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Week 3 Lecture ECGs Notes
Week 3 Lecture ECGs Notes
Physiology and
Pathophysiology
Dr. Lisa Chilton
Lisa.Chilton@jcu.edu.au
Building DB087, Room TV222,
4781 5195
ECGs
Learning Objectives
1. Describe how electrical activity in individual myocytes produces the ECG
2. Relate how depolarisation and repolarisation throughout the heart produces the P‐QRS‐T
waveform of the healthy ECG
3. Describe the sequence of conduction of the waves of depolarisation which produce the P
wave and the QRS complex
4. Describe the sequence of repolarisation which produces the T wave
5. Explain why atrial repolarisation is not seen in the healthy ECG waveform
6. Identify what type of deflection on the ECG recording will be produced by a wave of excitation
heading toward the positive electrode, or a wave of repolarisation heading away from the
positive electrode
7. Identify what type of deflection on the ECG recording will be produced by a wave of excitation
heading away from, or a wave of repolarisation heading toward, the positive electrode
8. Explain the isoelectric line
9. Describe electrode placement in 12 lead ECGs (in conjunction with Clinical Skills)
10. Compare and contrast normal ECGs traces from leads I, II, III, aVR, aVF, aVL, V1‐V6
1
http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~gardner/cardiac_muscle_contraction.htm
Figure 11‐3, Guyton & Hall, 13ed
Figure 14‐18, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
2
Figure 14‐18, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
Figure 14‐18, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
Figure 14‐18, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
3
Figure 14‐18, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Willem_Einthoven
Terminology:
Electrode = patch put on the patient’s skin; may be ground, positive (recording) or
negative (reference)
Lead = “view” of the heart, seen from the positive (recording) electrode
paramedicine101.blogspot.com.au/2009/09/electrocardiogram‐part‐ii.html
4
ECG
Three bipolar leads:
Lead I aVR aVL
Lead II
Lead III
―
Nine unipolar leads:
aVL
aVR
aVF
V1 – V6
aVF
GROUND
http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/cardio/setup.htm
ECG
http://medicinembbs.blogspot.com.au/2011/02/electrocardiogram_21.html
http://www.msd.com.mx
Nine unipolar leads: aVL, aVR, aVF
V1 – V6 (precordial)
intranet.tdmu.edu.ua
5
Note:
Atria first
AV node ‐ delay
Left to right in the
septum + base to apex
Apex to base in the
free walls of the
ventricles +
endocardium to
epicardium (with
more complex final
sequence right by
www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYZ4daFwMa8
base)
Also visit www.blaufuss.org
Rule of Electrical Flow isoelectric
line
Figure 17‐23, Copstead and Banasik, 3ed
paramedicine101.blogspot.com.au/2009/09/electrocardiogram‐part‐ii.html
6
what‐when‐how.com
AvR AvL
7
Rule of Electrical Flow
www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJCFO5qJW84
Rule of
Electrical Flow
8
Figure 14‐21, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
Figure 14‐21, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
Figure 14‐21, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
9
Figure 14‐21, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
Figure 14‐21, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
Note:
At the base of the
free wall, the
Purkinje fibres
move more mid‐
myocardial, and the
wave of excitation
(depolarisation)
radiates out from
them in all
directions
This produces the S
wave, with a net
negative deflection
in Lead II
Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts, Figure 2‐11.
10
Figure 14‐21, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
S wave – final
portion of
ventricular free
wall; still apex
to base, but
Purkinje fibres
are now
midmyocardial
R wave –
apex toward base
+ endocardial to
epicardial for as
much of the free
wall as where the
Purkinje fibres run
along the
endocardial
surface
Figure 14‐21, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
Figure 14‐21, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
11
Figure 14‐21, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
Figure 14‐21, Silverthorn, Human Physiology, 5ed
epicardial to
Repolarisation:
endocardial
the T wave
apex to base
12
Cardiovascular Physiology, 7th Edition
Cardiovascular Physiology, 7th Edition
Figure 10‐4, Guyton & Hall, 13ed
13
Summary I
The ECG is a measurement of the waves of depolarisation and
repolarisation associated with each beat of a healthy heart.
Waves of depolarisation and repolarisation follow specific
routes through the heart, producing the typical P‐QRS‐T
waveform of the healthy ECG
A wave of depolarisation heading toward the positive
(recording electrode) produces an upward deflection on the
ECG; a wave of depolarisation heading away from the positive
(recording electrode) produces a downward deflection on the
ECG.
A wave of repolarisation heading away from the positive
(recording electrode) produces an upward deflection on the
ECG; a wave of repolarisation heading toward the positive
(recording electrode) produces a downward deflection on the
ECG.
Summary II
Depolarisation of the atria produces the P wave.
Depolarisation of the septum from base to apex and left to
right produces the Q wave.
Depolariation of most of the ventricular free wall is from
endo‐ to epicardium & from apex to base, producing the R
wave. Atrial repolarisation is hidden by this depolarisation.
Depolarisation of the final part of the ventricular free wall
near the base is from apex to base but from mid‐myocardial
outward in all directions, producing the S wave.
Repolarisation of the ventricles occurs from apex to base and
epicardium to endocardium, producing the T wave.
Shapes, sizes and durations of these waves provide important
clinical information on the electrical health of the heart.
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