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CHAPTER 1: SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATRICES

Matrices
A matrix A is a rectangular array of scalars usually presented in the following form:
 a 11 a 12 ... a 1n 
 
a a 22 ... a 2n 
A   21
  ...  
 
a a m2 ... a mn 
 m1
i. A matrix always denotes with capital letter
ii. The rows of such a matrix A are the m horizontal lists of scalars
a 11 a 12 ... a 1n  , a 21 a 22 ... a 2n  , … , a m1 a m2 ... a mn 
iii. The columns of A are the n vertical lists of scalars:
 a 11   a 12   a 1n 
     
 a 21   a 22   a 2n 
  ,   , … ,   
     
a  a  a 
 m1   m2   mn 
iv. A matrix with m rows and n columns is called and m by n matrix, written m x n.
v. The pair of numbers m and n called the size of the matrix.

Example:
1 2
 
1. A   3 4  = 3 by 2 matrix of matrix size 3 x 2, also can be written as
5 6 
 
1 2
 
A   3 4  a11 = 1, a22 = 4, a31 = 5
5 6 
 3x2
2. B  3 0  1 5 6  = matrix size 1 x 5 …… row matrix

 1
 
3. C   5  = matrix size 3 x 1 …… column matrix
2
 

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Equal matrix
Two matrices A and B are equal, written A = B, if they have the same size and if
corresponding entries/ elements are equal.

Example:

2 3   a b
1. If    , then a = 2, b = 3, x = -1 and y = 0
x y    1 0 

 x  y 2z  t   3 7 
2. Find x, y , z and t such that     
 x  y z  t  1 5
By definitions of equality of matrices, the four corresponding entries must be equal,
thus
x + y = 3, x – y = 1, 2z + t = 7 and z – t = 5
Solving the above system of equations yields x = 2, y = 1, z = 4, and t = -1

Transpose of a matrix
If A is a matrix of size mxn, then the transpose of A, denoted by AT, is obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns in A

 a 11 a 12 ... a 1n   a 11 a 21 ... a m1 
   
a a 22 ... a 2n  a a 22 ... a m2 
A   21 thus AT   12
  ...     ...  
   
a a m2 ... a mn  a a 2n ... a mn 
 m1  1n

Example:

T 1 4  1 
 1 2 3   T  
1.     2 5  2. 1  3  5   3
4 5 6 3 6  5
   

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Square matrix / Symmetric matrix

 The transpose of the matrix is equal to the matrix itself
 AT = A

Diagonal Matrix
 A square matrix
 ALL the entries other than the main diagonal entries are zero. In other words, aij = 0
for i ≠ j
d1 0 0  0 
 
0 d2 0  0 
D 0 0 d3  0 
 
      
 
0 0 0  dn 

Triangular matrix
 A square matrix
 Two types of triangular matrix
i. Lower triangular matrix is a square matrix where ALL the entries above the
main diagonal entries are all zero
ii. Upper diagonal matrix is a square matrix where ALL the entries below the
main diagonal entries are all zero.

Example: A 3x3 triangular matrix can be written as follows:

 a 11 0 0   a 11 a 12 a 13 
   
 a 21 a 22 0  or  0 a 22 a 23 
a a 32 a 33   0 0 a 33 
 31 
Lower triangular matrix Main diagonal Upper triangular matrix

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Identity Matrix
 A square matrix
 ALL the main diagonal entries are 1 and ALL the other entries are zero.
a ij  1 if i j
In  
a ij  0 if i j

 The symbol In or simply I to represent an identity matrix of order n.

Example:
1 0
i. I   
0 1
1 0 0
 
ii. I  0 1 0 
0 0 1
 
1 0 0 0
 
0 1 0 0
iii. I 
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1 


Zero matrix
 A matrix whose entries are all zero is called a zero matrix and will usually be denoted
by 0
 It needs not to be a square matrix

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EXERCISE

1. State the size of the following matrices

 2 1  5 
   
i. 3 0 ii.  2
0 4  3 
   

4 0 1
 
iii. 0 1 0 iv. 1  2 7
4 0 1
 

2. Find the value x, y, z such that the matrices are equal

4  1 2  y  z  1 2  1 1  x  y x  y 
i.      ii.     
 1 0 3   x 0  z  1 2  z  y 2x  z

3. Find the transpose of the following matrices

1 0
 1  1  
i.   ii. 5 4
0 0  2 4
 

4. State whether it is a lower triangular matrix, an upper triangular matrix or a diagonal

matrix?
 1 0 0 0 1 3 
   
i.  3 4 0 ii. 0 0  2
 8  1 5 0 0 0 
   

0 0 0  3 0 0
   
iii. 0 4 1 iv. 0  5 0 
8  1 5 0 0 1
   

 1 2
 
v.  0 4
 0 0
 

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5. State whether the following matrices are symmetric matrices

 3  2  5
0 2   
i.   ii.  2 1 3 
 1  1  5  3 1 
 

 4 x  2
6. Find x and hence the matrix B such that B    is a symmetric matrix.
2x  3 x  1 

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BASIC OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

1. Matrix Addition
Let A = (aij) abd B = (bij) be two matrices with the same size, say mxn matrices. The
sum of A and B written A + B, is the matrix obtained by adding up corresponding
entries from A and B
In other words, A + B = (aij + bij) mxn
 a 11  b11 a 12  b12  a in  b1n 
 
a  b21 a 22  b22  a 2 n  b2 n 
A  B   21 
   
 
a  bm 1 a m 2  bm 2  a mn  bmn 
 m1
Example:
1  2 3 4 6 8 
Given A    and B    , then
0 4 5  1  3 7 
 1  4  2  6 3  8   5 4 11 
A  B    
 0 4  3 5  7   1 1  2 

NOTE : Matrices of different sizes CANNOT be added

2. Scalar Multiplication
Let A = (aij) and k be any scalar. Then, the product of the matrix A by a scalar k,
written k.A or simply kA, is the matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A by
k.
That is, kA = (kaij)
 ka 11 ka 12  ka 1n 
 
 ka ka 22  ka 2 n 
kA   21
    
 
 ka ka m 2  ka mn 
 m1
Example:
 31 3 2  33   3  6 9 
3 A      
 30  34  35   0 12 15 

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3. Matrix Multiplication
Suppose A = (aij) be a m x n matrix and B = (bij) be a n x p matrix. Then the product
AB is the m x p matrix whose ij-entry is obtained by multiplying the ith row of A by
the jth column of B. That is

 a 11  a 1 p  b11  b1 j  b1n   c 11  c 1n 
    
               
a  bip         c ij  
 i1    
               
  
 a m1  a mp  b p 1  b pj  b pn   c m 1 
 c mn 
b
Where c ij   a ik bkj  a i 1 b1 j  a i 2 b2 j    a ip b pj
k 1

NOTE : Matrix multiplication is defined only if the number of columns in A is

equal the number of rows in B

A x B = AB
mxn nxp mxp

Example:

Find AB where

1 3  2 0  4
i. A    and B   
 2  1 5  2 6 

1 2 5 6 
ii. A    and B   
3 4 0  2

2  1 0 6
 2 0  1  
iii. A    and B   1 3  5 1 
4  2 5  4 1  2 2
 

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PROPERTIES OF OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

1) Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Consider A, B, asn C are mxn matrices and α and β are scalars, then the following properties
hold

2) Properties of Matrix Multiplication

Let A, B and C be matrices such that matrix multiplication is defined and k a scalar, then the
following properties are true.

NOTE :
 AB ≠ BA
 AC = BC ≠ A = B
 AB = 0 ≠ A = 0 and B = 0

3) Properties of Identity matrix

If A is an mxn matrix, then the following properties hold
i. AIn = A
ii. InA = A

4) Properties of a Transpose

NOTE : (AB)T ≠ AT BT

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LINEAR SYSTEMS

The standard form for a linear equation with n variables x1, x2, x3, … xn
a1x1 + a2x2 + a3x3 + … + anxn = b
where a1, a2, a3, …,an and b are constants (real number)
a1, a2, a3, …an are called the coefficients of x1, x2, x3, … xn
a1 is called the leading coefficient
x1 is the leading variable

A system of linear equations with m equations and n variables can be written as

a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3 + … + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3 + … + a2nxn = b2

am1x1 + am2x2 + am3x3 + … + amnxn = bm
where aij is the coefficient of the variable xi in the ith equation
 Equation is called an mxn system. It is called a square system if m = n
 It is said to be homogeneous if all constants terms are zero. Otherwise it is said to be
non-homogeneous
 The systems may have
i. A unique solution
ii. Infinitely many solutions
iii. No solution at all
 A system that has one unique solution or infinitely many solutions is said to be
consistent
 if it has no solution then the system is said to be inconsistent
 two different systems are said to be equivalent if they have the same solution set

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SYSTEM OF
LINEAR
EQUATION

CONSISTENT INCONSISTENT

INFINITELY
ONE UNIQUE
MANY NO SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Example:
Solve the following system of linear equations simultaneously
i. x–y=0
3x – 2y = -1

ii. 4x + 2y = 6
2x + y = 3

iii. x+y=5
x + y = -3

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A system of linear equations can be represented in the matrix form, Ax = b

a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3 + … + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3 + … + a2nxn = b2

am1x1 + am2x2 + am3x3 + … + amnxn = bm

From the above system, it is equivalent to matrix form A x = b

 a 11 a 12  a 1n  x 1   b1 
    
 a 21 a 22  a 2 n  x 2   b2 
  
        
    
a am 2  a mn  x n   bm 
 m1
The coefficient matrix A
 a 11 a 12  a 1n 
 
a a 22  a 2n 
A   21
    
 
a am2  a mn 
 m1
The augmented matrix , ( A | b )
 a 11 a 12  a 1 n b1 
 
a a 22  a 2 n b2 
 A | b    21
      
a am 2  a mn bm 
 m1
Example:
Consider the following system of linear equations, write in matrix form, augmented matrix
and coefficient matrix A:
i. x1 + x2 + 4x3 + 3x4 = 5 ii. 2x1 + x2 – x3 + 4x4 + x5 = 5
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 – 2x4 = 1 x2 + x3 - x5 = 0
x1 + 2x2 – 5x3 + 4x4 = 3 x3 – x4 + 3x5 = 0

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METHOD TO SOLVE A LINEAR SYSTEM

Elementary Row Operation (ERO)

 Used to find all the solutions for the system
 The linear system is changed to another by one of these basic transformations:
1. Interchange two rows (Ri  Rj)

Example: Interchanging 1st row with the 2nd row

1 1 4 1  1 2
  R1  R2  
1  1 2 1 1 4

2. Multiply a row with a nonzero constant, c ( cRi  Ri)

1
Example: Multiplying the 1st row with
3
 3 6 9   1 2 3 
  1  
 4  8 12  R1  R1  4  8 12 
 2 4  6 3  2 4  6
   

3. Add a multiple of a row to another row. ( Ri + cRj  Ri)

Example: Multiplying the 1st row with -2 and adding it to the 3rd row
 1 2 4 5   1 2 4 5 
   
 1  1 6  6  R3   2 R1  R3  1  1 6  6
 2 0  12 9   0  4  4  1
  

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MATRIX TRANSFORMATION

Consist of two methods

1. Row Echelon Form (REF) or Gaussian Elimination Method
2. Reduce Row Echelon Form (RREF) or Gauss Jordan Elimination Method

The main steps for those methods are:

1. Reduce the augmented matrix (A|b) to a REF or RREF by using ERO
2. Change the row echelon matrix to a system of linear equations and solve the system
by using BACK SUBSTITUTION METHOD (solve the system starting from the last
equation.

Echelon Form:
 Leading entry – the first nonzero coefficient in the row’s
 Each leading entry is to the right of the leading entry in the row above it (except for
the leading entry in the first row)

Example:
2 3 9 0 1 4 8 Not
  Comfortable 2 3 9 0 1 4 8 
Comfortable
0 0 4 0 1 4 7 climbing  0 0 4 0 1 4 7 
0 climbing
0 0 1 2 2 0 stair 0 0 1 1 0 2 0
    stair
0 0 0 0 0 5 8 0 0 0 2 0 5 8
   
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0
Echelon Form Not an Echelon Form

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Row Echelon Form (REF) or Gaussian Elimination Method

A matrix is in a row echelon form if it has the following properties:

i. A zero row (all zero entries in a row) is placed at the bottom of the matrix
ii. For each nonzero rows, the first nonzero entry / leading entry must be 1 (leading
one)
iii. For two consecutive rows, the leading one in the upper row is farther to left than
the leading one in the lower row.
iv. All entries below leading one must be zero

The steps performing Gaussian Elimination:

Step 1: Write the given system of linear equations as an augmented matrix

(A|b)

Step 2: Use ERO on an augmented matrix until it in REF

Step 3: Write down the row echelon matrix as a system of linear equations

Step 4: Solve the system by using back substitution and assign parameter(s) to
the three variable(s) (if any)

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Example:
Solve the following system by Gaussian Elimination Method
x – 3y – 2z = 6
2x – 4y – 3z = 8
-3x + 6y + 8z = -5

Step 1: Write the augmented matrix (A|b)

Leading one
 1 3 2 6 
 
 2 4 3 8 
 3 6 8  5 


Step 2: All entries below Leading 1 must be zero

 1 3 2 6  1  3  2 6 
   
 2 4 3 8  R 2  2 R1  R 2 0 2 1  4
 3 6 8  5  R 3  3 R1  R 3  0  3 2 13 
  

Step 3: Check Row 2, the first entry in non-zero row MUST be leading 1

1  3  2 6  1  3  2 6 
  1  
0 2 1  4 R 2  R2 0 1 1 2  2
 0  3 2 13  2  0  3 2 13 
   

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Repeat Step 2 until matrix is in REF

Leading 1

1  3  2 6  1  3  2 6  1  3  2 6 
     
0 1 1 2  2 0 1 1  2  0 1 1  2
 2  0 0 2
 0  3 2 13  R  3 R  R
  3 2 3 0 0 7 7  2  1 2 
 2  R 3  R 3
REF
7

Step 4 : Solve the reduced echelon matrix by back substitution

R3 : z=2
R2 : y+½z=-2
y + ½ (2) = - 2
y+1=-2
y=-3
R1 : x – 3y – 2z = 6
x – 3 (-3) – 2 (2) = 6
x+9–4=6
x=1

 x   1 
   
Solution set =  y     3 
 z   2 
   
 The system has unique solution/ exactly one solution
 The system is consistent

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Example:
Solve the following system by using Gaussian Elimination method
x  2 y  3z  1
1. y  2z  2
2 y  4z  4
x1  3 x 2  2 x 3  5 x4  4
2. 2 x1  8 x 2  x 3  9 x4  9
3 x 1  5 x 2  12 x 3  17 x 4  7

Reduced Row Echelon Form (RREF) or Gauss Jordan Transformation

A matrix is reduced row echelon matrix if:

i. Matrix is a row echelon matrix
ii. All the columns that contain a leading 1- the entries above and below the leading 1
are all zeroes

Example:
Which of the following matrix is REF or RREF?

1 3 2 0 4 5 6
 
0 0 0 1 3 2 0 
1. 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 
 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 1 2 3
 
2. 0 0 1
0 0 0 
 
1 0 3 0 0 4 
 
3. 0 0 0 1 0  3
0 0 0 0 1 2 
 

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Example:
Solve each of the following systems by using Gauss Jordan Elimination Method
x  2y  z  3 x1  x 2  2 x 3  4 x4  5
1. 2 x  5 y  z  4 2. 2 x1  2 x2  4 x3  2 x4  3
3x  2 y  z  5 3 x1  3 x 2  4 x 3  2 x4  1

x1  x 2  2 x 3  3 x4  4
3. 2 x1  3 x2  3 x 3  x4  3
5 x1  7 x 2  4 x 3  x4  5

Inverse of a Matrix
Anxn is said to be invertible if there exist a Bnxn such that
Anxn Bnxn = Bnxn Anxn = In

Where In : Identity matrix in order n

Bnxn : Inverse of matrix A , (A-1)

Example:
 1 3  2  14  8  1 
  1
 
Let A   2 5  3  , then A    17 10 1 
 3 2  4   19 11 1 
   
Indeed
 1 3  2   14  8  1   1 0 0 
1
    
AA   2 5  3  .  17 10 1    0 1 0  and
  3 2  4    19 11 1   0 0 1 
    

 14  8  1   1 3  2   1 0 0 
1
    
A A    17 10 1  . 2 5  3    0 1 0 
  19 11 1    3 2  4   0 0 1 
    

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Inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix
The inverse matrix of A is denoted by A-1
AA-1 = A-1A = 1

a b  1  d  b
Let A    Then A 1    provided that ad – bc ≠ 0
 c d  ad  bc   c a 

Example:
Find the inverse of the matrices if it exists:
1 2  4 6
1. A    2. B   
 3 7    2 3 
7 4   2 3
3. C    4. D   
5 3 4 5

Method to find the inverse of an nxn Matrix A

Find A-1 by using ERO

Step 1 : Write the augmented matrix, A with identity matrix, I

(Anxn | In)

Step 2 : Reduced matrix A to RREF

i. (A | I) ~ (I | A-1)
ii. If RREF has a zero row, than A has no inverse

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Properties of inverse matrix

Let A and B be invertible matrices

1. (A-1)-1 = A 2. cA1  1 A 1 3. (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1

c
Example:
3 7 
Find the inverse of A   
2 5

Step 1 : Augment matrix A with I2

A I    37 1 0


 2 5 0 1

3 7 1 0  1 0 b11 b12 
Step 2 : Transform matrix   into 
 0 1 b

 2 5 0 1  21 b22 

1  7 1 
 3 7 1 0  R1  R1  7 1  1 0 R 7 R  R
  1 0  3 3  1 2 1
 2 5 0 1 3  3 3  0 1  2
   2 5 0 1  R2  2 R1  R2  1 
 3 3 
1 0 5 7  1 0 5 7 
 1 2   
0  1  3 R2  R2 0 1  2 3 
 3 3   

 5 7 
Thus, A 1   
 2 3 
Example: Find A-1
 1 0 2 1 1 1
   
1. A  2  1 3 2. A  0 1 2
4 1 8 1 2 4
   

1  1 1 
 
3. A  0 1  1
1 3  2
 

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Solving a Linear system using the Inverse Matrix

If A is invertible, then the solution to Ax = b is given by

x = A-1 b

This system has a unique solution

Ax  b
A 1 Ax  A 1 b
Ix  A 1 b
x  A 1 b  Pr oven
Recall: (A | I) ~ (I | A-1)
Example:
Solve the system of linear equations
x1  2 x 2  5
x 1  x 3  15
 x1  3 x 2  2 x 3  5
Matrix form Ax = b
 1 2 0  x 1   5 
    
 1 0  1  x 2     15 
  1 3 2  x   5 
  3   
Augmented matrix, (A|I3)
 1 2 0 1 0 0
 
 1 0  1 0 1 0
 1 3 2 0 0 1
 
Transform (A | I) ~ (I | A-1)

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 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0
    1
 1 0  1 0 1 0 R2  R1  R2 0  2  1  1 1 0   R2  R2
 1 3 2 0 0 1 0 5 2
  R 3  R1  R 3  2 1 0 1 

 
 
1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0
 1 1 1 
0 1  0 0 1 1 1

1
0
 2 2 2   2 2 2 
0 5 2 1 0 1  R3  5 R2  R3  1 3 5   2 R3  R3

0 0   1
 2 2 2 

1 2 0 1 0 0  1 2 0 1 0 0  R1  2 R 2  R1
 1 1 1  1  
0 1  0  R2  R3  R2 0 1 0  1  2 1 
 2 2 2  2 0 0 1 3  5  2
0 0 1 3 5  2   

1 0 0 3  4  2
 
0 1 0  1  2 1 
0 0 1 3  5  2
 

 3  4  2
1
 
Thus, A   1 2 1  and
 3  5  2
 

x  A 1 b
 3  4  2  5 
  
  1 2 1   15 
 3  5  2  5 
  
 65 
 
   30 
 80 
 

Thus, x1 = 65, x2 = -30 and x3 = 80 is a solution to the system

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Example:
Solve the linear system using the inverse matrix

x  2y  z  3
1. 2 x  5 y  z  2
 x  2 y  2z  0

x  y  2 z  1
2. x  2 y  5z  0
x  3y 7z  3

x  y  2 z  10
3. x  2 y  5 z  3
x  3y 7z  4

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ASSIGNMENT

1. Solve the following system of linear equations by Gaussian Method

x1  3 x 2  2 x 3  3
2 x 1  x 2  3 x 3  8
5 x1  2 x 2  x 3  9

2. Solve the following system of linear equations by Gaussian Method

2 x1  x 2  x 3  8
5 x1  3 x 2  2 x 3  3
7 x 1  x 2  3 x 3  20

3. Solve the following system of linear equations by Gaussian Method

3 x1  2 x 2  2 x 3  3
x1  x2  x 3  2
2 x 1  x 2  3 x 3  3

4. Create augmented matrix corresponds to the following systems of linear equations

3 x  9 y  6 z  12
x1  2 x 2  4 x 3  2
a. b. x  3 y  2 z  4
x1  x 2  2 x 3  1
2 x  6 y  4z  8
3 x1  2 x 2  x 3  3
x 1  3 x 2  4 x 3  3
c.
2 x1  3 x 2  5 x 3  7
x 1  8 x 2  9 x 3  10

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5. Restore system of linear equations, whose augmented matrix is:

1  2 2 6 1   3 6 0 2
   
a. 3 1  1 3 2  b.  0 4  3 1
5 0 7  4  2   1 1 1 5
  
1  8 0 5 9 
c.  
3 2  1 7  5
 

6. Which of the following matrices is in Echelon form, Row-Echelon form, Reduced

Row-Echelon Form?
1  3 0 5 7  1 3 0 0 1
   
0 1 0 2 3  0  1  2 5 1
a. 0 1 b.
 2 4 9  0 0
 0 11 0 
0 0 1 3 0  0 0 0 0 7 
 
2 0 2 0 1
  1 0 8 3 6 0
c. 0 1 1 3 2 d.  
0 1 7 0 3 1
0 0 0 0 3  
 
1 0 0 0 1
  1  1 0 0 
0 1 0 0 0  
e. 0 f. 0 1 2 4 
 0 1 0 1  0 0  3  9
1 0 0 1 0   


7. For matrices in (6), which are in the Echelon form, discuss whether the corresponding
systems of linear equations have a unique solution, infinitely many solutions or no
solutions at all. Write down solutions sets, if any.

8. Transform matrices in (6), which are not in the Echelon form, into Reduced Row-
Echelon form. Write down solutions sets, if any.

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9. Solve the following system of linear equations by transforming its augmented matrix
to row-echelon form.
4 x1  5 x 2  6 x 3  3 3 x1  2 x 2  5 x 3  1
a. 8 x1  7 x 2  3 x 3  9 b. x1  x 2  x 3  4
7 x1  8 x 2  9 x 3  6 6 x 1  4 x 2  10 x 3  7

x1  3 x 2  x 3  2
c.
3 x1  8 x 2  2 x 3  5

10. Solve the following system of linear equations by transforming its augmented matrix
to reduced row-echelon form
5 x1  x 2  2 x3  3 x2  x3  6
a. 2 x1  4 x 2  x 3  8 b. 3 x1  x 2  x 3  0
x1  3 x 2  3 x 3  2 x 1  x 2  3 x 3  13
5 x1  2 x 3  x4  6
c. 2 x1  x 2  x 3  3 x4  0
9 x1  3 x 2  x 3  7 x4  4

1 3 2  2  5
    5 7 1   1 3
11. Let A   2  1 4  , B   0 1  , C    , D    . Perform
5 1 0   3 6  3 1  2  2 5
   
the following operations on matrices if possible.
a. 2A + BC b. CD c. DC + B
d. A – CB e. 2A – 5D f. CD – 2B
g. AB – 3B

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12. Four models of Yonex tennis racquets are sold by four retailers in the city. Model A is
sold at the price of $199.95 per racquet; model B - $169.95; model C - $119.95 and
model D- $ 99.99. The sales in August are given by the following table.
Sales in August
Model A Model B Model C Model D
Retailer 1 100 120 245 270
Retailer 2 45 105 128 250
Retailer 3 65 80 230 300
Retailer 4 140 125 210 320
Present these data in matrix form and using matrix operation, find revenue of each
retailer in August.

13. Three university libraries, located in different campuses ordered three titles of
textbooks; A, B and C. The prices of the textbooks are $22, $35 and $15 respectively.
The number of textbooks ordered is given by the following table:
Textbook A Textbook B Textbook C
Library 1 40 55 30
Library 2 15 25 10
Library 3 25 20 40
Applying matrix operations, find the price of the order for each library and total value
of the order.

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14. Four teams’ results of a season are displayed in the following table
Won Drawn Lost
Team 1 6 5 10
Team 2 8 4 9
Team 3 5 10 6
Team 4 4 17 3
For the victory, a team is awarded with 3 points, 1 point for defeat and 2 points for the
draw. Arrange each result in a matrix form. Using matrix operation, evaluate the
number of points received by each team.

15. Express the following systems of linear equations in matrix Ax = b

2 x 1  4 x 2  5 x 3  7
3x  4 y  z  5
a. x 1  3 x 2  x 3  10 b.
x  2 y  5 z  3
3 x1  5 x 2  3 x 3  2
 x1  4 x 3  x 3  7
2 x 1  5 x 2  x 3  13
c.
3 x 1  8 x 2  9 x 3  5
x 1  4 x 2  11 x 3  10

16. Find the inverse of the given matrix if exists

2 1 4
 1 2   1  5  
a.   b.   c.  3 5 1
 1  3   3 15  2 0 6
 

 1 2 4  1 3  2
   
d.  2 1 3 e.  2 0  4
 1 0 2   5 7 10 
   

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17. Solve the system of linear equations by presenting it in a matrix form Ax=b and
inverting matrix A
3x 7 y  5 4x  3y  5
a. b.
2 x  5 y  4  2 x  y  12
x 1  2 x 2  13 x 1  x 2  x 3  2
c. x 1  x 3  3 d. 2 x1  x 2  x 3  4
 x1  3 x2  2 x 3  4 2 x1  3 x 2  4 x 3  1

18. A company produces three different types of fertilizer by mixing nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium in different proportions. The nutrient content (in percentage of mass)
of each type of fertilizer is given in the following table:

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

Fertilizer A 8% 1% 9%
Fertilizer B 6% 8% 12%
Fertilizer C 2% 4% 1%

How many kg of each fertilizer can be produced if 2106kg of nitrogen, 1469kg of

phosphorus and 2826kg of potassium are available and all nutrients are used?

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