NAME DATE PERIOD aS Study Guide and Intervention Powers and Exponents Use Exponents A number that is expressed using an exponent is called a power. The base is the number that is multiplied. The exponent tells how many times the base is used as a factor. So, 4° has a base of 4 and an exponent of 3, and 4° = 4-4-4 = 64, base ——+ 4° «—— exponent Y * power Any number, except 0, raised to the zero power is defined to be 1 wai 2 GETTY’ Write each expression using exponents. a. 10+10- 10-10-10 =1 ge=1 41 B= walx #0 The base is 10. It is a factor 5 times, so the exponent is 5. 10-10 10-10 - 10 = 108 B. (-9) + (-9) + (-9) (9) + (9) - (9) The base is 9. It is a factor 6 times, so the exponent is 6. (-9) (9) « (9) - (9) (9) « (-9) = (99° ©. (p+ 2p +2)(p +2) The base is p +2. It is a factor 3 times, so the exponent is 3. (p + 2p + Mp +2) =(p +2 Exercises Write each expression using exponents. 1.5 -5-5-5-5-5-5 2-1) 34-4 4,.8-8-8 5. (-2)-(-2)-(-2)--2) 6. (3)-(2)-(3)-@)- (8) 7. (04)-O4)- (OA) Bd-d-d-d 9. m-m-m-msm-mem 10. eex-y-y IL @ — 42 - 4) 12. 3(-1(-1(-0) Chapter 9 115 Glencoe Pro-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 91 Study Guide and Intervention consinuea) Powers and Exponents Evaluate Expressions When evaluating expressions with exponents you must follow the order of operations, Order of Operations 1, Simplify expressions inside grouping symbols. 2, Evaluate all powers. 3. Multiply and divide in order from left to right, 4. Add and subtract in order from left to right. (CRESTED) Ant An artist is painting a mural that will look like a quilt square. The mural will have an area of 8* square feet. How many square feet is tl B= 8-8 Bis a factor 2 times. = 64 Simply, The area of the mural will be 64 square feet. (CUTIE Evaiuate waite = 6. x -4=(-6F -4 Replace x with ~6, = (6) -6)—4 — -6isatactor2 times = 36-4 Muti, = 32 ‘Subtract Exercises Evaluate each expression. Le 2. 38 3. (-6F 5. (4) 6. 2 7.3.6 9.75 10. 42-5 11, (37 (2) Evaluate each expression if g = 3, h= —1, and m 13. g° 14, 5g 16. him? 17. gt + 2h 19. 422m — 3)° 20, -2(g° + 1) Chapter 9 116 12. 8-6" 15. g?— m 18. m + hg" 21. 5(h* — m2) Glencoe Pre-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9-2 Study Guide and Intervention Prime Factorization Write Prime Factorizations A prime number is a whole number that has exactly two unique factors, 1 and itself. A composite number is a whole number that has more than two factors. Zero and 1 are neither prime nor composite. (CETTE) Determine whether each number is prime or composite. a. 29 ‘The only factors of 29 are 1 and 29, so 29 is a prime number. b.39 Find the factors of 39 by listing whole number pairs whose product is 39, 39x 1=39 13 x 3=39 The factors of 39 are 1, 3, 13, and 39. Since the number has more than two factors, it is a composite number. ‘Any composite number can be written as a product of prime numbers. A factor tree can be used to find the prime factorization. ‘To make a factor tree: 1. Write the number that you are factoring at the top. 2. Choose any pair of whole number factors of the number. 3. Continue to factor any number that is not prime. ayy =. d the prime factorization of 48. 48 4 is the number to be factored. A 6-8 Find any pair of whole numbor factors o 48, AA, 203 £04 Continue to actor any number that isnot prime SUL A ZFS FL2 —_Tretactor wee is complete when tere is @row of prime numbers. ‘The prime factorization of 48 is 2-2-2-2-3 or 2-3. Exercises Determine whether each number is prime or composite. 1,27 2. 151 3.77 4.25 5. 92 6. 49 7.101 8. 81 Write the prime factorization of each number. Use exponents for repeated factors. 9. 16 10. 45 11. 78 12. 70 13. 50 14, 102 15. 76 16. 56 Chapter 9 117 Glencoe Pro-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9-2 Study Guide and Intervention consinuea) Prime Factorization Factor Monomials Monomials are numbers, variables, or products of numbers and/ or variables. Examples of monomials and non-monomials are given below. Monomials Not Monomials 38m, 4, 38m +5,4—2,P- 8% In algebra, monomials can be factored as a product of prime numbers and variables with no exponent greater than 1. So, &x* factors as 2. 2+ 2- xx. Negative coefficients can be factored using —1 as a factor. (QTENODY Factor cach monomial. a. 3g*h? jek <3-g-g-g eho b. —12b%e4 12b%et = 1+ 2-2-3 dct Noa 122-3 = -1-2-2-3-b bb creer Drictabsbebrererere Exercises Factor each monomial. 1. 20 2. 36xy 3. —45c# 4, 1368 5. 6m* 6. -20xy2 7. abc! 8. 25h 9. ~6f'g 10. 100% 11. -80s¢# 12. 46p'q* 13. Guu! 14. 24abiet 15. —35x'y* 16. 16r'stt* Chapter 9 118 Gloncoe Pre-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 93 Study Guide and Intervention Multiplying and Dividing Monomials Multiply Monomials When multiplying powers with the same base, add the exponents. Symbols [a"- a" Example [4°-4 GEN Find cock product B75 5.5 = 57-5 Sas! att Product of Powers Propet: the common base i 5. =5 ‘Ads he exponent. b.7 7 Po Pape Product of Powers Property: the common base is 7. ve ‘Ada the exponents. (CTD Find each product. ag’-g Boga ge Produet of Powers Property: the common base is 9 = ‘da the exponent. b. 2a? - 3a 2a*- Ba =2+3-a*-a Commutative Property of Multiplication =2-3-a*** Product ot Powers Propery the common base sa 2-3-a ‘Ada the exponent = 6a* Muti Exercises Find each product. Express using exponents. 1. 44s 2. v! 3. (FFD 4. (31-319) 5. (-er5(-r3) 6, 22% . 225 7. THEh?) =10x(7x!) 9. 5p? - (4p) 10, 3a°- 124° 11, (14x) +x 12, 92 - 22+ (-24) 13, 3-3? 14, ~Tu%(—6u") 15. —5m*(4m*) Chapter 9 119 Glencoe Pro-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 93 Study Guide and Intervention continued) Multiplying and Dividing Monomials Divide Monomials When dividing powers with the same base, subtract the exponents. Symbols |“ = a"-*,where a #0 5 56-2 or 5 Example | 3, = 5'-* or 5 (CUETIEDY Find cach quotient. ‘Quotient of Powers Propery; the common base is (8). ‘Subtract he exponents ‘Quotient of Powers Propery: the common base is 2 Subtract the exponents VERS The Mississippi River is approximately 3” miles long. The Kentucky River is approximately 3° miles long. About how many times as long is the Mississippi River than the Kentucky River? Write a division expression to compare the lengths. 3 Has Quotient of Powers Property = 8ord ‘Subiract the exponents. Simply So, the Mississippi River is approximately 9 times as long as the Kentucky River. Exercises Find each quotient. Express using exponents. e * (129 o La aoe 3. Co toe aw! e B Bw oe aT 9. 30" + Bu 10. 12x* + 12x 11. (=a) + (—2a) 12. Chapter 9 120 Glencoe Pre-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9-4 Study Guide and Intervention Negative Exponents Negative Exponents Extending the pattern below shows that 47 = for $ #=16 daa a4 ) 24 ant ) +4 atal This suggests the following definition. a = 3 for a ¢ 0 and any whole number n Example: 6+ ¢t For a ¢0,a° Example: 9° = 1 (CTT Waite cach expression using a positive exponent. byt Definition of Defnton of negative exponent negative exponent other than —1. ad Lig: Detinton of Detinton of e negative exponent ‘exponent Definition of negative exponent Exercises Write each expression using a positive exponent. 1.6¢ 2. (-7)* 3. be 4n% 5. (-2)° 10" aie 8a Write each fraction as an expression using a negative exponent other than —1. 1 1 1 10. ug wa 1 1 1 1 3.5 ud 6. 16. Chapter 9 121 Glencoe Pro-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9-4 Study Guide and Intervention consinuea) Negative Exponents Evaluate Expressions Algebraic expressions with negative exponents can be written using positive exponents and then evaluated. (QUE evatuate ors = 3, Replace b wih , Definition of negative exponent Fd 2 (TIE evaluate 8c ite = 2. Be = 8(2)+ Replace e wth 2. -si eftion of negative expan’ ad Defrition of negative exponent 3. na 24 =: Fd 2 x4 =5-% Sin. 2 1 =t Silty. Exercises Evaluate each expression if m = —4,n = 1, and p 1p? 2m 3. (np) 4, 3" 5. p" 6. (2m)* 7m? 8. (mp) 9.4" 10, -3-* AL, mp* 12, pm-* Chapter 9 122 Gloncoe Pre-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 95 Study Guide and Intervention Scientific Notation Scientific Notation Numbers like 5,000,000 and 0.0005 are in standard form because they do not contain exponents. A number is expressed in scientific notation when it is written as a product of a factor and a power of 10. The factor must be greater than or equal to Land less than 10. By definition, a number in scientific notation is written as a x 10°, where 1 or =. a. 2.097 x 10° @ 3.12 x 10° Compare the exponents: 5 > 3. So, 2.097 x 10° > 3.12 x 10°. b. 8.706 x 10% © 8,809 x 10% ‘The exponents are the same, so compare the So, 8.706 x 10% < 8.809 x 10, factors: 8.706 < 8.609 (CEEIED Atoms The table shows the weight of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Rank the particles anticiols | AWeight in order from heaviest to lightest. Electron | 9,109 x 10° Proton | 1.672 x 107 Step 1: Order the numbers according to their exponents. Neutron | 1.674 x 107 The electron has an exponent of —31. So, it has the least weight. Step 2: Order the numbers with the same exponent by comparing the factors. 1.672 < 1.674 So, 1.674 x 10%” > 1.672 x 107 > 9.109 x 10°. ‘The order from heaviest to lightest is neutron, proton, and electron. Exercises Choose the greater number in each pair. 1. 4.9 x 10%, 9.9 x 10+ 2. 2.004 x 10, 2.005 x 10 3. 3.2 x 10%, 700 4, 0.002, 3.6 x 10-* Order each set of numbers from least to greatest. 5. 6.9 x 10°, 7.6 x 104, 7.1 x 10°, 6.8 x 10" 4.02 x 10-6, 4.15 x 10%, 4.2 x 10%, 4.0 x 10 7. 8.16 x 10%, 81,600,000, 8.06 x 10°, 8.2 x 10+ 8. 210,000,000, 2.05 x 10*, 21,500,000, 2.15 x 10° Chapter 9 124 Glencoe Pre-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9-6 Study Guide and Intervention Powers of Monomials Power of a Power You can use the property for finding the product of powers to find a property for finding the power of a power. He)! = HEN) The meaning of (ni () shouts be used as a factor 4 times. Sheessses Product of Powers Property =n ‘The result of multiplying h* by itself 4 times was the same as multiplying the two exponents. Power of a Power Property ‘To find the power of a power, multiply the exponents. (any =a" a. (4) be? (aye = a Power of a Power (=e Power ot a Power =4" Simpy set Simpy. Exercises Simplify. 1. (ry 2, (12%)? 3. (85) 4, (228)" 5. (xt 6. o 7.6) 8. (rh) 9. (ay 10. (6° 11. 12, (—10%) 13. (ey 14. (-s) 15. (ety* 16. (a*y Chapter 9 125 Glencoe Pro-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9-6 Study Guide and Intervention continued) Powers of Monomials Power of a Product The Power of a Power Property can be extended to find the power of a product. (3d?)* = (3d?)(3d*\(3d?) The meaning of (3d°)* is multiplying (30*) by itself 3 times. = 3° (ay = 3° - (d®) - (d®) - (d)__ The meaning of (o#}? is multiplying (*) by itself 3 times. se ghraee Product of Powers Property 7 - d° or 27d* Power of a Product Property To find the power of a product, find the power of each factor and multiply. (aby" = ab”, for all numbers a and 6 and any integer m b. (Bab) Power ofa Product (Batb = 8 (aH. GE Power of «Product Power of & Power = BP. (a‘-2)- (82) Power ofa Poner Simplty = 90°! simply Exercises Simplify. 1. Gy 2. (56-4 3. (12h" 4, (8; 5. (ley 6. (7a) 7. (4g?) 8. (2k) 9. 6r'g'? 10. (-9m'n® 11. (Of 12. (de 13. (—4s%8)¢ 14, (3r%s')! 15. (8a*b?)? 16, (—10v-w"}* Chapter 9 126 Glencoe Pre-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9-7 Study Guide and Intervention Linear and Nonlinear Functions Graphs of Nonlinear Functions Linear functions are relations with a constant rate of change. Graphs of linear functions are straight lines. Nonlinear functions do not have a constant rate of change. Graphs of nonlinear functions are not straight lines. Determine whether each graph represents a linear or nonlinear function. Explain. a 7 b ‘This graph is a curve, not a straight This graph is a line. So, it line. So, it represents a nonlinear represents a linear function. funetion. Exercises Determine whether each graph represents a linear or nonlinear function. Explain. 1. 2. Chapter 9 127 Glencoe Pro-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9-7 Study Guide and Intervention —continuea) Linear and Nonlinear Functions Equations and Tables Linear functions have constant rates of change, Their graphs are straight lines and their equations can be written in the form y = mx + 6. Nonlinear functions do not have constant rates of change and their graphs are not straight lines. oe i je (CEES) determine whether each equation represents a linear or nonlinear function. Explain. ay=9 byaxted This is linear because it ean be This is nonlinear because the exponent written as y = 0x + 9. of x is not 1, so the equation cannot be written in the form y = mx + 6. ‘Tables can represent functions. A nonlinear function does not increase or decrease at a constant rate. 222-52" Determine whether each table represents a linear or nonlinear function. Explain. a Assincreacs ba As x increases by 2, y increases D by 5, y decreases o|-7 by 8. The rate 0 | 100 by a greater +2( 2 ) +8 ofchange is 5( )) - 25 amount each +2( 1 J +8 constant, so ¢ 5 | 7 5 time. The rate +5 -7 al[ 9 this is a linear wo} 0 of change is not +2 ( +) +8 function. 5( )) = 128 constant, so this [17 1 | -125 isa nonlinear function. Exercises Determine whether each equation or table represents a linear or nonlinear function. Explain. Lx +3y=9 3. y = 6x(x + 1) ° o | 24 fa 2a 2[s a[a 3 | 27 3 [-« 4 [6a Chapter 9 128 Gloncoe Pre-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9 Study Guide and Intervention Quadratic Functions Graph Quadratic Functions Functions which can be described by an equation of the form y = ax? + bx +c, where a + 0, are called quadratic functions. The graph of a quadratic equation takes the form shown to the right, which is called a parabola Just as with linear functions, you can graph quadratic functions by making a table of values r Example. raph y = x? — 3, Make a table of values, plot the ordered pairs, and connect the points with a curve. x yar ey) 2 |y=C2F-3=1 (2.4) at y=cy-3=-2_ [et -2) 0 [y=(oF-3=-3 @-3) y= (3a (1,2) 2 [y= (er—3 et Exercises Graph each function. 1. Qysat 42 Baya Chapter 9 129 Glencoe Pro-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9-8 Study Guide and Intervention —coninuea) Quadratic Functions Use Quadratic Functions Many quadratic functions model real-world situations. You can use graphs of quadratic equations to analyze such situations. MAPS The principal of Smithville Elementary wants to paint a map of the U.S. on the cafeteria wall. Before the map can be painted, the rectangular space where the map will go must be painted white. The height of the rectangle will be 3 the width. a. Graph the equation that gives the area for the rectangle for different lengths and widths. What is the area of the rectangle with a width of 10 feet? What is, the length? Since area = length x width, use the quadratic equation x &y y = 223, where y = the area and x = the width. 4 (4, 9.6) -B0} v9 ‘a 6 (9 | 6.216) so ‘a aiep aa 8 | y=20) | 6.38.4) * 10 Jy =Z 10" (10, 60) 12 |y = Stay | (12, 86.4) ‘The area of the rectangle when the width is 10 feet is 60 square feet. The length is 6 feet. b. What values of the domain and range are unreasonable? Explain. Unreasonable values for the domain and range would be any negative numbers because neither the length nor the width can be negative. Exercise 1. GRAVITY An object is dropped from a height of 300 feet. The equation that gives the object’s height in feet h as a function of time ¢ is h = —16¢* + 300. Graph this equation and interpret your graph. What was the height of the object after 4 seconds? 7 aed 309 254 209 150 00 SEA ORERE Chapter 9 130 Glencoe Pre-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9-9 Study Guide and Intervention Cubic and Exponential Functions Cubic Functions Functions which can be described by an equation of the form y = ax! + bx? + cx +d, where a #0, are called cubic functions. The graph of a cubic equation takes the form shown to the right. Just as with linear and quadratic functions, you can graph cubie functions by making a table of values QT Graph y 2x — 1. Make a table of values, plot the ordered pairs, and connect the points with a curve. x y= 2-1 &Y) iy —1 |y=2(-1p—-1= (1, -3) 0 [y=2op—1=—1 @-) 1 [y=2uy-1=1 a) 12 [y= aay (12,25) Exercises Graph each function. lysx+2 Bys— +2 4. y = 2x" Bey = 2x +2 Chapter 9 131 Glencoe Pro-AlgebraNAME DATE PERIOD 9-9 Study Guide and Intervention consinuea) Cubic and Exponential Functions Exponential Functions In lincar, quadratic, and cubic functions, the variable is the base. Exponential functions are functions in which the variable is the exponent rather than the base. An exponential function is a function that can be described by an equation of the form y = a" +c, where a # 0 anda # 1 Exercises Graph each function. Ly=2 B.y=3-38 Chapter 9 132 Glencoe Pre-Algebra