Assignment - | xMer-304) Name: Rabu! Choudhary Roll no, LO>5O4R 0st \ Pavticle Size: Characteristics: Particle size vefers to the dimensions of individual ceramic gArticles, typically measured aS the average diameter. Lt On vary Foe nOnometers to micrometers, Lmgdct on Sint Qin Sunaliae garticle size leads to a higher Surface Axea-to-VolWwne vattio. This means that duving, Sintoring, Adjacent garticles Lave more contact geints, promoting diffusion Gnd bonding, between there, This enhanced interaction accelerates the densification grocers, vesulting in higher density, reduced govosity, And inngroved mechanical Strenath in tHe Sintered ceramic Exaungle: Lmdgine sintering two Sts of alumina ponder: on@ with lavage Articles And the other with fine Articles. The Line garticles will compact more tightly And ond more effectively, yielding a cOrdmic with improved gropeetios. 1. Chewnical Homogeneity Characteristics: Chemical homogenvity refers to the Uniform distribution of all the elements or components within the COrdmic onder. It ensues that the composition 6 consiStent Acvess the entive ponder Lengact on Sintevinas A chemically homogntous powder ensures that the composition vemadins Uniform diving Sint@ving, This grevents the Lormation of lecalized veaions with differing, compositions, which could lead to Structural weaknesses or inconsistencies in the Final product.Exangle: TE a ceramic gonder contains a wirtuee of oxides, Uniform chemical homogeneity ensvees that Pach garticle as the same comeosition, leading to a well-lealanced and gredictabele sintering, process. 4, Phase Puvity. Chavacteristice: Phase guvity veFers to the absence of Ummanted imgurities or Secondary ghOES within the ceramic ponder. It means that the material 6 composed grimOrily of the desiced crystalline phase. Lengact on Sintering: Lenguvitias o Secondary ghO6eS cA hinder the Sintering grocess by altering, tHe materials lerhavior at bish temeeratures. They can interEere with gxdin bodndary movement dad hinder densification, gotentially resuiting in defects, veduced watchanical grog@rties, oF changes in the Final product's progaetios. Examgle: when producing high-purity alumina ceramics, the absence of even trace amounts of other materials ensures that the Sintering gracess 15 not compromised, resulting im CBrAmnics with desived charactenstics 4. Specific Surface Aveo: Characteristics: Specific Surface AeA meAGUes the total surface Area of gArticles Pee Unit MASS And 16 Aypically expresced im Square meters ger gram lent/a), Lmgdct on Sint ving: Higher specific Surface area means more Available surface for garticle interaction. Wring, Sintering, this increased contact acca gromotes the migyation of Atoms, diffusion, and garticle leonding, 2Ading, to densification and imgroved wmechanical grogerties in the Find cOrdenic, Exon: A ceramic gonder composed of Fint silicon carbide particles with a high Seecitic Surface area will ergerience effective garticle bonding duving sintering, vesviting in a denser And Strongererdwnic material 06 1. Bravais Lattices: Bravais lattices desoribe the different ways in which oints cn be Arranaed in A geriodic pattern in three dimensions. There are 4 Unique Bravais lattices. Sinngle Cubic (SCX Lattice Parameters: a = 6 = ¢ (all Sides ee CqUAl And Gnales ave 40° Characteristics: Points ave located at the comers of a cube Body-Contered Cubic (BoC? Lattice Parameters: a= =c,a= B= y= 90" Characteristics: Points at the comers And one in the center of the cube. Face-centered Cubic (FCC? Lattice Parameters: a= 6 =¢,a= Characteristics: Points at the comes And ond in the conte of each face of the cube Single Tetwaqonal (STH Lattice Parameters: a= #¢,a= bry=%. Characteristics: Points at the corners of a rectangular prism. Body Centered Tetvagonal OCT: Lattice Parameters. a= tc, = Characteristics. Points at the corners Ond one in the center of a rectangular peiSen, Siegle. Orthorhombic (50>: Lattice Parameters. a # b #¢,a= 90°. Characteristics: Points at +he comers of O garalielegiged.Base-contered Orthorhombic (BCD: Lattice Parameters. at b #c,a= Pp =y = 90" Characteristics: Points at the comers And one in the center of each pair of parallel faces of a pavalielegiged. Face-centered Orthorhowlbic (FCO). Lattice Parameters: az tc, a 90° Characteristics: Points at the com@rs And ond in the conten of Gach Face of A garallelegigad Rhomicchedral (Rr. Lattice Parameters: a=b=c,a=p=ve Characteristics. Points at the comers of A vhomlechedvon, Sioagle Monoclinic (SM: Lattice Parameters. at tc,a=y = 10, ht 90 Characteristics: Points at the comers of A garallelegigad with one clolique Andie. Base-Cemtered Monoclinic (BOM Lattice Parameters. a tb #c,a = y = 90", Bt 90. Characteristics: Points at the comers And ond in the center of each Pair of Parallel faces of a Parallelegigad with one oblique Angle. Sioagle Triclinic (STe: Lattice Parameters: azbtc,az pty 2%. Characteristics: Points at the comers of O garallelerigad with all oblique Angles. Coystal Systems: Crystal systems geoug the Bravais lattices with Similar symmetry characteristics into Seven distinct categories. Cubic: Contains: Simple Cubic (SC, Body-Comterad Cubic (BCC), Face-Centered Cubic (FCO. Tetvagonat. Contains: Single Tetragpral (ST), Body-Centered Tetragonal CD,Orthorhombic: Contains. Simple Orthorhombic (50), Base-Centered Orthorhombic (BCO), Face-Centered Orthorhombic (FCO) Rhomloohedeal (Trigonalt. Contains. Rhombohedval (B), Monotlinic: Contain’: Simgle Monoclinic (SMD, Base-Centered Monoclinic (BCM). Teiclinic: Contains. Simgle Tviclinic (ST)Ans %, Amorghous Materials: Amorphous materials lack A well-defined, regeating Atomic Arrangement, Instead, their Atoms Axe endowly Aevdnaed, giving then A disordered Structure. They often exhibit groperties Such AS trAmeRarency, lack of distinct crystal £Aces, And lower wnelting Points comgaved to ceystalline materials. Exawgles include lass, certain elastics, And Same cerdwnics, Coystaling Materials: Crystalline materials have a highly ordered and repeating Atomic Structure, Known a5 4 crystal lattice. This ordered arrangement leads to chawacteristic grogerties like well-defined cxystal Faces, regular patterns, And distinct diffraction garters. Crystalline materials Ove categorized into different crystal systems based on their Symmenetry Ord lattice Parameters Analyzing ded Investigating Aenorghous and Cxystalline Materia's: Kevay Vit fraction (KRD>, FRO is a gowerful technique that heles determine the ceystal structure of materials. By wmeasuving the angles at which K-vays are diffracted by a sample, researchers can identify crystal lattice parameters And infer the type of crystal system resent. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) TEM allows veseavchers to visualize the Atomic Areangement of materials at nanoscale wesolutions. It provides divact wages of crystal lattice Structures And cain distinguish botween Amoeghous dnd orystalline veajons MWELerential Scanning Calorimetry (05>: WC wneasures heat Flow in materials a5 they Undergo temperature changes. Crystalline materials often erhivit distinct melting Points, which Can ve detected loy DSC. Armorghous MOTEIAIS, On ThE other hOnd, my Show gjss teAnsition temperatures. Solid-State NNR Seecteoscopy. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Sactvoscoey Can grovide insights into the local atomic Cavironments in materials, Lt can differentiate between Amorghous Gnd crystallin® vegion’ by Analyzing The chemical Shifts And velOKAtion times of wUcleiScOnning Blectvon Microscopy (SEM). SEM provides highwesoltion maces of material surfaces. While it wight not divectly veveal ceystal structure, it can hele differentiate between veaions with different levels of order ov ‘enor ghology