Assignment ~ IMer-304)
Nome: Rahul Choudhary Rell no, 21035048 Date: 15/8/23
ons!
|. Particle Size:
Characteristics:
Particle size refers 4o the dimensione of individual ceramic particles, typicelly measured as the average diameter. Tt
«an vary from nanometers fo micrometers.
“Impact on Sintering:
‘Smaller particle size leads 4o a higher surface area~}o-volume ratio. This means that during sintering, adjacent
particles have more contact points, promoting diffusion and bonding between them. This enhanced interaction
accelerates the densification process, resulting In higher density. reduced porosity, and improved mechanical strength in
the sinfered ceramic
Example:
Imagine sintering two sets of alumina powder: one with large particles and the other with fine particles, The fine
porticles will compact more tightly and bond more effectively yielding a ceramic with improved properties
2. Chemical Homogeneity:
Characteristics:
Chemical homogeneity refers to the uniform distribution of all the elements or components within the ceramic
powder. H ensures that the composition is consistent across the entire powder.
“Impact on Sintering:
A chemically homogeneous powder ensures that the composition remains uniform during sinering. This prevents the
formation of localized regions with differing compositions, which could lead 40 structural wecknesses or
inconsistencies in the final product.
Example
Tha ceramic powder contains a mixture ef oxides, uniform chemical hemogene
snsures that each particle hos the
some composition leading $2 a well-belenced and predictable sintering process.3, Phase Parity
Cheracteristics:
thase purity refers 4o the absence of unwanted impurities or secondary phoses within the ceramic powder. It means
hat the material is composed primarily of the desired crystalline phase
Impact on Sintering
Impurities or secondary phases can hinder the sintering process by altering the material's behavior af high
+ernperatures. They can inferfere with grain boundary movement and hinder deneification, potentially resulfing in
defects, reduced mechanical properties, or changes in the final product's properties.
Example: When producing high-purity alumina ceramics, the absence of even trace amounts of other materials ensures
‘that the sintering process is not compromised resulting in ceramics with desired characteristics.
4. Specific Surface Area:
Cheracteristics;
Specie surface orea measures the total surface area of particles per unit mass and is ypieally expressed in square
meters per gram (2/3)
Impact on Sintering
Higher specific surface orea means mere available surface for particle interaction During sinfering 4his increased
contact area promotes the migration of atoms, diffusion, ond particle bonding leading 40 densification and improved
mechanical properties in the final ceramic.
Example:
A ceramic powder composed of fine silicon carbide particles with a high specific surface area will experience effective
Particle bonding during sintering, resulting in a denser and stronger ceramic materialans 2
Bravais Lattices:
Bravais lattices describe the different ways in which points can be arranged in a periodic pattern in three dimensions
There are IH unique Braveis lattices
Simple Cubic (SC)
Lottice Parameters: a = b= ¢ (all sides ore equal and angles are 40")
Characteristics: Points are located of the corners of a cube,
Body-Centered Cubic (BCO
Lattice Parameters: a = b=ca=P=v=%0"
Characteristics: Points of the corners and one in the center of the cube
Face-Centered Cubic (FCC):
Lofice Raramefers a= b=ca=Pp=y=40"
Choracteristics: Points ot the cerrers and ene in the center of each face of the cube.
Simple Tetragonal (1)
Lattice Parameters: a=b#ca=B=y=40"
Characteristics: Points ot the corners of a rectanguler prism
Body-Centered Tetragonal (BCT)
Lobtice Parameters a=b#¢a=B=y=40"
Characteristics: Points af the corners and one in the center of a rectangulor prism.
Simple Orthorhombic (50):
LoHtice Parameters: a#b#¢a=B=
Characteristics: Points af the corners of a parallelepiped.
Bose-Centered Ortherhombic (BCO}
Loffice Raramefers: at b#Ga=P=y= 40"
Characteristics: Points of the corners and one in the center of each pair of parallel faces of a parallelepiped.Face-Centered Orthochombie (FCO}
Lottie Parameters a # b#Ga=P=y=40"
Choracteristics: Points ot the corners and one in the center of each face of a parallelepiped
Rhombohedral ():
Lottie Parameters a=b=