TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR RIGHT ANGLES Let A be one of the acute angles in a right triangle. Then, opposite side sin A = hypotenuse cos A = adjacent side hypotenuse tan A = OPPosite side adjacent side TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: GENERAL DEFINITION Consider a point (x, y) in a Cartesian coordinate system. Let r be the distance from that point to the origin, and let A be the angle between the x axis and the line connecting the origin to that point. Then, sinA= = r cosA= ; tanA= > “ RADIAN MEASURE mrad = 180°SPECIAL VALUES Degtees __Radians sin cos tan o° 0 0 1 0 30° 5. 1 3B tL 6 2 2 V3 45° x 1 1 1 v2 V2 60° a 3 i WB 3 2 2 90° e 1 0 Undefined (infinite) TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES These equations are true for every allowable value of A and B. Reciprocal functions 1 1 sin A= esc A= cscA sinA cos A= — secA= —! secA cosa tana = —! cna = cin A tanA Cofunctions (radian form) sin A = cos (2-4) cos A= sin (Z-4) 2 2 tan A =ctn (2-4) ctn A = tan (2-4) 2 2 sec A = ese (2-4) esc A = sec (£-4)Negative angle relations sin A) =-sin A cos (=A) = cos A tan (-A) = -tan A Quotient relations sinA tan A= cosA cn A= cosA sinA Supplementary angle relations ‘The angles A and B are supplementary angles if A+ B= sin (w— A) = sin A cos (m- A) =-cos A tan (n— A) =—tan A Pythagorean identities sin? A + cos? A= 1 tan? A + 1 = sec?A ctr? A + 1 = csc? A Functions of the sum of two angles sin (A +B) =sin A cos B + sin B cos A cos (A+ B) = cos Acos B—sin A sinB tanA + tanB tn(A+B)=e—a 1 — tanAtanB Functions of the difference of two angles sin (A —B) = sin A cos B — sin B cos A cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B tanA — tanB tan (A -B) = 1+ tanAtanB Double-angle formulas sin (2A) = 2 sin A cos A cos (24) = cos? A - sin? A =1-2sin?A =2cos*A-1 2 tanA tan (2A) = ——2R4 _ 1- tan?ASquared formulas sin? A = (1 —cos 2A) 2 cos? A = L(1 +.c0s 2A) 2 Half-angle formulas ~ A l-cosA sin = = 4 /———— 2 2 1+cosA 2 A 1—cosA 2 l+cosA Product formulas sin A cos B = [sin (4 +B) + sin (A-B)] 2 cos A sin B= [sin (A + B)—sin (A- B)] 2 cos A cos B = [eos (A + B) + cos (A — B)] 2 sin A sin B= Jd fcos (A + B)— cos (A — B)] 3 Sum formulas A+B A-B cos sin A + sin B=2 sin cos A + cos B= 2 cosDifference formulas sin A —sin B= 2 cos cos A~cos B= -2 sin 4+ 8 FORMULAS FOR TRIANGLES Let a be the side of a triangle opposite angle A, let b be the side opposite angle B, and let ¢ be the side opposite angle C. Law of cosines ? +b — 2ab cos C Law of sines snA sinB_ sinC