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Artificial Intelligence: Trends and Challenges

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 2022 Seventh International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC)
Artificial Intelligence: Trends and Challenges
AV.Karthick
Department of Computational Logistics
Alagappa University
Karaikudi, India
avkarthick@gmail.com
Abstract— Artificial Intelligence is an interdisciplinary field
that combines Machine Learning, Big Data, Cloud Computing,
and Information Theory. The major advantage of machine
learning is that it builds on prior experience, so machines are
self-learning and can predict the future without error. It is a
kind of decision-making approach that is applied in various
domains like social media, health care, finance, etc. In Big Data
and Cloud Computing, the volume of data is sustainable and
increasing, which is processed with low power consumption
with the help of machine learning. It is possible to support the
next generation of smart grid by providing the platform that
integrates, in addition to the communication infrastructure, the
AI and IoT support, providing a multitenant system, thanks to
the future Massive Internet of Things (MIoT), one of the pillars
of the 5G/6G network factory. Rapid development in Deep
Learning, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
(ML) will give better results for future applications. This paper
focuses on the trends and challenges related to AI is discussed.
Keywords— Machine learning, decision making, self
learned, low consumption.
I. INTRODUCTION
Humans have long had an infatuation with Artificial
Intelligence. Allan Turning initially used the term Artificial
Intelligence (AI) in his 1950 essay "Can a Machine Think? ".
The vast area of computing that aims to give machines the
appearance of human intelligence, known as AI, has become
its focus. Arthur Samuel defines self-learning computers as
those that can learn without being explicitly
programmed.ML discovers the development of step-by-step
procedures for teaching machines and forecasting future
data.ML is a rapidly growing technology that's powered by
Deep Learning. It is a new area that signifies its true bleeding
edge. In recent days, ML is one of the rising fields due to its
success having been authenticated in different applications.
The primary characteristics of big data [1] from large-scale
wireless networks are vast diversity, great volume, real-time
velocity, and huge value, which creates distinct research
difficulties that are different from those presented by current
computer systems. This article gives an overview of the most
advanced big data analytics (BDA) methods for large-scale
wireless networks in this research.
This article [2] provides a summary of the state of the
deep machine learning discipline right now and some insight
into potential future developments. Because they are well-
established in the deep learning field, Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNNs) and Deep Belief Networks (DBNs) (and
their corresponding versions) are the main topics of attention.
Worldwide, big data analytics [3] is a burgeoning research
field in computer science and many other fields. In a wide
range of application fields, it has had considerable success.
978-1-6654-5401-8/13/$31.00 © 2022 IEEE
S.Gopalsamy
Department of International Business
Alagappa University
Karaikudi, India
gsgopalsamy@gmail.com
Social media, the economy, banking, healthcare, agriculture,
and other areas are included. It is applied in the fields of
pattern recognition, image discovery, computervision,
clustering analysis, network intrusion detection, autonomous
driving, etc. The arrival of big data has created a number of
security-related problems [4] that are handled by various
algorithms to find fine-grained patterns and create exact
predictions. To ensure the success of data management
systems in the cloud computing [5,6,7] environment, a
unique set of difficulties specific to cloud computing must be
addressed. E-content [8] is shared intelligently via
networking technologies like the internet and intranet.
II. Literature Review
Driver free vehicles are functioning with the support of
GPS and sensors that used to identify the correct direction
and track the way automatically. The driver free vehicles can
drive to anywhere in the city having road connectivity.
Highly stylish designed system [9] control with the help of
software and algorithm that reads by sensors gather
information to recognize and identify the correct path. The
advanced control vehicle systems that capable of taking in
sensory data to distinguish different objects in the
environment and differentiate the vehicles, public and other
objects in the nearby environment which will be more
helpful for plan the desired destination.
A Genetic Algorithm based on fuzzy optimization was
used to reduce the number of wasted resources, energy
usage, and thermal indulgence prices. The cloud resource
allocator forecasts with the help of the Fourier transform [10]
to authenticate the signature that can be used to predict the
future demands. The researcher [11] explained security-
related problems in artificial intelligence, particularly in
supervised and reinforcement learning algorithms. Based on
machine perception, AI, ML and deep learning are working.
A new wireless radio technology paradigm is needed for
next-generation wireless networks [12,13] to accommodate
extraordinarily high data rates and fundamentally new
applications. The difficulty lies in helping the radio to make
intelligent, adaptive learning and decision-making decisions
so that the many needs of next-generation wireless networks
can be met. Researchers [14] find that the theoretical
maximum prediction is as high as evaluating the
uncertainties of movements using entropy and taking into
account both the frequency and temporal correlations of
individual trajectories. It has been proven that Predictive
Resource Allocation (PRA) can deliver videos smoothly
with few unfair [15] pauses. One of the most promising
artificial intelligence methods, machine learning was
developed to assist smart radio terminals. It is the ability to
understand sensory [16] data. The first was a series of
7
approaches similar to genetic algorithms that made their
Map Reduce environment more difficult. The second was
unclean data with potential errors. AI was applied to spot
the clean, dirty data as a means of creating contextual
knowledge of the data. Third was a data visualization and
the larger flash store technology, which deals with the real-
time oriented decision making process for solving various
crucial problems.
III. METHODS OF MACHINE LEARNING TASKS
ML tasks have basically been divided into two types of
learning, namely supervised and unsupervised learning
methods.
Methods of Machine Learning
Unsupervised
Supervised
Learning Learning
Semi Supervised Reinforcement
Learning Learning
Fig. 1. Different Methods of Machine Learning tasks
Figure 1 shows the different methods of ML, Supervised
learning accounts for roughly 70% of the three. The
remaining part is shared by unsupervised learning.
Unsupervised learning is categorized into two types, namely
Semi supervised and reinforcement learning method. A
supervised machine learning method needs training with
labelled data. Every labelled training data consists of an
input value and a desired target output value. It helps to
associate the training data with an inferred function for
mapping the new labelled values.
In the unsupervised learning method, the hidden data
insights are drawn from the unlabeled data sets.
Reinforcement Learning allows a machine to learn its
behaviour with the help of feedback received from the
external environment. From the data processing point of
view, both supervised and unsupervised learning methods
are chosen based on the nature of the application. Data
analysis and reinforcement techniques are chosen for
problem-making problems. In spite of its pragmatic and
marketable success, ML technique stays in a sustainable
manner with many unexplored research prospects. Some of
these prospects are seen by complementary present machine
learning approaches to the types of learning observed in
naturally occurring systems such as human organisms and
other living beings in the biological system.
2022 Seventh International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC)
IV. CURRENT TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
In fact, the relationship between businesses, employees,
and customers is fundamentally changing as a result of the
rapid development and widespread application of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and other ground-breaking technologies
[17] and the automation of the administrative aspects of
HRM activities and tasks is intensifying. Robotics entails
the design of tools that can imitate human movement and
behaviour. To put it briefly, the science of robotics is a
collection of disciplines that include artificial intelligence,
machine learning, electronics, nanotechnology, and many
more. Through the screening process provided a summary
of the state of the art on this subject were found. This article
sheds light on the effects of AI, robotics, and other cutting-
edge technologies on HRM, although it is not exhaustive.
The most astounding technology of our time is artificial
intelligence (AI). Without using artificial intelligence and its
subfields, such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning,
the contemporary technological world would be incomplete
(DL). Making machines intelligent enough to learn and
grow has enabled the technological revolution. Product
management is a new field where AI and technology [18]
are combining, in addition to their engagement in other
aspects of life. Furthermore, by providing clients with
improved services, these emerging technologies help
businesses. ML and AI are the most potent technologies that
can defeat current goods and services. By definition AI is
the emulation of human intelligence by machines,
particularly computer systems, to enable them to carry out
activities automatically and without human intervention.
Contrary to popular belief, machine learning and artificial
intelligence are not equivalent. AI may be a rule-based
system in which the system's hard-coded rules are
programmed. Adopting powerful technologies with the help
of machine learning raises questions related to the potential
uses of the public in terms of both encouraging and
discouraging. There are a variety of algorithms that are
used, like AI, ANN, and fuzzy logic. supervised or
unsupervised algorithms which focus on specific functions
of the available information source with different skills and
knowledge and different training experience. There are
different types of machine learning algorithms explained in
the figure 2.
Types of Machine Learning
Algorithms
Deep learning Clustering GA
Learning Rule-based Decision tree
classifier
ANN Association
rule
Fig. 2. Types of Machine Learning Algorithms
 The users are confused about which algorithm will be
chosen and which will give the optimum result for the
problem. Some of the questions related to them are how to
build a computer lifelong for helping learners that operate
nonstop for years, learning thousands of interrelated
functions within an overall architecture that allows the
system to develop its ability to learn one skill based on
having learned another. Another aspect of natural learning
systems was team-based, mixed-plan learning for examining
genomic data sets. ML is being applied in industries for the
purpose of identifying competitive advantages and
retrieving data more quickly for correct decision-making. It
will be able to get more customers [19,20] increase the
revenue per customer, optimise its operation, and reduce its
costs.
In order to further improve the effectiveness,
productivity, accuracy, and safety of built environments, the
building and construction industry are slowly but steadily
evolving and embracing new technologies [21,22] such as
the Digital Twin (DT), Building Information Modeling
(BIM), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things
(IoTs), and Smart Vision (SV). The term "Industry 4.0,"
often known as the "fourth industrial revolution," describes
how cutting-edge digital technologies are being used to
transform conventional business procedures and
manufacturing techniques into autonomous smart systems.
In a similar vein, "building and construction industry 4.0"
can be defined as the fusion of cutting-edge industrial
production systems, cyber-physical systems, and digital and
computing technologies to redefine the design, construction,
operation, and maintenance of buildings and infrastructure
while taking circularity into consideration. The IoT provides
the foundation for effectively gathering this data in modern
buildings [23] and then evaluating it with tools like AI.
Without considering the concept of a "smart building",
which is an efficient environment attained through
optimised structures, services, systems, and the connections
among them, any discussion of the use of AI in operational
and building management would be incomplete. Data
analytics, data collection, data storage, and data viewing are
just a few of the high-quality, safe, secure, and reasonably
priced services that residents of a smart building can access.
An illustration of a smart building with AI integration.
Despite the tremendous growth of academic research in
intelligent automation [24] (such as robots and artificial
intelligence) don't have a complete knowledge of how these
technologies affect both organisational (firms) and
individual (employee) HRM. Nearly every aspect of life is
impacted by artificial intelligence. One of the main
applications of AI technology is in education [25].
Education, like all other industries, has adapted AI tools and
techniques to improve student learning potential and other
aspects of the education industry. The use of AI in education
is expanding and now includes teaching, learning, and
administrative functions. In this study, we extensively
examine AI's place in education.
Existing algorithms are helping to solve real-time
difficult problems from the field of business. The best
2022 Seventh International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC)
examples are store managers, who predict several weeks'
sales in advance to manage inventory and satisfy customer
needs. It is mainly influenced by the climatic conditions, the
number of competitors in the same business, promotional
offerings, and geographical location. Customer retention and
penetration strategy, business people forecast to obtain new
investors in expectation of future revenues. Losing
customers means the business cannot get the return on
investment and leads to huge losses. Based on this above-
mentioned problem, every business person is forecast in
advance to retain the customer. Then motivate consumers
for the purpose of retention through offers and incentives.
Customer Segmentation helps retailers maximize the
return on their investments. Each and every customer score
was monitored by retailers based on three factors, namely
recency, frequency, and monetary value. Google’s self-
driving cars and robotics are used in all domains.
Today we are living in the computing era. The usage of
storage as a service leads to generating a humongous
amount of data. Recent growth in computing power with the
help of development in the application of algorithms which
can be utilised to get insights from the huge amount of data
being produced Its other applications are in the media,
entertainment and communication, finance and security,
health care, education, public service, insurance, marketing,
wholesale trade, transportation, energy and utilities,
manufacturing, and natural resources. In multimedia
organizations, it helps to analyze client information along
with behavioural data to create in-depth client profile data.
For Finance and Securities, the financial market
activities are monitored by the Securities Exchange
Commission (SEC) using big data. The SEC, with the help
of natural language processors and network business
analytics, assists in forecasting the future market with
capital and money markets. It aids in the prediction of trade
decisions, business analytics processes, credit risk rating,
risk factor analysis and scoring, sentimental based investor
types, predictive analytics, and so on. Unaudited money, not
properly disclosed money, and risk management are
exploited using big data analytics.
With the help of using big data for clinical trial data
analysis, disease pattern identification, patient database
maintenance and analysis, medical device and
pharmaceutical items, logistics management, new drug
discovery and development analysis, etc. With the
development of mobile health apps, doctors can provide
evidence-based medicine. Health-related communicable
diseases are identified with the help of social media.
It is applied in the education system in the United States,
using big data to measure the performance of educators and
learners. Students are checked to measure how long they are
taking to learn new things. The University of Tasmania in
Australia, with more than thirty thousand learners, has
installed and is learning through a library management
system to retrieve the status of educators and learners who
are involved in on-line sessions. In public services, big data
is employed for environmental protection, women's and
child welfare, environmental change detection and
management, human resource management, etc. In the retail
industry, MI joined with big data is used for analysis of
basket analysis, customer segmentation, customer loyalty
programs, logistics management, and behavior-based
targeting.
The authors chose to rely on a promising strategy
associating explanations to the results of neural classifiers in
order to automatically [26] identify and classify the ToS
documents and the set of five unfair clauses found in the
corpus, while also keeping an eye on the transparency of the
proposed approach. Regarding the architecture for
automatically classifying the ToS documents and the group
of five unfair clauses found in the corpus, the authors chose
to rely on a promising strategy that links explanations to the
results of neural classifiers while also keeping an eye on the
transparency of the suggested approach.
V. CHALLENGES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The most challenging tasks of ML and AI are data
availability and fatigue due to some technological errors. AI
is mainly applied to identify fraud, customer data
renovation, trading using social analytics, industry credit
risk reporting, trading and auditing perceptibility etc.
Securing health care data, accessing reliable information and
e-governance are the big challenges in big data analytics.
Data are heterogeneous in that they are uneven, isolated, and
rarely standardized. Incorporating the data from different
sources is the most significant and sensible problem in the
education sector.
However, they are essential to the use of data for study
in the field and do not exhaust the ethical challenges
appearing in AI-driven digital pathology. Currently, medical
data [27] sharing ethics tend to concentrate on privacy
concerns in order to safeguard the interests of specific study
subjects. However, a larger perspective is required when
considering the ethical issues associated with sharing
pathology data, which means that digital pathologists must
also improve their commitments to choice, equity, and trust.
Though the problems are complex and call for constant
discussion among researchers, it's equally critical to keep in
mind the significance of patient and public involvement and
engagement (PPIE) in this whole process.
Supply chain management [28] is going through a big
wave of new innovations and problems as a result of
technology. Customers anticipate a faster ordering and
delivery process despite the current rapid digital technology,
which has made it simpler and more efficient for businesses
trying to integrate new technologies. With the use of
artificial intelligence analysis, AIoT breakthroughs like data
sensors and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification
Detection) give information to incorporate features like
tracking and immediate alerts to improve decision-making.
Such information may be crucial for enhancing processes
and tasks. The Internet and the vast amount of data present
in the same expanding technology, however, can present a
number of issues for the supply chain and the factors. The
2022 Seventh International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC)
most significant issues facing the AIoT-powered supply
chain were identified in this study by performing a literature
analysis and interviewing professionals working in the
FMCG industries as a potential case study.
Healthcare executives outlined a number of
implementation issues with AI both within and outside of
their organizations and the broader healthcare [29] system in
general. Conditions outside the healthcare system, internal
capability for strategic change management, as well as
changes in healthcare professions and practice, were among
the challenges. The findings show that in order to overcome
obstacles to capacity building for AI, healthcare
organizations need to design implementation methods. To
control the creation and implementation of efficient AI
implementation tactics, laws and policies are required. It is
necessary to put time and money into the implementation
procedures, working with county governments, the
healthcare sector, and industrial collaborations.
The findings demonstrated that one of the most
significant obstacles to adopting a system based on the
requirements of the digital transformation is the lack of
sufficient infrastructure. This component might be one of
the prerequisites for using any other technology at all. As a
result, many businesses decide against implementing
without the requisite infrastructure (technological and
technical, as well as the lack of necessary preparation in the
organization to accept technology). One aspect of
organizational maturity that supports this option's high
ranking is its infrastructure. Given the existence of the
Internet and network technologies, it is clear how significant
cybersecurity - related difficulties may be a Security
challenges are ranked second.
Protecting the privacy of the users also poses more. The
key challenges in the retail industry encompass
understanding customers by creating a single view across
multiple sources of customer information from point of sale,
loyalty program, social media, etc. In the field of Big Data
visualization, they are facing the issues like the efficient
data processing techniques which require order to enable
real time visualization and the cost incurred to procure and
manage the devices for large scale. In business analytics
[30] AI is applied with the help of Cloud Computing, even
human cannot easily replace by ML and Big Data analysis.
In certain scenarios, at the end of every problem, it can
solve human analysts to stay in the loop. In self driving
vehicles, typical automotive safety arguments and
discussions for the low integrity devices can really pivot
upon the ability of a human driver to control the vehicle. For
example, if a small or a major software problem or error
causes a potentially dangerous situation for the driver and
the surrounding, the autonomous vehicle might be normally
to override and recover to a secure state without much
trouble. Suppose if any unexpected failure occurs, then who
is liable to recover from significant vehicle mechanical
failures like tire blow outs, faults in engine and steering
problem and in the braking system. The driver is completely
liable for driving the vehicle in the correct direction.
 The number of problems related to AI [31] algorithms in
genetic algorithms is greater because there are a greater
number of iterative steps for map reduce followed, making it
a more difficult one. Unclean or dirty data leads to errors or
inexact information. AI is used to detect dirty data by
means of ascertaining the context data from the database. As
the memory size increases, the customer is facing a
challenge in analysing the big databases and quick decision-
making ability. Finally, the information available in signal
or text format is processed. The researcher tries to find a
solution for processing the audio and video-based data.
The proliferation of AI-based HRM applications [32]
over the past ten years has sparked a fascinating new line of
inquiry into issues including the societal impact of AI and
robots, the consequences of AI adoption on both human and
corporate results, and the assessment of AI-enabled HRM
practises. Adopting these technologies has changed how
work is organised in domestic and foreign businesses,
presenting chances for staff members and businesses to
utilise resources and make decisions and solve problems.
However, despite an increase in scholarly interest, there has
been little and inconsistent research on AI-based HRM
technology. Additional study is required to examine the
function of AI-assisted HRM apps and human-AI
interactions in major multinational corporations spreading
such breakthroughs. The popular category of personal
gadgets now includes whole new and quickly developing
tools thanks to wearable technologies. Wearable technology
has the ability to provide artificial intelligence (AI)
techniques with a wealth of useful data, in addition to being
attractive and outfitted with cutting-edge hardware
technologies like communication modules and networking.
The biggest issues with wearable device design and
development as well as the computational cost of applying
AI techniques are discussed.
CONCLUSION
(i) It is obvious that while Artificial Intelligence is still a
new trend, several of its applications have already had
measurable positive effects. In the above revealed
challenges, challenges will be overcome and giving a better
AI will be the future.
(ii) Industries and researchers work to improve forecast
accuracy and create ML-based applications to solve a
variety of real-time problems.
(iii) Recent developments in AI methods collaborate
with humans to analyse complex data sets. The ability of the
machines to regularise statistical analysis for analysing
massive data sets is remarkable.
(iv) The data come from a diverse set of sources, and it
generates plausible explanations and suggestions for
framing the new hypotheses. It seems essential that society
currently begin to think about how to maximise its
assistance.
2022 Seventh International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC)
(v) It can yield data from any source and investigate it by
selecting a suitable AI method to find answers that enable
cost reductions, time reductions, new product development
and smart decision making.
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2022 Seventh International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC)

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