Certainly, here are some key points for your slide titled "Socio-Demographic Background of Women

Migrant Workers in India," along with insights derived from the provided information:

1. **Underestimation of Female Migrant Workers:**

- Women are often grossly underestimated in official data on short-term migrants.

- Their migration decisions are influenced by family, socio-economic conditions, and gender-based
discrimination.

2. **Reasons for Migration:**

- A significant proportion of women migrate independently or with their families.

- Many migrate due to marriage or family-related reasons.

3. **Vulnerable Employment Sectors:**

- Women migrant workers are often employed in highly informal sectors, including domestic work,
home-based work, informal manufacturing, and construction.

- Informal employment lacks written contracts and exposes women to coercive and exploitative
work conditions.

4. **Gender-Based Wage Inequality:**

- Women in informal work sectors consistently earn less than men.

- They are more susceptible to receiving wages lower than the minimum wage due to
undervaluation of their work.

5. **Precarious Job Status:**

- Women migrant workers often occupy the most precarious and lowest-skilled jobs in the
economy.

- They face challenges in recognition as formal workers, especially in sectors like construction and
domestic work.

6. **Impact of Urban Planning:**

- Cities in India are designed with a focus on male white-collar workers, neglecting the working
poor, including women migrants.

- This design impacts their access to basic services such as housing, sanitation, drinking water, and
public transport.
7. **Disproportionate Burden on Women:**

- Inability to claim rights and access basic services disproportionately affects women.

- Women often spend significant time accessing these services, reducing their availability for paid
work.

- Increased risks related to safety and gender-based violence due to the lack of crucial services in
urban areas.

Migration History and Reasons for Migration

1. Types of Migration in India:

- Temporary migration dominates contemporary economic and labor migration in India.

- Various subcategories of temporary migration were identified, including circulatory migration,

short-term seasonal migration, irregular short-term migration, medium-term migration, long-
distance commuting, migration for family care, and long-term migration for settlement.

2. Temporary vs. Permanent Migration:

- Contrary to the perception of a predominantly permanent settlement paradigm, a significant

portion of migration in India is temporary.

- The majority of female (58%) and male (64%) labor migration is temporary, indicating the
transient nature of employment for many migrants.

3. Circular Migration Prevalence:

- Circular migration, involving repeated migration spells of varying durations, is common among
both male and female migrants, with 20% of women and 23% of men engaged in such migration.

4. Short-Term Migration Significance:

- Short-term migration, encompassing various forms, constitutes around one-third of all labor
migration in India, which is higher than indicated by macro-level surveys.

5. Variation in Migration Patterns:

- The share of short-term migration is even higher (41% among women and 53% among men) when
considering only rural village sites, highlighting migration trends beyond urbanisation.
6. Medium-Term Migration Insights:

- Medium-term migration accounts for a significant portion of male migration, with 18% engaging
in it. However, this proportion drops among women (9%) when only village sites are considered.

7. Changing Trends:

- Medium-term migration appears to be on the rise, especially among male migrants, potentially at
the expense of long-term migration.

- This shift has implications for understanding the evolving employment landscape in contemporary
times.

8. Need for Reorientation:

- The findings suggest the need to reconsider the dominance of the permanent settlement
paradigm in macro-level surveys.

- Greater recognition of different types of temporary migration is required to understand the

developmental implications of contemporary labor migration in India.

9. Impact on Development Analysis:

- The underestimation of short-term and circular labor migration in macro-level data has hindered
the analysis of key macro-features, especially related to women's labor migration.

- Distinguishing between medium-term and long-term migration is crucial for revealing the
temporary nature of contemporary employment regimes and their developmental implications.

Living conditions, financial security and access to services

1. Employment Composition:

- The majority of women migrant workers, both rural and urban, are engaged in unskilled manual
labor, indicating limited access to skilled job opportunities.

- Only a small percentage of rural women migrants have access to highly skilled jobs, with a
significant disparity compared to urban women migrants.

2. Employment Security:
 - Casual labor in the private sector is the dominant form of employment among rural women
migrants, reflecting the precarious nature of their work.

- Urban women migrants experience a notable increase in regular employment with private
employers post-migration, but this often lacks benefits such as maternity and medical leave.

3. Social Benefits and Protections:

- A vast majority of women migrants in both rural and urban areas lack access to provident funds,
health insurance, and maternity leave, indicating a lack of social protection.

- Very few women migrants have access to daycare or crèche facilities, making it challenging for
them to balance work and family responsibilities.

4. Working Hours:

- Women migrants in rural destinations often work long hours, particularly during peak seasons,
with a substantial portion exceeding 10 hours a day.

- Urban women migrants also experience increased working hours during peak seasons,
emphasizing the demanding nature of their employment.

5. Work Locations:

- The proportion of women working from their own homes declines significantly after migration,
highlighting the shift from home-based work to external job locations.

- A noticeable increase in the use of factories, workshops, and offices as work locations occurs post-
migration.

6. Payment and Wages:

- A significant portion of women migrants receive daily wages, with average daily incomes ranging
from Rs 136 in rural areas to Rs 141 in urban areas.

- A substantial number of women migrants, especially in urban areas, are paid below minimum
wage rates or are unaware of minimum wage regulations.

7. Remittances and Civic Amenities:

- The majority of women migrants send remittances to their source areas, indicating their crucial
role in supporting their families.

- Many women migrants experience a decline in access to public distribution systems, housing
schemes, and employment programs as a result of migration.

- While most women migrants possess electoral cards, their voting rights are often exercised at
their area of origin rather than at their destination.
8. Household Comparison:

- Households with migrants tend to have lower average annual incomes, reside in kuccha (less
permanent) houses, and face lower levels of literacy among their members.

- A higher proportion of households without migrants reside in ancestral homes within the village.

- Nuclear family structures are prevalent among both households with and without migrants, with
slightly more independence in households without migrants.

9. Gender Composition of Labor Migration:

- The data challenges the conventional narrative that only a small proportion of female labor
migration occurs. Instead, it suggests a significantly higher involvement of women in labor migration,
potentially underestimated in official surveys.

Government initiatives

PM SVANidhi Scheme

The Scheme was launched to facilitate collateral free working capital loan up to Rs.10,000/-
of one-year tenure, to approximately, 50 lakh street vendors, to resume their businesses

Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana

After the lockdown, Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana with a financial package of Rs. 1.7
lakh crore was launched to help poor, needy and unorganized sector workers of the country

Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan

In order to facilitate employment of migrant workers who have gone back to their home
state, Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan was initiated in 116 districts in Mission Mode

eShram portal

It is a national database created to register the unorganized workers in the country, including
the migrant workers

National policy on migrant workers

 NITI Aayog has been mandated to prepare a draft national policy on migrant workers to
reimagine labour-capital relations while integrating the migrant workers within the formal workforce