UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

HYDRAULICS PROBLEM
EXERCISES

FERRIOL, JULIE ANN F.

FIEDACAN, ZERLINE MAE F.
MENDOZA, JEANNETTE L.
RAMOS, KAREN MAE D.
SORIANO, HAZEL JOY U.
 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Problems

1. A pump shown in the figure discharges 400 lit/ sec of water from a reservoir

through a 500 mm diameter pipe at 175 kPa. Assume head loss of 2m.

a. Compute the

energy added to the water by the pump.

b. Compute the output hp of the pump.

c. If the eff. Of the pump is 85%, compute its input in hp.

Solution:

a. Energy added by the pump.

V 12 P 1 V 22 P 2
+ +Z 1 + HP= + +Z2
2g γ 2g γ
3
Q1=Q2=0.4 m / s

Q 2= A 2 V 2
 π
0.4= (0.5)2 V 2
4

V 2=2.037 m/ s

2
2.037 175
6+ HP= + +2
2(9.81) 9.81

HP=14.050 m

b. Output hp of the pump.

QγHP
P=
746

P=73.906 hp

c. Input hp of the pump.

Output
Input=
Eff .

Input=86.948 hp

2. When a pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to reservoir B, the head

loss from A to 1 is 5 times the velocity head in the 250mm pipe and the loss of

head from 2 to B is 22 times the velocity head in the 110mm pipe. When the

discharge is 40 liters/sec.

a. Compute the horsepower output of the pump in kilowatts.

b. Compute the pressure head to 1.

c. Compute the pressure head to 2.

Solution:

a. Output of the pump

V A2 P A V B2 P B
+ + Z A + HP= + + Z B + H L A−1 + H L2− B
2g γ 2g γ

π 2
0.04= (0.25) V
4 A−1

V A −1=0.8149 m/s

π 2
0.04= (0.11) V
4 B−2

V 2−B =4.2091 m/s

[ ] [ ]
2 2
(0.8149) (4.2091)
HP=240+5 +22 −10
2(9.81) 2(9.81)

HP=250.0344296 m
b. Pressure head at 1.

2 2
V A PA V 1 P1
+ + ZA= + + Z1
2g γ 2g γ

P1 (0.8149)2
=10−
γ 2( 9.81)

P1
=9.9662m
γ

c. Pressure head at 2.

V 22 P 2 V B2 P B
+ + ZA= + + Z1
2g γ 2g γ

P2 (4.2091)2
=240−
γ 2( 9.81)

P2
=239.0970m
γ

3. From the figure shown, if the velocity of water is 5m/s and pressure is 100 kPa

on the junction while if the velocity is 10m/s and the pressure is 150 kPa on the

discharge side of a turbine.

a. What is the head of the turbine

b. How much power is required to drive it if the diameter of the junction is

600mm diameter
 c. If the turbine is rated at 140 hp, what is the efficiency of the pump neglecting

energy losses in the system

Solution:

a. Head of the turbine.

V 12 P 1 V 22 P 2
+ +Z 1= + + Z 2 + HT
2g γ 2g γ

5 150 10 100
HT = + − −
2(9.81) 9.81 2 ( 9.81 ) 9.81

HT =4.8420 m

b. Power in hp.

Q= AV

π 2
Q= ( 0.6 ) (5)
4
3
Q=1.4137 m / s

P=QγHT

1.4137(9.81)( 4.8420)
P=
0.746

P=90.0155 hp
c. Efficiency of the pump.

Poutput
Eff .=
Pinput

90.0155
Eff .=
140

Eff .=0.6430
 VENTURI METERS

Problems

1. Water flows through a venturi meter having a throat diameter of 5 inch diameter

installed in a 15 inch diameter, with a flow rate of 2.22 cfs.

a. Determine the charge in pressure head between 1 and 2

b. Determine the velocity at the throat

c. Determine the theoretical discharge

Solution.

a. Pressure head between 1 and 2.

P1 10 10 P2
+h+ − ( 13.6 ) −h=
γ 12 12 γ

P 1−P2
=10.5 ft .
γ

b. Velocity at the throat.

Q 1= A 1 V 1

V 1=4.0703 ft / s
 2 2
V 1 P1 V 2 P2
+ +Z 1= + + Z2
2g γ 2g γ
2 2
P 1−P2 V 2 V 1
= −
γ 2g 2g

V 2=14.9190 fps

c. Theoretical Discharge

Qt= A 2 V 2

Qt= ( )
π 5 2
4 12
(14.9190)

3
Qt=2.0343 ft /s

2. The deflection of the mercury in the differential gauge is 0.40m from the venturi

meter shown. Neglect energy losses between A and B.

a. Determine the charge in pressure head between head A and B

b. Determine the velocity at A

c. Determine the velocity at B

Solution:

a. Pressure head between head A and B

PA PB
+ h+0.40−0.40 ( 13.6 )−h−0.82=
γ γ
 P A−P B
=5.86 m
γ

b. Velocity at A.

Q A =QB

π 2 π 2
(0.5) V A= ( 0.1) V B
4 4

V B=25 V A

P A V A2 P B V B2
+ + ZA= + + ZB
γ 2g γ 2g

2
P A + PB ( 25 V A ) V 2A
= − + Z B−Z A
γ 2g 2g

624 V 2A
5.86= + 0.82
2g

V A =0.39808

c. Velocity at B.

V B=25 V A

V B=25 ( 0.39808 )

V B=9.95204

3. Flow discharges 0.45m^3/s during the 15 mins test through a horizontal 400mm x

200mm venturi meter. The mean pressure head at the large section is 30m and

at the throat a negative pressure corresponding to 0.15m of mercury.

a. Compute the velocity at the throat

b. Compute the theoretical discharge

Solution:

a. Velocity at the throat

Q1=Q2

π 2 π 2
D 1 V 1= D 2 V 2
4 4

( )
2
0.2
V 1= V2
0.4

V 1=0.25V 2

b. theoretical discharge

Q t = A2 V 2

π 2
Qt = ( 0.2 ) ( 25.8947)
4
3
Qt =0.8135 m /s

P 1 V 12 P2 V 2 2
+ +Z 1= + + Z2
γ 2g γ 2g

(0.25 V 2 )2 V B2
30+ = +0.15( 13.6)
2g 2g

V 2=25.8947
 FLOW IN CONDUITS

1. A glycerin at 25°C flows in a circular passage within a fabricated chemical

processing device, with a diameter of 150 mm. The average velocity of flow is 3.6

m/s, ρ=1258 kg/ m3 and v=9.60 x 10−1. Determine the following;

a. Reynolds Number

b. Friction Factor

c. Laminar or Turbulent Flow

Solution:

a. Reynolds Number

ρDV
ℜ=
v

(3.6)(0.15)(1258)
ℜ= −1
9.60 x 10

ℜ=707.625

b. Friction Factor

64
f=
ℜ

64
f=
707.625

f =0.0904

c. Type flow

ℜ=707.625

707.625<2000
 ∴ Laminar Flow

2. The head loss in a 55 mm diameter pipe in which the oil flows is 17 m. with a

length of 120 m long. If the oil has a Reynold Number equal to 1400. Find the ff.

a. Velocity of the oil flowing in the pipe.

b. The velocity of the flow.

c. The kinematic viscosity of oil in m2 /s .

d.

Solution:

a. Velocity of oil.

64
f=
ℜ

64
f=
1400

f =0.046

b. Velocity of the flow

2
fL V
hf =
D 2g

2
0.046(120)V
17=
0.055 (2)(9.81)

V =1.8287 m/ s

c. Kinematic viscosity
 DV
ℜ=
v

0.055(1.8287)
v=
1400
−5 2
v=7.18 x 10 m /s

3. Oil flowing through a 40 mm diameter pipe having a velocity of 3m/s ha a

kinematic viscosity of 5 x 105 m2 /s. The length of the pipe 125m. Compute the ff.

a. Reynolds Number

b. Friction Factor

c. Head Loss of the pipe

Solution:

a. Reynolds Number

DV
ℜ=
μ

0.04(3)
ℜ= −5
5 x 10

ℜ=2400>2000

b. Friction Factor

64
f=
ℜ

64
f=
2400
 f =0.027

c. Head Loss of the pipe

fL V 2
hf =
D2g
2
0.027(125)(3)
1 hf =
0.04 (2)(9.81)

hf =38.70 m
 PIPES

1. Pipe A and B are connected in series. The diameter and lengths of A and B

equal to 600mm diameter 300m, 800mm diameter 400m respectively. The rate of

water flows in the pipe is 400 liters/sec. Where the difference of elev. between

the entrance and exit of the pipe is 6m. Assume f=0.02 for all pipes.

a. Compute the headloss due to friction.

HL=h f 1 +h f 2

0.0826 ( 0.02 )( 300 ) ( 0.4)2 413

h f 1= =
(0.6)
5
405

0.0826 ( 0.02 )( 400 ) (0.4)2 413

h f 2= =
(0.8)
2
1280

HL=1.3424

b. Compute the velocity at point A

 QA=QB

QA=AaVa

π
0.4= ¿
4

V A =1.4147

π
0.4= ¿
4

V B=0.7958

c. Compute the change in pressure head between B and A

V A2 P A V B2 P B
+ + ZA= + + Z B + H L A −B
2g γ 2g γ

P B−P A V A2 V B2
= − + Z A + Z B + H L A−B
γ 2 g 2g

P B−P A
=4.7273 m
γ

2. A 1000m long cast iron pipe has a 5m head loss. If the pipe carries a discharge

of 1.2m^3/s, Compute the diameter of the pipe.

a. Using Darcy Weischbach formula with f=0.020

b. Using Manning’s Equation with n=0.015

 c. Using Hazen Williams Formula with C=140

a.

2
0.0826 fL Q
hf = 5
D

2
0.0826 (0.020)(1000)(1.2)
5= 5
D

5
D =0.475776

D=0.8619 m

b.
2 2
10.29 n LQ
hf = 16/ 3
D

2 2
10.29( 0.015) (1000)(1.2)
5=
D16 /3

D 16 /3=0.666792

D=0.8166 m

c.

10.64 L Q1.85
hf =
C 1.85 D 4.87

1.85
10.64 (1000)( 1.2)
5=
1401.85 D4.87

D4.87 =0.3192
 D=0.7910 m

3. A liquid is being pumped in a pipeline from A to B. At pipe A the diameter is

600mm and the pressure is 350 kPa. At pipe B the diameter is 300 mm and the

pressure is 380 kPa. If the head added by the pump is 2.94 m into the flow and

neglecting head losses where point B is 2m lower than point A.

a. Compute the flow rate.

b. Compute the horsepower output of the pump.

c. Compute the horsepower input if the pump has an efficiency of 80%.

Solution:

a.

Va2 Pa Vb 2 Pb
+ + Za+ HP= + + Zb
2g γ 2g γ

Q= AaVa
 π
Q= (0.6)2 Va
4

Va=3.5368Q

Q= AbVb

π
Q= (0.3)2 Vb
4

Va=14.1471Q

2 2
(3.5368 Q) 350 (14.1471 Q) 380
+ +2+2.94= +
2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) γ

3
Q=0.4436 m / sec

b.

QγHP 0.4436(9810)(2.94)
P= =
746 746

Poutput=17.1503 hp

c.

Poutput
Eff .=
Pinput

17.1503
0.80=
Pinput

Pinput=21.4379 hp
 PIPE SERIES AND PARALLEL

1. Three pipe lines are connected with parallel to each other, pipe carries a combined

discharge of 0.96 m3 /s . With pipe line 1 having diameter of 400mm, 550 m long, pipe line

2, 350 mm diameter, 750m long and pipe line 3, 450mm diameter, 650m long.

Assuming f=0.02 for all pipes. Compute the following:

a. Discharge of pipeline 1.

b. Discharge of pipeline 2.

c. Total head loss of the pipelines.

Solution :

a.

h f 1=h f 2=hf 3
 2
0.0826 fL Q
hf= 5
D

2 2
550Q 1 750 Q2
5
= 5
( 0.40 ) 0.35

Q2=0.6133 Q1

2 2
550Q 1 650 Q 3
5
= 5
( 0.40 ) 0.45

Q3=1.2348 Q1

Q1 +Q2 +Q3=0.96

3
m
Q1=0.3371
s

b.

Q2=0.6133 Q1

m3
Q2=0.2067
s

c.

HL=h f 1=h f 2=h f 3

2
0.0826 ( 0.02 )( 550 ) ( 0.3371 )
HL= 5
=10.0809m
( 0.40 )
2. The given figure shows a series-parallel connection, where the pipe 5 carries a

discharge of 0.70 m3 /s . If f=0.02 for a pipelines, compute the following using the

tabulated data.

Pipes Diameter (mm) Length (m)

1 800 1000
2 450 700
3 300 600
4 450 800
5 700 1300

a. Compute the rate of flow in pipeline 2.

b. Compute the head loss in pipeline 2.

c. Compute the total head loss of pipelines.

Solution:

a.

h f 2=h f 3=hf 4
 2 2
700Q2 60 0 Q3
5
= 5
( 0.45 ) 0.30

Q3=0.3920Q2

700Q22 80 0 Q24
5
=
( 0.45 ) 0.455

Q4 =0.9354 Q 2

Q2 +Q3 +Q4 =0.70

m3
Q2=0.3008
s

b.

2
0.0826 ( 0.02 ) (700 )( 0.3008 )
h f 2= 5
=5.6690 m
( 0.45 )

c.

2
0.0826 ( 0.02 ) (1000 )( 0.70 )
h f 1= 5
=2.4703 m
( 0.80 )

2
0.0826 ( 0.02 ) (1300 )( 0.70 )
h f 5= 5
=6.2612 m
( 0.70 )

HL=14.4006 m
3. For a series connection of three concrete pipes, the rate of flow is 0.20 m3 /s . From the

given and figure shown.

a. Determine the total head loss of the pipes.

b. Determine the diameter of a 1560 m long equivalent pipe with f = 0.0255.

Solution:

a.

HL=h f 1+ hf 2+h f 3

2
0.0826 ( 0.0250 ) ( 460 ) ( 0.10 )
h f 1= 5
=9.7270 m
( 0.25 )

0.0826 ( 0.0244 ) ( 400 )( 0.10 )2

h f 2= 5
=25.193 m
( 0.20 )

0.0826 ( 0.0257 ) ( 700 ) ( 0.10 )2

h f 3= 5
=6.1151m
( 0.30 )

HL=41.0351 m

b.

2
0.0826 ( 0.0255 ) ( 1560 )( 0.10 )
41.0351 m= 5
( D)
 D=240.2691mm

THREE RESERVOIR PROBLEMS

1. Three reservoirs A, B, and C are connected by pipelines 1, 2 and 3 respectively

which merges at a junction P. The elevation of reservoir A is 400m and that of B

m3
is 265 m. The rate of flow from reservoir A is 1.5 . Compute the rate of flow in
s

reservoir B and C and the elevation of reservoir C.

Pipes Diam. Length Friction factor, f

1 700 mm 1400 m 0.0157
2 500 mm 350 m 0.0162
3 350 mm 1100 m 0.0177
 2
0.0826 fL Q1
h f 1= 5
D1
2
0.0826 ( 0.0157 ) ( 1400 ) 1.5
h f 1= 5
0.7
h f 1=24.30525 m

h f 2=( 300−265 )−hf 1

h f 1=10.69475 m

2
0.0826 ( 0.0162 )( 350 ) Q2
h f 1= 5
0.5
3
m
Q2=0.84475
s

Q3=Q1 −Q2
Q3=1.5−0.84475
3
m
Q3=0.655249
s
 2
0.0826 ( 0.0177 ) ( 110 ) Q3
h f 3= 5
0.35

h f 3=131.4674494 m

EL . C=( 285+10.69475 ) −131.4674494

EL. C=164.22730 m

2. Reservoir A, B, and C are connected by pipelines 1, 2, and 3 respectively which

meets at the junction D. The elevation of reservoir A is 400 m, while that of C is

280 m. Reservoir B is higher than reservoir A. The rate of flow out of reservoir B

is 550 liters/sec. Compute the discharge flowing in or out of reservoir A.

Pipes Diam. Length Friction factor, f

1 800 mm 1500 m 0.0208
2 500 mm 350 m 0.0168
3 350 mm 1100 m 0.0175
 0.0826 f LQ 2
hf =
D5

0.0826 (0.0168)(350)( 0.55)2

hf 2= 5
( 0.5)

hf 2=4.70 m

hf 3 =23+hf 1

hf 3 −hf 1=23

Q3=0.55−Q1

hf 3 −hf 1=23

2
0.0826(0.0175)(1100)(Q 3)2 0.0826 ( 0.0208 ) ( 1500 ) ( Q1 )
− =23
(0.35)5 ( 0.8 )5
2 2
302.74 Q3 −7.86 Q1 =23

2 2
302.74 (0.55−Q1 ) −7.86 Q1 =23
 3
Q1=0.468 m /sec=468 liters/ sec

3. The three reservoirs A, B, and C are connected by pipelines A, B, and C

respectively. The elevation of reservoir A is equal to 300m, while that of C is

180m. The discharge flowing towards reservoir B is 0.50 m 3/s. Reservoir B is

higher than that of C. Compute the rate of flow out of reservoir A.

Pipes Diam. Length Friction factor, f

1 700 mm 1400 m 0.0158
2 500 mm 350 m 0.0168
3 350 mm 1100 m 0.0175

0.0826 f LQ 2
hf =
D5

0.0826 (0.0168)(350)( 0.50)2

hf 2= 5
( 0.5)

hf 2=3.55m
 hf 1 +hf 3 =200−178

hf 1 +hf 3 =22 m

0.0826(0.0158)(1400)(Q 1)
2
0.0826 ( 0.0175 ) (1100 ) ( Q3 ) 2
− =22
(0.70)5 ( 0.35 )5
2 2
10.87(Q1 ) −302.74 (Q3) =22

Q3=Q1 −Q2

Q3=Q1 −0.50

2 2
10.87(Q1 ) −302.74 (Q 1−0.50) =22

3
Q 1=0.154 m / sec=154 liters / sec
 PIPE NETWORK

1. A pipe network consists of pipe line from A to B, then A B It is connected to pipe line

2 and 3, where it merges again at joint C to form a single pipe line 4 up to point D.

Pipe lines 1, 2 and 4 are in series connection whereas pipe line 2 and 3 are in

parallel to each other. If the rate of flow from A to B is 40 liters/sec and assuming f =

0.02 for all pipes, determine the flow in each pipe and total head lost from A to D.

Solution:

Q1 = Q4 = 40 l/s

Q1 = Q4 = 0.04 l/s

2
0.0826 fl q
Hf = 5
D
2
0.0826 ( 0.02 )( 3000 ) ( 0.04 )
Hf1 = 5 = 24.78 m
( 0.200 )
 2
0.0826 ( 0.02 )( 2400 )( q 2 )
Hf2 = 2 = 126.8736 q 22
( 0.50 )
2
0.0826 ( 0.02 )( 3400 ) ( q 3 )
Hf3 = 2 = 2311.44 q 3 2
( 0.30 )
2
0.0826 ( 0.02 )( 3000 ) ( 0.04 )
Hf4 = = 0.77 m
( 0.40)2

(hf2=hf3)

126.8736 q 22 = 2311.44 q 3 2

Q2 = 4.2683 q 3

(q2 +q3 = 0.04)

4.2683 Q3 + q2 + 0.04

Q3 = 7.59 L/s

Q2 = 4.2683 (7.59 x 10.3)

Q2 = 32.41 L/s

HL = Hf1 + Hf2 + Hf4

= 24.78 + 126.8736(7.59x103 ¿ + 0.77

HL = 26.513m

2. The pipes in the system in the figure are all cast iron with f = 0.82. The flow in line 2

is 110 liters per second. The discharge in the 0.4o m pipes is nearest to.
 fl
Hf = Q2 ; K = 0.0826
D6

K1 = 16.992

K2 = 298.809

K3 = 475.885

K4 = 129.063

K5 = 6.962

Hf2 = k 2 q 22

= 298.809( 0.11 )2

Hf2= 3.616 m

Hf3=hf2

K3Q3^2 = 3.616 m

Q3 = 0.087 m3/s

Hf4 = Hf2

K4Q4^2 = 3.616

Q4 = 0.015 m3/s
3. The total flow in the pipe system shown in the figure is 0.86 m3/s. Assume f =

0.018 for all pipes. What are the flows?

fl
Hf = Q2 ; K = 0.0826
d5

K1 = 244.7407

K2 = 16.6522

K3 = 60. 9820

HF1 = HF2

K1q 12 = k2Q 22

244.7407 (q1)^2 = 16.6522(Q2)^2

Q2 = 3.834 Q1

HF1 = Hf3

K1Q1^2 = K3Q3^2

244.7407(Q1)^2 = 60.9820(q3)^2

Q3 = 2.003 q1

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

0.86 = Q1 + 3.834 Q1 + 2.003 Q1

 Q1 = 0.125 m3/s

Q2 = 0.479 m3/s

Q3 = 0.250 m3/s

WATER HAMMER

1. Water flows through a 500mm diameter pipe with a velocity of 2.8m/s. Bulk

modulus of water is 2080 N/m^2 and a modulus of elasticity is 200,000 N/m^2 ,

the pipe has a thickness of 20mm. Compute the speed of a pressure wave.

c=
√ EB
ρ¿¿
¿

√
6
2080 x 10
c= ¿
1000 ¿ ¿

C= 1284.83 m/s

2. A value is suddenly closed in a 200mm diameter pipe. The increase in pressure

is 800 kPa. Assuming that two pipe is rigid and the bulk modulus of water is

2.09x10^9 N/m^2. Compute the velocity of flow.

 c=
√ EB
ρ

√
9
2.0175 x 10
c=
1000

C=1445.68 m/s

Pn=Pcv

800,000=1000(1445.68)V

V =0.553 m/ s

3. A rigid pipe has a diameter of 150mm and a length of 1040m. Water having a

bulk modulus of 2.0175x10^9 N/m^2 flows in the pipe. Calculate the speed of a

pressure wave.

c=
√ EB
ρ

√
9
2.0175 x 10
¿
1000

C=1420.39 m/s
 ORIFICE WITH CONSTANT HEAD

1. Calculate the coefficient of discharge of an 80 mm dia. orifice that discharges

0.025 m^3 /s of liquid under a head of 3m. The diameter of the jet at the vena

contracta is found to be 67.20 mm. Also calculate the coefficient of contraction

and coefficient of velocity.

a.) Q= CA √ 2 gh

π 2
0.025 = C ( ¿ ( 0.08 ) √ 2(9.81)(3)
4

C = 0.64828

2
A
b.) Cc = 1
A
2
π /4( 67.20)
Cc = π
4 ( 80 ) ¿
2

Cc = 0.7056

c.) C = CcCv

0.64828 = (0.7056) Cv
 Cv = 0.91876

2. Compute the coefficient of velocity of an 8.5 mm diameter orifice under a head of

4.62 m. The orifice discharges 7990 N of water in 33.4 sec. The trajectory was

determined by measuring x = 3.26 m for a drop of 1.24 m vertically. Also

determine the head loss in the orifice the power loss in watts.

a.) 3.26 = Vt

y = ½ ( 9.81)t^2

t = 0.503

3.26 = v(0.503)

V = 6.484 m/s

V = Cv √ 2 gh

6.484 = Cv √ 2 ( 9.81 )( 4−62 )

Cv = 0.68101
 b.) HL = h ( 1−C v 2 )

HL = (4.62) [ 1− ( 0.68101 )2 ]

HL = 2.47734 m

c.) P = Q γwE

7990
Q=
( 98 i0 ) ( 33.4 )
3
m
Q = 0.02439
s

P = (0.2439)(9810)(2.47734)

Power Lost = 592. 63282 watts

3. Closed tank has a 80 mm diameter orifice in the vertical side. The tank contains

with a specific gravity of 0.92 and a head of 1.8 m above the orifice. There is a

pressure of 14 at the top of the oil surface inside the tank. Cv = 0.94 and Cc

=0.62
Compute the following:

a.) Velocity of the jet at the orifice

b.) Discharge in 4s

c.) Head Loss

a.) H = 1.8(0.92) + 14/9.81

H = 3.083 m

V = Cv √ 2 gh

V = 0.94 √ 2 ( 9.81 )( 3.083 )

V= 7.31092m/s

b.) Q = CA √ 2 gh

π 2
Q = (0.94)(0.62)( ¿(0.08) ¿
4

m3
Q = 0.02278
s

Q = 22. 7841995 L/s

c.) HL = h(1-Cv^2)

HL = (3.083)[1-(0.94)^2]

HL = 0.35887 m
 ORIFICE (FALLING HEAD TEST)

1. Determine the coefficient of discharge of a vertical cylindrical tank 2.1 m in diameter

containing 5.8 m deep of water. The tank has a 60 mm diameter circular orifice. Also

determine the velocity flow through the orifice immediately after opening the time to

empty the tank.

Given: Tank Diameter D = 2.1 m

Initial Head H = 5.8 m

Orifice Diameter Do = 0.06 m

Coefficient of velocity Cv = 0.93

Coefficient of contraction Cc = 0.62

a.) Coefficient of Discharge

C = CcCv

C = (0.62)(0.93)

C = 0.5766
 b.) Velocity of flow immediately after opening the orifice

V = Cv √ 2 gh

V = 0.93 √ 2 ( 9.81 )( 5.8 )

V = 9.921 m/s

c.) Time to the empty tank

2 As
T= (√ H 1−√ H 2 ¿
CAo √ 2 g

( 2.1 )2
T = 2 ¿) π ¿
0.5766 ( 0.06 )2 √2 9.81
( )
4

T = 2310.234 s ≈ 38.504 mins .

2. A right circular tank is filled with 6.15 m of oil and 6.15 of water. The tank is 12.30 m

high having a diameter of 6.15 m. An orifice 70 mm diameter is situated at the

bottom. If Cv = 0.96 and Cc = 0.62 of the orifice determine the following.

a.) Compute the discharge through the orifice when the tank is full of oil and

water in L/s.

b.) Compute the velocity of the issuing jet at the instant the surface of the

liquid in the tank is 6.50 above the orifice.

 a.) H = 6.15 + 6.18 (0.8) = 11.07 m

Q = CA √ 2 gh

√
Q = (0.62)(0.76)( 2 ( 9.81 )( 11.07 ) ( π4 ) ( 0.070) 2

Q = 0.03375 m3/s

Q = 33.75765 L/s

b.) H = (6.15)(0.8) + 0.35

B = 5.27 m

V = Cv√ 2 gh

V = 0.76 √ 2 ( 9.81 )( 5.27 )

V = 9.76171 m/s

3. Two verticals tanks are connected the bottom by a short tube having a cross

sectional area of 0.0215 m^2. The two tanks are open to the atmosphere having a

cross sectional areas of 16m 2and 8m2 respectively. The tank contains water with the
water surface in the larger tank is 5.4 m above the tube 0.62 and in smaller tank 0.8

m above the tube. Assume a constant discharge coefficient of 0.62.

a.) Find the time for the water surfaces in two tanks to reach the same elevation.

b.) Find the time for the water surfaces in the two tanks to be 1 m apart.

Given:

A1 = 16m2

A2 = 8m 2

H1 = 5.4m

H2 = 0.8m

A = 0.0215m2

C = 0.62

a. H2 = 4.6m

H=0

( A 1 A 2) (2)
T= (√ H 1−√ H 2 ¿
( A 1+ A 2 ) ( CAo √ 2 g )
 ( 16 m2 )( 8 m2 ) ( 2 )
T = ( 16+8 ) ( 0.62 ) ( 0.0215 ) ( √ 2 ( 9.81 ) ) (√ 4.6−0 ¿
¿
¿

T = 387.4609942 sec

b. H1 = 4.6 m

H2 = 1m

( A 1 A 2) (2)
T= (√ H 1−√ H 2 ¿
( A 1+ A 2 ) ( CAo √ 2 g )

(16 )( 8 )( 2 )
T = ( 16+8 ) ( 0.62 ) ( 0.0215 ) ( √2 ( 9.81 ) ) (√ 4.6−√ 1¿
¿
¿

T = 206.8063742 sec

TUBES

1. A standard short tube 80 in diameter discharges water under a head of 4.75m. A

small hole, tapped in the side of the tube 60mm from the entrance, is connected

with the upper end of the piezometer tube the lower end of which is submerged

in a pan of mercury. Neglecting vapor pressure, what height will the mercury rise

in the tube? (For standard short tube, the pressure head at point near the

entrance is -0.82H.)
 Pa
=−0.82 H
γ

Pa
=−0.82 ( 4.75 )=−3.895
γ

Pa=−3.895 ( 9.81 )

Pa=−38.210 kPa

Neglecting vapor pressure:

Pa 38.210
h= =
γ m 9.81 x 13.6

h=0.298

h=298 mm
2. A mouthpiece 70mm in diameter has a discharge coefficient of 0.52. Compute

the coefficient of velocity.

F=γ w hA

Q γw V
F=
g

Q γw V
γ w hA=
g

ghA
V=
Q

ghA
Cv √ 2 gh=
Q

Q=CA √ 2 gh

ghA
Cv √ 2 gh=
CA √2 gh

CCv 2 gh=gh
 2 CCv=1

2 ( 0.52 ) Cv=1

Cv=0.9615

3. The loss of head due to friction in an orifice nozzle or tube maybe expressed as

hL=KV^2/2g where V is the actual velocity of the jet. If Cv=0.98 and Cc=0.63.

Diameter of tube is 100mm. If h=4m, compute the discharge.

Q=CA √ 2 gh

C=CcCv

C=0.63( 0.98)

C=0.6174

π
Q=0.6174( )(0.10)2 √ 2(9.81)(4 )
4

3
Q=0.043 m / s
 WEIRS

1. Determine the discharge of the weir having a head of 0.35 m in L/s.

a. If a 90° triangular weir is used.

b. If a contracted rectangular sharp crested weir 2.5 m long is used.

c. If a trapezoidal weir as shown is used.

a. 90° triangular weir

Q=1.4 H 2.5

Q=1.4 ( 0.35 )2.5

m3
Q=0.10146
s

L
Q=101.46077
s

b. Contracted rectangular sharp crested weir 2.5 m long is used.

 3
' 2
Q=1.84 L H

L' =L−0.2 H
'
L =2.5−0.2 ( 0.35 )

L' =2.43
3
'
Q=1.84 L H 2
3
2
¿ 1.84 ( 2.43 ) ( 0.35 )
3
m
Q=0.925819
s

L
Q=925.81916
s

c. Trapezoidal weir as shown is used.

0.5 1
tanθ= =
2 4

θ=14.036 °
The weir is a Cipolletti weir

3
Q=1.859 L H 2
3
2
¿ 1.859 ( 3 m) ( 0.35 )
3
m
Q=1.154789
s

L
Q=1154.78919
s

2. A sharp crested weir in a horizontal channel is 9m wide, 1.2 m high. If the

upstream depth is 4 meter.

a. Compute the discharged coefficient C w for sharp crested weir.

3
b. Compute the value of weir factor C ifQ=CL H 2 .

c. Compute the discharged of a sharp crested weir.

a. Discharged coefficient C w

0.075 H
C w =0.611+
P
 0.075 (2.8 )
¿ 0.611+
1.2

C w =0.786

3
b. Value of weir factor C ifQ=CL H 2 .

3
2
Q=CL H .

2
C= C w √ 2 g
3

2
¿ ( 0.786 ) √ 2(9.81)
3

C=2.32103

c. Discharged of a sharp crested weir

3
Q=CL H 2
3
Q= (2.32103 )( 9 ) (2.8) 2

m3
Q=97.87242
s

3. A head water equal to 0.80 m is carried by a channel. Compute the discharged of

a certain channel if:

a. A 90 ° triangular weir is used.

b. A cipolletti weir 4.6 m long is used.

c. A rectangular suppressed weir 5 m long is used

a. 90 ° triangular weir
 5
2
Q=1.4 H
5
2
Q=1.4 ( 0.80 )
3
m
Q=0.80141
s

L
Q=801.40676
s

b. Cipolletti weir

3
Q=1.859 L H 2

3
2
Q=1.859 ( 4.6 ) ( 0.8 )

m3
Q=6.11888
s

L
Q=6118.88375
s

c. Rectangular suppressed weir

3
Q=1.84 L H 2

3
2
Q=1.84 (5 ) (0.8)

3
m
Q=6.58298
s

L
Q=6582.98413
s
 OPEN CHANNELS

1. A rectangular channel carries a discharge of 18.6 m 3/s when flowing 1.4m depth.

If the width of the canal is 12m.

a. Compute the main specific energy

b. Compute the normal slope if n=0.013.

c. Compute the average shearing stress of the boundary.

Solution:

a.

√
2
3 q
d c=
g
18.6
q=
12
q=1.55 m/s

√
2
3 (1.55)
dc=
9.81
 d c =0.626

2
d c = E min
3
3
Emin = d c
2
3
¿ (0.626)
2
Emin =0935 m

b.

A=( 1.4 ) (12)

2
A=16.8 m

P=2 ( 1.4 )+(12)

P=14 .8 m

A 16.8
R= =
P 14.8

R=1.135

R2 /3 S 1/ 2 16.8
V= =
n 14.8
2/ 3 1 /2
18.6 (1.135) S
=
16.8 0.013

S=1.74971×10−4

c.

τ =γ w RS

¿( 9.81)(1.1 35)(1.74971× 10−4 )

τ =1.948 × 10−3 kPa

−3 2
τ =1.948 ×10 N /m
2. A rectangular channel having a width of 5 m carries water flowing at a rate of 24

m3/s. The depth of water in the channel is 1.5 m. Compute the specific energy

and Froude number to obtain a minimum specific energy.

Solution:

a. A=( 5 ) (1.5)

A=7.5 m2

Q= AV

24=( 7.5)V

V =3.2m/s

V2
E= + d
2g

(3.2)2
E= +1.5
2( 9.81)

E=2.022m

b. d c=
√
3 q2
g

24
q=
5
3
q=4.8 m / s
 d c=
√
3 ( 4.8)2
9.81
d c =1.329 m

VC
Froude Number =
√ g dc
V c= √ g d c

Froude Number =
√ g dc
√ g dc
Froude Number =1.0

3. For a constant specific energy of 2.4 m in a channel width of 5 m, compute the

critical depth, critical velocity, and the maximum flow in the channel.

Solution:

a. E=2.4 m

2
dc= E
3

2
d c = (2.4)
3

d c =1.6 m

b. V c= √ g d c

V c= √ g d c
 V c =3.962 m/ s

c. Q= AV

¿(5)(1.6)(3.962)

3
Q=31.695 m / s