dolls or

pictures. We treat talks with older kids more like dialogues. We evaluate their

comprehension and adjust our explanations appropriately. Some older kids want complete

knowledge, while others would rather have a higher-level comprehension. Their choices are

respected. In addition, we welcome inquiries and respond in a simple but sympathetic way.

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Even when it comes to comprehending difficult medical ideas connected to their disease and

treatment, this promotes trust and guarantees that kids are engaged partners in their care.”

N7

4.5.5 CHILD-CENTRED CARE

child-centered care is a method of providing healthcare that prioritizes the needs, preferences,

and general well-being of the kid. Regardless of their age or health, it acknowledges that

children are distinct persons with their own voices and ideas. With respect for the child's

autonomy and dignity, child-centered care attempts to provide a positive and encouraging

healthcare environment that supports the child's general health and recovery. The following

responses were received for the study:

“Our philosophy on treating children with cancer is to provide treatment that is tailored to

each individual child. It involves realizing that these kids are still kids, even when they are

dealing with a terrible disease, and that they still need to feel protected, heard, and

understood. We take the time to explain operations in our office using language that is

appropriate for children and even visual aids like drawings or dolls so that kids can

understand them. Additionally, we give children a feeling of control by including them in

decision-making whenever feasible.” N16

“The goal of child-centered care is to place ourselves in the child's position. Not only is their

physical condition being treated, but also their mental requirements. For instance, our child

life experts assist children comprehend and manage their disease by using play and other

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 methods. Additionally, we assist parents and urge them to take an active role in making

choices about their children's care.” N3

“Child-centered treatment in our pediatric cancer unit entails establishing a welcoming and

less threatening setting. Our facilities are vibrant and kid-friendly, and we even let patients

bring comfort items from home. We take the time to carefully explain processes, often using

tales or play, since we know that doing so will help to reduce their worry and dread. It all

comes down to making sure that these kids may have little periods of normality and self-

control while undergoing difficult therapies.” N10

4.6 CHALLENGES OF PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY NURSE

Nursing in pediatric oncology has special difficulties. As they see the agony of young

patients and the anguish of their families, nurses in this sector must manage their emotions.

Effective communication is essential, necessitating talks regarding diagnosis and treatments

that are age-appropriate. Common hurdles include keeping up with sophisticated and

changing therapies, forging lasting bonds with patients and their families, and dealing with

loss and sorrow. In areas with few pediatric oncology care facilities, nurses may confront

resource limits in their advocacy work. Despite these difficulties, their commitment has a

significant positive impact on the quality of life for children with cancer and their families.

4.6.1 ACCESS TO SPECIALIST TREATMENT

In Ghana, finding access to paediatric cancer specialists is a serious difficulty. Paediatric

oncologists and specialist treatment facilities, which are mostly found in big cities like Accra,

are in low supply throughout the nation. Many children in rural or isolated areas lack enough

access to necessary care as a result of this concentration. Additionally, the expense of

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specialist care may be out of reach for many families, delaying diagnosis and management.

Decentralizing specialist treatment centres, training additional medical experts in paediatric

oncology, and raising the cost of these treatments are urgently needed to increase access. To

solve these difficulties and guarantee that every child with cancer in Ghana has equal access

to high-quality specialist care regardless of their geographic location or financial position,

cooperation between the government, NGOs, and foreign organizations is crucial.

"A key concern in Ghana is the lack of access to specialized care for paediatric cancer.

Paediatric oncologists are among the committed healthcare workers, but there are far too

few of them to keep up with the growing demand. Children in rural communities have limited

access since the majority of these professionals are located in large centres like Accra.

Moreover, families often put off seeking therapy until the condition has progressed due to the

high expense of specialist care. To increase the number of these professionals and make

specialized care more cheap and available to all needy children, more government funding is

required.” N14

"In my opinion, it is really difficult to get specialized paediatric cancer therapy in Ghana. It's

depressing to watch families travel far, and at considerable cost, to go to treatment facilities

in cities. Children in remote locations may not get timely treatment due to the scarcity of

specialist facilities, which might have an impact on their prognosis. To solve this problem,

the nation urgently needs additional paediatric oncologists and well-equipped treatment

facilities." N1

"Access to specialized paediatric cancer care is a major issue in Ghana. Although there has

been improvement, particularly in the main cities, the demand far exceeds the supply. When

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seeking specialist care, many families experience financial hardship and mental pain, which

may cause treatment to be postponed. Decentralizing specialist treatment centres and

increasing funding for paediatric oncology professional training are both necessary to

increase access. Government, non-governmental groups, and international organizations

working together to close these disparities and guarantee that all children, no matter where

they live or how much money they have, have access to the finest care available.” N6

4.6.2 RESEARCH FUNDING

Enhancing paediatric cancer treatment in Ghana requires significant investment in research.

Currently, there is a glaring dearth of financing for juvenile cancer research, which impedes

the creation of more efficient therapies and approaches. There is an urgent need for additional

research funding from both the government and foreign organizations to improve the standard

of service. Studies targeted at comprehending the particular difficulties faced by paediatric

cancer in Ghana, locating cutting-edge therapeutic modalities, and creating prevention

measures should be supported by this grant. Inadequate financing for research not only

hinders medical progress but also has an impact on the prognosis for all children with cancer.

To close this financing gap and enhance the prospects for paediatric cancer treatment in

Ghana, cooperation among stakeholders, including medical facilities, governmental agencies,

and charitable groups, is essential.

"Ghana has a severe shortage of funds for paediatric cancer research. The most recent

research and treatment choices are crucial to our ability to provide the finest care possible.

But because of a lack of money, we often use antiquated procedures and medications. This

has an impact on our capacity to raise cancer patient survival rates and quality of life. More

money would provide access to cutting-edge treatments and the option to take part in global

clinical trials, giving our kids the greatest chance possible to fight cancer.” N3

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4.6.3 HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE

The organizational and physical structures that support the provision of healthcare services

are referred to as healthcare infrastructure. Ghana's healthcare infrastructure suffers a number

of difficulties. Many hospitals lack up-to-date technology, sufficient space, and specialist

departments for illnesses like paediatric cancer. This deficiency may lead to delayed

diagnosis and few available treatments. For patients, particularly children with cancer, to get

prompt and efficient treatment, there is a critical need for enhanced healthcare infrastructure.

The quality of healthcare services in the nation may be greatly improved, and this can lead to

better patient prognosis, by making investments in modernized facilities, cutting-edge

medical technology, and specialized training for healthcare personnel.

"Ghana's healthcare system confronts major obstacles, notably in paediatric oncology. Our

facilities often lack the specialized tools and materials required for accurate diagnoses and

cutting-edge therapies. As a result, it's possible that kids with cancer won't get the greatest

treatment. To improve the standard of care for our young patients, lower death rates, and

guarantee a better future for children with cancer, hospital infrastructure must be

improved.” N20

"A key worry is the poor status of Ghana's healthcare infrastructure. Many hospitals suffer

with antiquated infrastructure, a lack of medical equipment, and restricted access to

specialist treatment, including those that treat paediatric cancer. This not only affects the

quality of service but also puts pressure on healthcare professionals who are already

working hard with little support. To offer better treatment and improve prognosis for

children with cancer, healthcare infrastructure improvement should be a primary goal.” N18

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 "Our healthcare system urgently needs to be improved. Specialized tools and facilities are

needed for the treatment of paediatric cancer, yet they are often insufficient. Delays in

diagnosis and treatment increase the stress on families and healthcare professionals.

Children with cancer would benefit from investments in healthcare infrastructure, but our

whole healthcare system would be strengthened and better able to manage a range of

medical issues as a result." N7

4.6.4 LACK OF SPECIALIZED ONCOLOGY UNITS IMPACTING

INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT

The capacity to provide specialist care for cancer patients, including children, in

Ghana is significantly hampered by the absence of dedicated oncology departments. In order

to ensure that patients get the best care, these units are crucial for customizing treatment

programs depending on the distinct kind and stage of cancer. Healthcare professionals often

encounter barriers when trying to acquire the most recent treatment methods and the

knowledge needed for tailored care without specialist oncology facilities. Long travel lengths

for patients seeking specialist care may cause delays in diagnosis and the start of therapy. A

one-size-fits-all approach to cancer therapy may also come from the lack of these units,

which may not be appropriate for all individuals. The capacity to provide individualized care

will be considerably enhanced by the establishment of specialist oncology units, improving

the results for Ghanaian cancer patients.

“A key barrier to provide specialist care is Ghana's lack of oncology centers. Cancer

is not a single illness but rather a complicated collection of ailments, each needing a

different treatment strategy. Without specialist facilities, we sometimes have to depend on

more all-encompassing treatment approaches, which may not be the most effective choice for

every patient. This may affect the prognosis and quality of life for cancer patients. We would

be able to provide individualized care and have access to cutting-edge medicines if we

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 established specialist oncology facilities, which would eventually improve the outlook for

cancer patients in Ghana.” N17

“Delivering individualized cancer treatment is seriously hampered by the dearth of

specialist oncology units. The course of each patient's cancer should be treated individually,

as well. Without specialist facilities, our ability to diagnose, obtain targeted medicines, and

have the knowledge necessary for tailored care are constrained. Delaying diagnosis and

therapy may have a negative impact on the likelihood of success. We would be able to

provide each patient the individualized treatment they need and increase their chances of

defeating cancer if we had specialized oncology units.” N2

“The ability to customize therapy to meet the unique requirements of each cancer

patient depends on specialized oncology departments. Without them, we often have to adopt

a more broad-based strategy, which may be less successful and provide fewer desirable

results. For pediatric cancer patients who need specialist treatment, it is especially alarming.

By creating specialized oncology units, we would be better able to provide tailored care and

increase access to the most recent developments in cancer therapy. This will unquestionably

improve the prognosis and standard of living for cancer patients in Ghana.” N15

4.6.5 GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE

Government support is essential in tackling the many difficulties encountered by both

patients and healthcare professionals in Ghana's pediatric cancer treatment setting. This help

includes financial aid, the creation of policies, and the distribution of resources. The

infrastructure of healthcare institutions must be improved with government support, including

the creation of dedicated pediatric oncology departments. Financial assistance may also assist

in easing the financial strain of treatment expenses on families and increase access to care.

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The government also has a responsibility to develop policies that emphasize the treatment of

children with cancer. Guidelines for early diagnosis, standardized treatment procedures, and

the incorporation of social and psychological support services into the healthcare system are a

few examples of these policies. Enhancing pediatric cancer treatment requires the wise

deployment of resources, including money for research and financing for skilled workers and

medical equipment. Government assistance in this area ensures that medical professionals

have the resources and training necessary to give the best treatment.

"In the battle against pediatric cancer, government support is very essential.

Financial assistance is an important factor. The hefty expense of cancer treatment puts a

strain on many families. Government financial assistance and subsidies may significantly

improve a family's ability to provide their children with the necessary care.” N9

“Another crucial duty of the government is policy formation. The government may

provide clear rules for early cancer identification, accepted treatment regimens, and the

inclusion of psychological support services in healthcare via well-developed legislation.

These regulations provide a structure that medical personnel may adhere to, resulting in

more efficient and comprehensive treatment.” N1

"Infrastructure development is essential as well. Children with cancer may obtain

cutting-edge diagnosis and treatment by constructing dedicated pediatric oncology units and

modernizing already-existing healthcare facilities. Additionally, it allows medical

professionals to deliver treatment in a setting that has been specially created to address the

special requirements of young patients. The health and welfare of our children are

investments that the government makes in infrastructure development.” N16

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4.7 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the qualitative analysis of interviewee comments from our research on the

efficacy of pediatric cancer therapy at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana, provides

important new insights into the potential and limitations in the region's pediatric oncology

care. Ghanaian nurses and medical staff are aware of the seriousness of juvenile cancer cases

and emphasize the value of early detection, specialist treatment, and emotional support for

patients and their families. However, they encounter several difficulties while caring for these

very sick young children, including a lack of money, restricted access to professional

treatment, and mental strain. The respondents place a strong emphasis on the urgent need for

government support, including funding, the creation of policies, and infrastructure

development. These measures are thought to be necessary to provide equal access to high-

quality pediatric cancer treatment. Additionally, they emphasize the value of inter-

professional cooperation, child-centered care, and age-appropriate explanations in developing

a supportive and productive care environment. Overall, the research highlights the

commitment and tenacity of medical professionals in Ghana's pediatric oncology, while also

urging coordinated action from the government and stakeholders to solve the problems

highlighted and offer better treatment for children with cancer.

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