Magnetic Flux

The number of lines of force that pass a given area is

called the magnetic flux. The greater the number
magnetic field lines that pass through a particular
area, the greater is the magnetic flux through that
area.
B

A
 The magnetic flux Φ that passes through this surface
is defined to be the product of the magnetic field
and the surface area A. That is,
Φ = BA
B is perpendicular to A, and B is uniform in the area.
The unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb).
𝛷
B= Thus the unit of B can also be Wb/ m2.
𝐴
1Tesla (T) = 1 Wb/ m2
Magnetic flux per unit area is often called magnetic
flux density
Example 1: A circular coil of area 100cm2 is normal to
a magnetic field of 0.2T. What is the magnetic flux
passing through the coil.

2. The magnetic flux through a loop of area A is

0.05Wb when the loop is perpendicular to a magnetic
field of 0.1T. For what value of the magnetic field will
the flux through the same area be 0.2 Wb?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pB7oZNBIqqc
 Electromagnetic Induction
When a magnet is moved in and out of a solenoid, a
magnetic field lines (also known as flux) are being cut
by the coil. This induces an electromotive force(e.m.f)
in the solenoid.
When the solenoid is connected to a circuit, the
induced e.m.f will cause an induced current to flow
through the circuit.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tC6E9J925pY
Note that an emf is only induced when there is
movement . When both the magnet and the
solenoid are stationary, no current or emf is
produced.
 Faraday’s Law of Induction
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic Induction states that
the electromotive force induced in a conductor is
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
linkage through the conductor.
The induced emf depend on the number of turns N in
the circuit and the time rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with the circuit.
𝑁 ΔΦ
ε =- Δ𝑡
 Example 1: The magnetic flux passes through a 500
turn coil is reduced from 4.0 x 10 -5 wb to 2 x 10-5 wb
in 0.02s. What is the average induced emf?

2. A circular coil of wire of 1000 turns and an area of

0.1m2 is situated in a magnetic field perpendicularly.
If the magnetic field strength changes uniformly from
0.5 to 1.5 wb/m2 in 50s. What emf is induced in a
coil?
3. A coil of wire consists of 20 turns, each of which
has an area of 25 cm2. A magnetic field is
perpendicular to the surface of each loop. At time t0 =
0 sec, the magnitude of the magnetic field at the
location of the coil is B0= 5 x 10-2T. At a later time t=
0.1s, the magnitude of the field at the coil has
increased to B = 7 x 10-2 T.
A) Find the average emf induce in the coil during this
time interval.
B) What will the value of the average induced current
be, if a resistor of R= 10-2Ω is connected to the
coil?
 Motional emf
Consider a copper rod having length L moves with a
velocity V along parallel wires that form a loop.

B
v

vΔt

As the rod moves to the right, the area of the loop

increase by ΔA and the magnetic flux passing through
the loop increased by ΔΦ. Due to the change in flux,
an emf is induced in the rod.
 The rod moves for a time Δt, the distance moved by
the rod is
S = VΔt
The increase in area of the loop is
ΔA = L.S ΔA = L. VΔt
The change in flux is
Δ Φ = B. ΔA = BLVΔt
Divide both sides of the equation by:
∆Φ
= BLV ;
Δ𝑡
Thus the induced emf in the rod
of length L is:
Example: A horizontal straight wire 10m long is falling
with a speed of 5m/s at right angle to the magnetic
field of 0.3 x 10-4 wb/m2.
I) Find the magnitude of the induced emf in the wire?
II) If the resistance of the wire is 5Ω, what current is
induced?
III) What force is exerted on the wire?
2. What is the magnitude of current in a loop
containing a 100Ω resistor and consisting of two
conducting rails with a sliding 1m rod traveling at
4m/s perpendicularly to a 5 x 10-5T magnetic field?
 Lenz’s Law
Lenz’s law states that , whenever an emf is induced,
the induced current is in such a direction as to
oppose( by its magnetic action) the change that
produce it.

N S

G
• For example, When the north pole of the magnet is
closer to the coil, the induced electric current will
be in the direction shown in the figure, and oppose
the increase of the magnetic flux through the coil.
• When the magnet is moved away from the coil, the
current is induced in the coil as shown in the figure
and opposes the decrease of the magnetic flux
through the coil.
 Self Induction
An emf is induced in a coil whenever there is a change
in magnetic field threading the coil. An emf induced
by changes of current in the coil itself is called self
induction.

If the current in the coil is changed by an amount ΔI in

time Δt, there will be an induced emf whose average
value during the time is
𝑁 ΔΦ 𝐿 ∆𝐼
E=- =- L- self Inductance
Δ𝑡 ∆𝑡
The proportionality constant L is called self
Inductance.
The unit of inductance is Henery.(H)
Ex1 An electromagnet has self inductance of 4H. What
is the induced emf when the current is reduced from
16A to 6A in 0.01s?

2. What is the self inductance of a circuit in which

there is an induced emf of 200V, when the current in
the circuit is changes uniformly from 5A to zero in
0.1s?
 Mutual Induction
Two circuits A and B are placed side by side.
A B

If the current in the circuit A is changed, the flux in circuit

B is changed. Hence an emf is induced in circuit B (
secondary coil). This phenomena is called mutual
inductance.
The induced emf is given as:
Δ𝐼𝑝
Es = -M where M- mutual inductance of
Δ𝑡
the two coil
Ex:1 Two coils A and B are placed near each other. A
current change of 12A in A produces a flux change of
15 x 10-4 wb in B, which has 5,000 turns. What is the
mutual inductance of the system?
 Transformer
A transformer is a device for transferring electrical
energy from one circuit to another by
electromagnetic induction, usually with change in
voltage.

Np- number of turns in the primary coil

Ns -number of turns in the secondary coil
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vh_aCAHThTQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MiPEHrHQRo
 An alternating current in the primary can produce
changing magnetic flux in the iron core, there by
producing an alternating emf in the secondary coil.
The induced emf in the secondary is:
∆Φ
Es = -Ns
Δ𝑡
And emf applied to the primary
∆Φ
Ep = -Np
Δ𝑡
𝑬𝒔 𝑵𝒔
Hence =
𝑬 𝑷 𝑵𝑷
If Ns > Np- Step up transformer
If Ns < Np – Step down transformer
The input power is equal to the out put power if the
loss of energy in the transformer is negligible.
P input = p output
VpIp = Vs IS
𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑠
=
𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑝
Where Ip and Is are the current in the primary and
secondary coils, respectively.
Transformer is used for transmitting power from
power stations to homes and factories.
Transformer can also be used at homes to reduce the
line voltage in order to operate low voltage devices.
Ex: mobile charger, laptop, electric razor,etc
Ex. 1.The primary and secondary coil of a transformer
have 600 and 2400 turns, respectively. If the primary
is connected to 220V ac line. What will be voltage in
the secondary?
2. The number of turns in the primary coil is four
times greater than the number of turns in the
secondary coil for an ideal transformer. What is the
current in the primary coil, if a current of 2A flows
through the secondary coil?
3. The number of turns of a secondary coil is 20 times
as large as the number of turns in the primary. If 120V
potential difference is applied to the primary, it
delivers 5A in the secondary. Find
A) The voltage of the secondary
B) the current in the primary. Assume no loses in the
transformer
5. The primary of an ideal transformer has 200 turns and is connected to a 15v root mean squa
(r.m.s) supply. The secondary has 3200 turns and is connected to a resistor of resistance 12
as shown in the diagram.

15V a.c 200 3200

120Ω
r.m.s turns turns

What are possible values of the secondary voltage, the secondary current and the mean power
dissipated in the resistor?

Secondary Voltage/ V r.m.s Secondary Current/ A r.m.s Resistor Power/ W

A 24 0.020 4.8
B 24 0.20 48
C 240 0.5 120
D 240 2.0 480
 AC Generators
Generator are machines that convert mechanical
energy in to electrical energy.

When an external energy source turns the armature

coil in a magnetic field the wires of the coil cut the
field lines, and an emf is induced between the
terminals of the coil. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLNugJwBRow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_aTC0iKO68
• The induced emf produced by a loop which rotates
in a magnetic field and is transmitted to an external
circuit by brushes, which are connected to slip rings,
as shown in the above figure, as a result an
alternating current is produced.
• Direct current can be produced using a commutator,
instead of slip rings.

Hydroelectric power
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8cCsUBYSkw
 Electric Motor
It converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The current through the armature coil interacts with
the magnetic field to cause a torque on the coil, which
rotates the coil and shaft.

The slip ring commutator reverse current.

x
v