BOEHHAS TOMOPPAPis Moa oGmei pesakuneit Tenepad-aehtenanta TEXHHYCCKHX BOHCK A. C, HAUKOJIAEBA Odo6pen Boexxo-monoepagureckum ynpasrenuen Tenepaasnozo umaba Boopyscexnax Cua CCCP 8 Kaxecmse yueOnuKa DAA Bo0eHHeX yuuAuu CosemcKkok Apmun Opaena Tpynosoro Kpacuoro Snamenu BOEHHOE H3JJATEJIBCTBO MUHHCTEPCTBA OBOPOHBI CCCP MOCKBA=1977:355.8 B63. Asropexuit Koanexrun: By6vos HW. A. (raat 1, 3), Boratos C. ®. (rani 5, 6), Hyon C. I. (raapa2), Ka- avunu A, K. (sBefenie, raapb 4, 7, 9), Capyenxo Il. T. ({raaza 8). Boennan ronorpadus. B63 = M., Boenusyar, 1977. 280 ¢; By a1, B nactomiem yeGunke Hanaraerea Kype RoenHoN Tonorpagmnt, stant Ko- ‘Toporo HeOOxoAHMS KaKROMy obumepy B nepsom pasiene yueOuuna paccmarpuwawren KaaccHbuKauin, MaremarH: Neckag OcwoBa WM FcoMeTpHecKas cYULWOCTE TonOrpadinechHx KapT, UX COReD- Hawne, MeToanKa UTeHHA H HAMEpeAHA 1 HAM SAeCk IKE paccMotpent cBoh- €1#a aspocuuMkos, OcHosL Hx BoeMHCrO AewMMppupoBAlII ¥ npaBiaa HX HenOAb- SOBAUHA npH peweHNH GoenLIx satay Bropod pavmea Mocwauken opHeHTuPoBANisIO Ha MecTHOCTH pasaUNENM co: coGaMH, 3 TOM aHene ¢ HOMOWbIO HaBHrAuHoHHOA antapatypE B Tperbem paamene, MpuwenirensHo K upaxrHYecKOR AeHTeAMMOCTH KoMAHaH- Pon MoApasienenHh, paccMarpHBaloTea HeHOALIOBAlie KaptT Rag iisyvewiA MecT- Rocti, OkeuKH €€ TARTHUCCKHS cRofcTe, YIPABTeNHA poMlchaMH H lleneyKasantia B pasANYHNIX BUAAX Gox, @ TakMe cocrapacnie GoeBux rPabHyeckHx ToKyMeH- Tob, NOPSUOK COcoGM ‘BenenHA pasBerkH MecTHOCTIL Do tipnaomennn xana oSpastier TonorpaguscckHx Kapr, Taam yeauanna sHakon, PaaausHte BUNA aspocKNMKo, ea ¢ | maton, p 80602-0568 geaqony-77 °°? 0O™™ 955.8 © Boeuusnar, 1977Or JABJIEHHE Crp. Buenenne eee ete e ee 9 1, Mpeaner, conepxxarne, saaut Hm MeTox Boenuoft Tonorpapun . . = 2 Mecto w poab BoeHHoh Tonorpatuu B cucTeMe GoeBoi noxro- roBKit BoficK oe Pree aray wee It PASRET MEPBHA TOMOPPA®HYECKHE KAPTbI H ASPOCHMMKH, WX MPHMEHEHHE B BOFICKAX Taasa 1, Kaacenukauns, vasHayenue w reomerpiicckas cyiKHocTh KapT 12 § 3, Ocnownmte pashownanocin KapE ee ee ee ee ee es - 1, OcoGennioct Kaptonpadayeckoro na0Gpaxenia 6... 2 Obwereorpapuveckne w cnenmanbHwe KapTH 2s... 2... 13 3, Kaaccuukaia uw HasHayenHe TomorpadpuyecKHX KapT. . . . « i4 § 4. MatewaTasecnan ocHoss Roctposuua Kap? ws tS 1, Teomerpineckas cymuocts Kaprorpaduyeckoro usoOpaxenua. . 2. Wexawexun 8 xaptorpauvecknx mpoexunsx. .. 2... .. 18 3. Onopubie reopesiiveckite com... ese e eee 19 Tipoekunn conerexnx Tononpadayecknx Kaptr ss... ee OD 1. Hpoexuus xapt macuita6os 1:25000—1:500000 2... 22. 2 Tipoexuaa xaprat wacuira6a 1:1000000........... 8 § 6. Pasrpabxa n HomeHKaarypa Tonorpaduseckux KapT s,s... 24 4. Cucrema pasrpaben KapT . ee ee em 2 Homenkaatypa awetos KapT. we ee ee 6 3. TlonGop 1 BLINKcKa HOMeHKAaTYpH aMcTOB KapT Ha TpeGyeMst paiton ee tte eee 8B Taapa 2 Wamepenua no waptre. 2. 1 ee ee ee ee 8D § 7, Hsmepenne paccroaumh m mmomageh oe OO 1 Macuta6 Kapta . ee eee = 2. Usmepenme aunnfi wa Kapte eee ee ee ee 31 3 Townoct namepenitt paccroani no Kapte . TT) 8g 4. Tlonpaskn 8 paccrosina 3a Hakson 4 usBHaueToCTS aun.» | — 5. Tpoctefimme cnoco6s namepetts naomagei To Kapte. .... 36 $8 (Caersaerne Mo KapTe KOOpAuHat TOWeK MecTHOCTH u OGveKTOD “(uextel Se eee ee J. Cuctemu Koopaian, npusexsemsse & Tonorpapun sss... 2. Onpenenenne reorpapuyeckux KOOpAMNAaT ». ee ee ee 38 3. Onpenencine nproyromux xoopamat se ly ad § 9. Hanepenue no Kapte aupeKUMoHRbix yrnos n aaumytoB. . +... | 46 1. Asnmytin wo apeKunonibe yr ee ee 2. Hamepenue moctpoenue simpeKunonnix yraoB wa KapTe. . 7 3, Tlepexog or aupekumonnoro yrna K Marnutiomy asumyty n 06- PAHO tee teeter eee 82 a 3Taasa 3, Yrenne tonorpaduyeckux KapT Taapa 4, Aspocnamxu Mectnocta , § 10, Crerewa yeaosnbix oGosnavenni Ha Kaprax . « 1, Homnota 'n noapobuoctb usodpaxkenns mecTiocr#t tit 2 Tpiuamsx noctpoenia i npuMeHeHMA Ha Kaptax ycmoBMBIX oGosHaNeHM ee te tet ee 8 Buab yeausnbix suaKus , . ee ee 4, Uneronoe opopuancnme (pacusetka) Kapr sss te 5. Moscunterbiiie nonnuen n mpposue oGosnasenns 6, OGuwe upapiaa stevia KAPT 2. ee ee $11. HsvGpaxenne pemesa na xaprax tt I. Tin w saewentapibie dpopwe peasea ss. 2. Cymmocrb nao6paxenust peauepa ropisoutaraun 3. Buau ropaaonrazeh : Sete e sete 4 Hsodpaxenne ropisouranaun sementapntix’ dupm peaveda | 5. Oco6ennoctn ws06paxenns Fopnaouraasan paBHunnoro Hn rop- Horo peasetba So tt eet tent e nee 6. Yenosiiie aiakn shesenros pembeba, He Biipaikaionixen To- HaOHTaIAME Steet eee tee 7. OcoGenocrn na06paiKenns penetpa Na” Kaprax’ Macura6os. 12500000 w 1:1Q00000. 2. eect eee § 12, Haysenne pemeda no xapre . se eee 1. Haysenne crpyxtypo u saewenrapnax pop peawebas sss 2. Onpeaeaenne a€comoribix BUCoT H BIaHMHLIX npenbiweNKl To- Nex MectHOCTH . 3. Onpeseneine nombeMon ui chycKOB Lv te ee ee 4, Oupenenenne popmel H KpyTHSHBL CKUTOB 6 6... § 13, Uso6paxenve Ha Kaptax BOMHBxX OODeKTOB .... . 1, Hpnopexuste nonocsi « Gepera Mopelt, KpynHux osep 2. Osepa, nonoxpanuaina H Apyrae BonoeNbr 3. Pex, Kawaaut s MpOuHe OOweKTE peux cHcreM. | 4, Kononus w apyrue werowwuKH BORN... ee 5. Jlonoaunvenbunie Aamuute 0 BoMIKIX oOLexTax, conepaaunecs cnpankax 0 mectHocth wa Kapre macuitaba 1: 200000... « § 14. Hs00pamenme pactaterbHoro NOKpOBa M TPYHTA, vey vs + \, Ochootuie snenennis pacriTensnoto noxpona 2 Tlowsesuo-rpyntopit moKpoR . . se ee es § 15. Vaospaxexne nacenenaux nynkros, fpowanonerscwinx | npea- NpwATHH H COMMAMGHO-KYABTYPHEIX OOLEKTOR 1, Hacesenuue nynxrit toe 2, Tipomnmnennse uu ceabckoxossiicrsennile “npoussoncrsensie MPeAMPHATH H COOPYREHHA . 6 ee ee ee 3. OdwvexTH cBxai, saekTpoamNM, TpySonpoBonsi, asponpowE Ht COUMAALNO-KYABTYPHBE —OOKEKTEL § 16, Yao6paxenie nopoxol! cern 1. Keaesntie gopora toe 2, Locceituwe w rpyRToBse goporn § 17, panmwa 1 reomesnueckne nynwrit A. Epanmuast u orpawgenis ee ee 2 Teoxesuueckne nYHKTM om OTAeAbiIbIe | MectuBIe “npegMeTbt— opwentuptr aon a pew: § 18 Braue i enofiersa a2pocnininos oe a a oe a a 1, AspocuiKH Kak pasBenuisatembHbie H ” HaMepHTembiisle ” RoKy- MET ee ee 2, Bama aspocummmon ee 3 Vonombsopanme agpocnmvxos p BofcKax” . 4. LeoMerpiueckaa CYMHOCTh aspocHHMKOB . 5. Toustve 06 uckaxeuitax wa aspocuumKax Crp. 55 58 59 6 63 64 65 67 68 69 70 7m 73 75 76 7 78 9 80 82 87 1SIBle 95 97 99 100 1016. Hs06pasureaniie cpohetpa aspocnHmkoD 6s ee ee 7. Mlonatne 0 otonoxymentax ..... 0s. § 19. Togrotopka aspocnumKos K paGote ... « 1. Tpusasxa aspocinmeos x KapTe . Pete ees 2 Onpexenenne mactta6a naanoscro” aspociiwka’ ys. ss 3. Hanecenme ua aspociimkn Hanpasneus marnutHioro MepHanana 4, Tlouatue o nlogrotosKe x paGoTe u Hcnombsosanun mneperek- TUBHEX A3POCHHMKOR ee ve ee ee ee § 20. Vowepenna no azpocmmmnam ye 1. Hpnagnexnoctz aan pa6ora ¢ aspociiumKamn teas 2 Crepeckonnueckoe (o6semtoe) pacemanpuBaitite aspocimmkos . . 3. Onpegerene paccrommmi 1 pasmepos o6beKToD Mo a5pocrmMKam 4. Tlepenoe oGrexron ¢ aspocummua na KOPTY 2. ee wae 5. Onpesenewne mpsMoyrombusix xoopansaT MO aspociumiaM . . . § 21. Heumppupowanie aspocuumKos se ee et 1, Hemacxupyiomue (aeumbponownme) npnsuaxd 6... 2! Cnoco6ia” neumépuponanua aspocunmnon s,s... 3. ocropepsioers # nomiora xeumppuponaHit aspocmuKos . . 4. Hemuppuposanne o6vextos Mectnoctu . . - sees 5. Flonare 0 xeumbpuponannn TaxtuveckHx OOueKTOB 6... PA3EJ BTOPON OPHEHTHPOBAHHE HA MECTHOCTH Tapa 5, Opwentaposanne no Kapre agpocuumKaM. . . . . § 22. Cymtocrs opnentuposaina =. sete eae § 28. Onpexeacine paccrominit pu opnentipopaumn wa “MecriceTm ueneykasatnn Stee eee 1, Eaasomep eee tae 2 Onpeaesenne paceronsit no “‘usMepenuuin yrnoaut Paswepant npeameron : Det ee . 3. Onpeaenerne paccroatinit no cnunoxerpy pees liht 4, Mpomep waraam Pett ee eee 5, Onpeneaeune paccrosituii 10 spemenn apmiKenna . § 24, Mipuéopsr uw dnoco6s onpegeseua wenpasnett YIMOB Ha MECTHOCTHE ee eet ee eee 1. Marnutwsi Kommac 4 ero mpumenenne ss. ee 2. Tuponoaykommac Hero wenombsopaiue ss el 3. Uamepenite a Mectioet ropiaoNramax yrnon ss. 4. Onpeaenenne w BbixeprnBaKue HanpagaeHia aBHaeKMA TO He Gecneim caerizan tenes § 25. TIpuemix opneutuposana no Kapte (aspocummxy) . +. ss 1 Ofwenripanase Swaps r 2. Onpeneaenue ua Kapte (aapocwumxe) cBocro MecronosoxKenna . 3. Cmuene Kapta ¢ MECTHOCTHIO Sse ee § 26, Opnenmnposanme no Kapre » apuxenm no sextanitony Mapuipyry jonratoaka x opHentuponamiin . : 2 Opwentupopanwe BMYTH ss ee eee eee ee 3, OcoGemnocru opuentiposanna npu ABINKERMA 8 pasmuuntix jenopnax 4, Bocctanosaenne novepaiino opneHtapoBKH . . . . . § 27. Mpwxewne no asMMyTaN ee ee 1) Toxtoronka nani nae amet fo asinyran 2 Manwenne no asnMytaM s,s eee 3. O6xon npenaverantt ee 4, Haxownenne oOpatioro ‘nytt 1. tee 8. Tosocts mewxenaat m9 adUMyTAM Vy te ee Crp 102 108 104 105 106 107, 108 109 10 113, 4 115 116 uz 121 124 148 149 150 151 153 154 156 157, 158,§ 28. O6saanwocrm KoMaiANpon noApaszereHHh no oGecrexeHinO opH- PHTUDOBAHHA H WereVKasaiina Ha More Gon . . - eee 1, BuiGop u uciomsopanwe opweHTHpOB .. +... ee eee 2 Opnesmposatiie ta mecruocta Kowatgiipon nomwmwenierx # Ox ROpwUBA|OMUNX MompasmeneuMi . 2. ee ee 3. Meponpustus, oGeciewBzioue opHentuposaime pH aefcTuaX HoubIO H Ha MecTHOcTH, GenHOH opwenTapaMH. 6... 1. + Taapa 6, Opnentuposanne Ha MectHocTH c NOMOUIbIO Ha3eMHO HaBHTa- WHOHHOH annapatypbi ee § 29, Mpunuun paGors ocHosuse npuSopy KasHrauuonHol anna- PAPE ee eee 1. FIpuiunn onpexeaenust Texymux xKoopauHaT ABiyKyULeiter Ma- untaet wn tee eee eee tenes 2, Ocosawe npHOops saBaraynounoh annapatypy .. 2... 3, TowiocTs onperesenis MecronosomenH# MaMHHM 5... ee § 30. [lonrorosxa x opnenTHpoBaNO . ey ee ee 1, Ocmorp nu Sanyck annapatyp .+. 1s... c5s cle 2, Baaaucuposka rupockona KypcoyKasavead se ee 3. TIposépka BuaupHoro ycrponcraa Maumtibl . 6 ee. ee 4, Haysenne mapupyra AbwkeHlia # NogroTonKa KapTN 5... 5, Toproropka ucXOmHBX AWMBIX ove ee ee ee 6. Yerauoska Koopauiat u AMpeKUHONHOrO Yaa ss § 31. Opxentuposanue wa mectHoetn ¢ noMONibIO KoopzunaTopa. |. § 32. OcobenuocrH nosroroaxu x pa6ore m sxcmtayaraunm Kypco- MPORMAMWHKA we et ee te eee PASE TPETHH VCMOMIb3OBAHUE KAPT H ASPOCHMMKOB KOMAHJHPAMM TIOZPA3QEIEHH Vaapa 7. Kapta kax cpeactso ynpasaenns § 33. Mogroronxa Kapri x paGore 1, OsiaKomaenwe ¢ Kaproii es 2 Cwaensanne Kaprt ee 3, Cenaguipanie Kaptan". 4 Mloatem apm DD § 34, Ochosnite npapiaa wenehua 1 ucHoabsonanuA padovel Kapret . 1. OcHosntie npaBiia HaHecenua oGcraHoBkH Ha paGouyio Kapty . 2. Vicnoasosaive Kaptbi py XoKaanax, nocravosKe 9ana4 4 CO- cTanAeHitt GOeBUX AOKYMEHTOB . ee § 35. TIpwems HaHecenua na kapty snemeHTon cRoero BneRoro mo paka wuenet, . . . Seneca e J. Onpenenenae ‘opuenrupos 4 uenel 1 wancceiue ux Ha Kapry - 2 Hatiecewue na Kapty saeMexros cooero Goesoro nopsaKa. . . 3. Onpeneneune Ha MocTHocTH H Hanecente Ha Kapty Tomei Hee BuaNMOCTH Stee eee ee § 5. Meneyxasanme no Kapre M aspocnuMKam 6... 1, Heneyxasaune » npsisoyrosbstx xoopatnarax .. ..., 2, Ilencykasanne lo KeaapataM xKuaoMetposoi cerKn 3, Lleneyxaaanme oT ycnonwoh mut se... ee 4, leneykasaune or Gmmxaimax opnewtnpo “x” Koiltypos, s0- Gpaxenunx Ha Kapre eee bee eee 5. Heseyxasanme no asumyty “H aambuoetn ao wean) |. 6. Lleneykasaite mo aspocwimka es cp... 159 160 161 162 163 164 168, 169 M7 472 173 177 178 180 185, 136. 188, 190 192 193 196 197 198, 199 200Lapa 8 M3yyenve MectHocTH KOMAHAMpOM noApasnenenHa. . . . § 37 Ode npapnaa nsyyeuns uw oueHKA MectiocTH. ©... § 38 Onpexeaeune oGumero xapaxtepa MectHocTH ... . . . § 39. Haysenne yenosuit waGaoxena uw Macxaponoantx MeCTHOCTH se. ee ee te 1. Onpeneaenwe no KapTe BaauMHoit BuHMOCTH TOWeK 2. Onpeserenie w Hanecente Ha KapTy nose wesuaumoctH . 3, Floctpoenue no xapre npoduaei mectHocTit onerR 4 Bansiwe xpusuaus Seman x atmochepnol peppaxumt wa yans- Hocts HaGatonenna .. Dees § 40 Hayuennte ycaopnit npoxoammocta mectHocTa . 1. Usysenne jopoxHol cera . ne 2 Visyserine npoxonuoctu mecrioert Bie MOpor +s sey sss 3, Buisonu 0 Bana MpOXOgHNOCTH MecTHOCTH Ha BbITOAMENHE Goesou sanaut . res § 41, Hayuenme samuatusix esoiters aectiocim ys. 1, Haymenue aamarusix cBolicrs pemepa ss... 2 Hayseune samirasix cBoiiora neca 1 xapaktepa tlo¥s H rpyHTos 3, Bataoas o Bausini sauuTibx cBoficrs MecTHOcTH Ha BkiNoaHe- wine Boenoh aaaun e § 42, Hsyseime yenosuii aemesun orua 1. Onpeaeaenne raySun ykpurun « 2. Onpeneneune yea yKpbirta . . 6 3. Onpenencune yrna Mecta wean § 43. Tlowatne 0 nporxosupopanun nsMeenut MectHoctH 8 paitowe sAepHOTO BIPWBA ee ee 1, Onperenenie crete paspymenita oGrekron Mectioctit ‘a 30H nookapon Lo tet eee eee 2, Opopmarcnne Ha Kapte pesyastatos mporsosaposaiiia. |... § 44. TIpumep usyyenust # ouenkn MectHocTH 0 KapTe KoManANpoM MOTOCTpeRKoBOTO —BIBORa, MasHayeNHOTO 9 romOBHYIO oxoRHY ancrasy Se et neta te tenes § 45. TIpuep naysetins’ w’oulenkn MectHoctH Kosanaapom soTocTper- Koaol porh Mpx HactynaeHny Wa HenocpenctseHttoro conpuKoc- HOBCHHA C MPOTHBNHKOM . . sve eee ee ee ee ee Taaba 9, Paspeaxa MectHoOcTH . ww wg et ee ee eee Pere § 46, Cnoco6u paspeakm MectHOCTA 6... ee I. HaGawzenue Peete eens 2. Ocmorp Mecritocrit” nosopauat ee ee ee 3, OGenenoanne eee § 47, Pasnenka wapupyta vette § 48, Pasweaka orenbitbix oGtextos wectHocta |). lle 1, Pasuenma meca- 9 fgg Gs + 2 Passenxa Gomora | ee ee 3 Pasgeana pen. 2 ee 4, Tloustie 0 passenke wawedediit MecruocTa’s| Oxare RnepHoro Bopiisa Stee ee tee eee ene § 49. ; Tpapuwecrue AokyMenTH c pasgemunaTéstoHbMH caeneHuaMH |. pacuyeckuft yuer pasnenbisarembiux cnenenaf 8 Moapasyere- wax Lette tebe eee 2, Buns Goons rpadiueckax goxywentos 2 Lt 3. Lipasnaa Bhivepausaine Soestix rpacauecnx foxyMeitros |. 4, [IpHemb coctapaettia cxem MectHoct# Mo Kapte naa aspo- cumMKaM Hpaaomenns: 1, Tlepevens coxpamenisx nognucel, upumensiomuxcr Ha Tono- rpaduueckux Kaptax. . . . Crp. 201 QU 215 218 222 223 225, 227 228 229 230 231 232 233, 234 236 243 244 247 248 249 250 252 254 255 257 260 264 7Il. Hexoropse opHenTnposoynsie Aannne oO npoxoanmocTH mect- WOCTH eee ee . IL, Harotoszente maxera wa MectHocTH elt IV, Orsers k mpumepam u sagavaw sl lt Andaniuo- npeameriett yxasatens ee V.O6paatt Tonorpaduseckux apr CCCP 2. eS VI. Hao6pamenne wa xKaptax HeKOTopEIx paatosHmHocrel pasHiu- Hoi, XOAMHCTOR H TOPHOH MECTHOCTH Fw. ee ee VIL. Ta6anust yonoaubix aHakos Tonorpadayeckax Kapr ss. ss VIII, Bupesxu us Kapt mMacmta6op 1:50000 u 1:100000 .... IX, Ospasum aspociumxos ana Aeumpuposatun . 6... sssBBEMEHHE § 1. MPEAMFT, COMFPKAHUF, 2ANAUM UM METON BOEHHORM TONOFPAOHH MectHoctb —OMH H3 OCHOBHBIX H MOCTOAHHO jelicTByIOULNx pak- Topos GoeBoii OOcTaHOBKH, CYULECTBeHHO BAHAIOWMA Ha OoeByio jen TeAbHOCT Bolick. OcoGeHHOcTH MeCTHOCTH, OKa3bIBalolMe BAHAHHE Ha OpraHH3atnio, pexexue Oo H MIpHMeHeHHe GoeBoil TeXHHKH, Ha3bI- BaloTca e€ TAKTHYCCKUMH CBOlicTBamH. K ocHOBHLIM “3 HHX OTHOCATCA €€ MPOXOAUMOCTh H YC/OBHA OPHeHTHPoBAHHA, MacKHPO- BOUHBIe H 3alMUTHLIe CBOMCTBa, YCMOBAA Hamonenita H BeeHHA OrHa. V; ByeT Hau6oaee apdextupnomy nipawettena opyKua 4H 6oesoti Tex- HIKH, CKPbITHOCTH MaHespa uw BHe3aNHOCTH yZapoB MO MpoTUBHHKy, MaCKMpoBKe oT HaGMONeHHA HW 3alllNTe BOCK OT OFHA NPOTHBHHKa. CaegopatenbHo, mph BLINOAHeHHH GoeBbIxX 3aqay KaxK Abii BOeHHOCAY- ‘Kalluit MomMKeH yMeTb GbICTPO H MpaBHAbHO M3y4a1b MeCTHOCTb H OUEHHBATh eC TAKINYeCKHe CBOHCTBA. OTOMy Y4HT cieuWanbHan BOeHHaA AUCUMMAMHa — BOeHHaN TOMO tpapua, NpeaMeTOM KOTOPOK saBAmioTcA cnocobhl u3yyeHHA Bw OWeHKH MeCTHOCTH, OPHeHTHpoBaHHa Ha Heli H MpoH3BOCTBA Mose- BbIX H3MepeHHit MPH UOMFOTOBKe H BeAeHHH GoeBDIX AeficTBHi. XapakTep MecTHoctH onpegeanetca ee peabedbom, pactoroxKeHHEI- MH Ha Heil MeCTHBIMH MpeqMeTaMH HM Apyrumu reorpaduyeckHmMn oOckTamH. STH SACMCHTLI NPUNATO NasuBATL TONOrpadHyccKu MH 9ne@MeHTaMM MeCTHOCTH. BaxkueituiuM ucTOUHHKOM MomyueHHa HHopManHH Oo Tonorpadu- WeCKHX 9/leMeHTAX MeCTHOCTH — HX B3AUMHOM MONOXKHMH, KOOPAHHA- TaX, pa3Mepax, OYePTAHHAX H APYPHX KOJHYECTBEHHBIX H Ka4ecTBeH- HbIX MOKA3aTeAAX — CAyMKaT TOMOTPadureckkhe KAPTH, Oco6yo rpynny cocTaBAOT AaHHble O MeCTHOCTH, H306paKeHHe KOTOPEIX OTCYTCTByeT Ha TONorpaduyeckHx Kaptax. K HuM oTHOCATCA PasiM4nble H3MeHeHHA MeCTHOCTH — paspyuleHHa, 3aBaqbl, 3aTonve- Ha WT. 1, a TakoKe HiKeHepHBle CoopyxeHua — octet, Mepenpapst, KOMOHMBIC NYTH, 3aNPaxKLEHHA H AP., COxTaBAeMble BOMCKAMH Mp Mod roToske H B XOqe GoeBbIx nelicrautt OTH W3MeHeHuA MoryT sHa4H- TEIbHO BHATh Ha TAKTHYCCKHE CROMICTBA MCCTHOCTH, OCO6eHHO Ha ye- AOBHY NPOXOAMMOCTH 4 OpHeHTHposanna, PaasHbimn MCTONHHKaMH T1O- AYYeHUA AAHHBIX O TAKAX OOBEKTAX, He H306paxKenAbIX Ha TONOrpa- 9(baseckux Kapras, caykaT a9 POCHHMKM MECTHOCTH, HsroTOR- sisemble B Xone OoesBhXx gelictBuii, u ChemHaJbHbIe KapT bl. Hapsay ¢ Hcnoab30BaHHeM KapT M a9POCHHMKOB MeCTHOCTb H3y- “aeTCA Take MYTeM HenocpexcTBeHHorO e¢ OCMOTpa H BLINOAHeHHA noaepsx usMepeHHit. Uae Bcero Takve H3MepeHusA MpHXoaUTCA we- 4aTb MPH OPHCHTHpoBaHHH, onpeaereHHH MecTONOAOKeHHA, Nene H ApYrHx O6veKTOB, BeLeHUN OFHA HT. n. B cogepManve BOeHHOM TONOrpauu BxXOZAT, Takum o6pa3oM, cmoco6i H3yYeHHA M OWeHKH TaKTHYeCKHX cBOlicTB MecTHO- CTH, OPHeEHTHPOBAHHA Ha Hei NO ToNorpaduyeckuM HM CNeUHaAbHbIM KapTaM, a9PpOCHHMKaM, a Tak2Ke IIpHeMaMH NOJeBbIX H3MepeHHH. BoeHHad Tonorpadua Kak BOeHHO-Hay4HaA AMCUMNAHHa BXOLAT cocTasHolt yacTbio B BOeHHY!0 HayKy. B caoem pa3BHTHH OHa HanGonee TeCHO CBASAHa C TaKTHKOM, c TeopHell 4 NpaxrHxoil TomoreoyesHyue- CKOrO o6ecneyeHuA Soesbix gelicrBHit Bolick, a Take c Kaprorpaduell H ApPYTHMa CMEXKHDIMH c Hel TeXHHYeCKHMH quCKUTANHaMH (reoqe- sueil, boToTonorpauei u Ap.). TakTuka, OcHOBbIBanch Ha MpHpose H 3aKOHOMepHOcTAX Gos, uccaemyeT (popMbl MOXroTOBKH H BexenHaA Goesbix xelicrauh. Ona paspabaTbipaeT Tak%Ke OCHOBHbIe MpHHUNb! H HaHOoee vipipexTuB- Hble CHOCOSb! HCMOMb3OBaNHA OcOGeHHOCTel MeCTHOCTH Mpu peweHHH SoepbIx sazay. C poctom Goessix sosMoxHocTelt u nocToAHHO Bospactaiomell Ha- ChIMIeHHOCTBIO BOCK BCe Gomee COBEPeHHbIMH cpecTBAaMH BOOpY: %KCHHOM COoppSbl H3MeHMOTCA H NOBLIMAOTCA TpeOoBans K H3y4e- HINO, OleHKe MecTHOCTH 4 cHoco6aM OpueHTHpoBaNtin Ha Heli, ITO, B CBOIO ONepemb, BbLLBHTaeT HOBbe TpeOoBaHHA K KapTaM, a9POCHUM- KaM, a TaKKe K TEXHHYECKHM CpesCTBAM H MeTOjaM MOJleBbIX H3Me- pennii. Teopua Tonoreoxe3snueckoro oGecneveHHA HCXOAA 43 COBpeMeHHOrO Xapaktepa GOoeBbix gelicTBHii ucCaexyeT Bonpocbl oGecnevenua ulTa6os H Bolick TonorpadbuyecKHMH 4 cremHanbHbiMu KaPTAMH, TeOAeSHYCCKHMH ZaHHBIMH, a TakKe POTOLOKyMeHTaMH, CO- Aepallumu cBegeuua O mectHocTH. Ona onpexeaset copMs nogro- TOBKH H cnoco6bi SoeBoro npHMeneHHA YacTel H nogpa3sseiennit To- norpaduyeckoll cay2Obl. ida w3 BaxkHeimux 3agay BoeHHOH Tonorpapbuu— UZbICKHBATb HanOodee palHOHatbHbe cmoco6ul paOoTH c KapTaMH (a9pOCHHMKaMH) B pasMHGHEIX yCMOBAAX Goesoi OOcTAHOBKH, shppex- TUBULE MPHEMA MONeBLIX USMepeHi H CBOCBPEMeHHO BHOCHTD KOp- PEKTHBbI B HAKOMEHHEI ONLIT, HeMOMb3yA Np STOM ROcTHKeNHT TaKTUKH, Teopu ToMoreomesuuecKoro ObconeseHuA, xapTorpadim, reoesHH H ApYTHX MCHENANH. Orcioga MeTOn! BoeHHOM TOMOrpadun Kak BoeHHO-Hayd- Hof AMCLHNAMHE, MpaMeHaemuit aa peuleHHa yxasanoi sana4u, 3aKkalouaeTcA, B NepBylo ovepedb, B COope HW M3y4eHHH ONbiTa HcNowb- FA — CupyAyuiutin upwesUD CeupeLmieennr HM KCHEpH MeHTaAbHBIX HeclenoBaHuit, 10aonauns KapT H adpACHHMKOR AoficKaMn, ero aHamuae u o6o6UeNHH Ha OCHOBe TeOpeTH¥eCKHX NOAOAKEHHA TAKTHKH O BAHAHHA MeCTHOCTH Ha JelicrBua Bolick H MpHMeHeHHe Goesoll TexHHKH. UYem Ooraye onbir, TeM JocToBepHee ucTHHa, TeM 9pdexTHBHee CMOCOGE, IPHHMHN H MOMOKeHHA, PACKpbIBaeMble BOCHHOM ToNorpa- cpueii, § 2 MECTO H POJIb BOEHHOM TONOFPAGHH B CHCTEME BOEBOA MOATOTOBKH BOHCK Kak yue6Waa mucuMnaunHa soeHHaa Tonorpadua aBAKetca omnoit M3 BaKHelUMX COCTaBHBIX Yactelt 6eeBol NozToTOBKH OduuepoB, cep- %KaHTOB MH PALOBOFO COCTABA BCeX POLOB BOLCK, MPOBOLAMOM B TeECHOM CBASH C ZpyruMH fpeqMeramn OGyyeHuA, OcobeHHO ¢ TaKTHKOM, OrHe- Bolt 1 NHKeHepHOH NoATOTOBKOH. CaAsb BOeHHOM TONOrpadun c STHMH MpeMeTaMH HacTOAbKO TeCHad, 4TO MHOTHe ee BOMpPOcel, Kak, HaNpH- Mep, OPHEHTHPOBaliHe Ha MeCTHOCTH, CHOcOOE MoweBbIX H3MepenHil (IpH pasbeake, NOMTOTOBKe jaHHBIX AAR crperbObl, weaeyKasannn HOT. I. opranm4¥eckn BXOAAT B 3aqauH TakTHYeCKOil, OrHeBO H cre- QuaJIbHO! NOgroTOBKH BOCK, 4TO HAXOAUT CooTBETCTBYIOIee OTParKe- ue 8 BOlCKOBBIX yctapax u HacTaBneHtax. Takum o6pa30M, Tonorpaduyeckad MogroTosKa ocyulectBaAsetca He TOAbKO Ha 3aHATHAX Mo soeHHOf TomorpadHu. Oa HempeppiBHO coBepmeHCTBYeTCA B Mpowecce H3YYEHHA APYTHX AMCUANAMH, OCObCHHO Ha MOvleBBIX saNATHAX H BOfCKOBBIX y4HeHHAX, KOTMa aA pellenna Goepbix 3aay TpeGyerca u3yYaTb H OUeHUBATb MeCTHOCTb, OpHeHTH- popaTbca Ha Heli, BeCTH pasBeAKy H BUMOAHATD oseBbIe H3MepeHHaA. Bee opauepsl, usy4is Kypc BoeHHOl Touorpadu, OGA3aHEI XO- Pollo 3HaTb cBOfcTBa KapT H a9POCHHMKOB H yMeTb: GesomN6ouHO UNTaTb M MpaBHAbHO HX HCMOABZ0BaTb B GoeBoli OGcTaHoBKe; 6EIcTpO HaywaTs HW OWeHEBATE MO HUM TakTHNeeKHe cpolicTBa MecTIocTH; yBC peHHO OPHeHTHposaTECA Ha He3HaKOMOH MecTHOCTH, OCObeHHO HOUBIO, B YCAOBHAX OFpaHHeHHOH BARWMOCTH H B ABIMKeHHH Ha SoABUIHX MapUleBbIX CKOPOCTAX: YMeTO HCHOAb30BaTb KapTEI MpH ynpaBseHnu ToapasdeneHHaMH H WeteyKasaHHH; TOUHO onpemeants no KapTe H aSpOCHHMKaM KOOPAHHATbI BbIABACHHDIX WeleH H ApyrHx oGbeKTOB; ObICTpo HW TONHO HaHOCHTb Ha KapTy 31eMeHTHI cBoero GoeBoro MO- PAMKA HM pe3yAbTaTbl Pa3sBeAKH; BbIMOAHATh C HEOOXOZHMOH TOUHO- CTbIO MoweBbIeE U3MepeHHA Ha MECTHOCTH; YMeO OpraHM30BbIBaTb 1 MpoBoLNTh Tonorpaiyecky!o MOATOTOBKY cOaLaT uM CepAKaHTOB.PASHEN NEPBBIA TONOFPADHYECKHE KAPTbI H ASPOCHHMKH, HX MPHMEHEHHE B BOHCKAX Taasa 1 KJIACCH@®HKALLMA. HASHAYEHHE WM TEOMETPHYECKAA CYULHOCTb KAPT § 3. OCHORHBIF PARHORUMHOCTH KAPT 1. OcoGenHoctu Kaptorpaduyeckoro H300paxkexua, Kapra (reorpapuyeckas) —3T0 u306paxkenne 3emHoii no- BEPXHOCTH, MOCTpOeHHOe Ha NMOCKOCTH Mo ONpemeteHHbIM MaleMaTH- 4eckuM MpaBnaaM. . OrpomHoe mpakTiyeckoe 3HayeHHe KapT M MHOTOOUpasHe HX npH- MeHeHUA OOYCMOBACHB! 3aMeYaTebHLIMH OCOGeHHOCTAMH Kaptorpatu- ueckoro H306paxkenun, Baxkuelimue uz stax ocobenHocteli: BO-TlepBEIX, MACUITAGHOCTH, T. €. CTporaa copasmepHocts Kap- Torpatbuueckoro H306paxKeHHA, NOSBONAIOWAA C MaKCHMaJbHOH TOU HOCTbIO, ZonycKaemoi MaciiTa6omM KapTsl, onpexeaaTb reorpatuye- ckOe H B3aHMHOe NOAOKeHHe MOKasaHUbIX Ha Heli O6bEKTOB — HX KO- OpAHHaTbl, TeppHTOpHabHbIe pasMepbl H pasMelleHHe; BO-BTOPIX, HATTADHOCTH HM BE PAsHTeABHOCTb KapTO- Tpadbaveckoro H306paKeHHA, NO3BOAsIOUMe GObICTDO HM OnHO3sHaUHO BOCRPHHUMATb CMbICNOBOe 3HAaYeHHe KaxKOTO efo STeMeHTA. Dio Lo- cTHraeTCA MpHMeHeHHeM Ha KapTaX yeTKO, HayaHo paspaOoTaHHolt CHCTeMbI rpaduyeckoro, UBeTOBOTO 1 SyKBeHHO-WMpoBoro OOosHaue- HHA H306paxKaeMblx OGbEeKTOB; B-TpeTbux, WemeHanpaBAeHHOCTh conepKanua CMBICTOBAA CMKOCTb H306paxKeHus, OCHOBaHHBIe Ha palio- BaAbHOM OTGope, OGUGWeHHH H CHCTEMHOM MOKa3ze HalGoee cyuect- BeHHLIX YepT HU OGbeKTOB KapTorpatbupyemoi Tepputopuu. Oto no3- BoaneT ObicTpo, ¢ HCuepmbIBaollell uA qaHHol KapTsl NoaHOTOH H Ton posii PERCA. mo Hi Hi3u- Opaxkaembix oGbexTOB, HO H Goree pasHOcTOpoHHHe ux xapaKTepH- CTHKH, B TOM 4Ncye TakHe, KOTOPble He BOCIPHHMMalTCA BUsyalbko HenlocpexcTBeHHO Ha MecTHOCTH, HO HMeloT BaxkHoe sHayeHNe (HanpH- Mep, ray6uHy BoAoeMoB, MpoxOAUMOcTh GonOT, OTMeTKH BBICOT, Be- 12AMNHHY MarHHTHOrO cKnoHenHsA HT. 1.). BMecte c Tem KapTa m03B0- TsieT OLHOBPeMeHHO PaccMaTPHBaTb H30OpaxKenMe sHauHTeAbHOH 10 pa3sMepaM TeppHTopH, ObICTPO H KOMMMeKCHO BOCIPHHUMATb MO PH- cyHky o6Wui XapakTep Hu cTpyKTYpHble OcoSeHHOcTHY MecTHOCTH. 2. Odmereorpadwueckne H CheyMadbHble KapTEl. Muoroo6pasuc samay, peulacmuix c MOMOULbIO KapT, BiIZEIBAeT He- OOXOAUMOCTS HMeTS KapThl, Pa3THYHBIe He TODKO MO HX MaciTabam H OXBaTy TeppHTOpHH, HO 4 m0 ComepxKaHHO. Tlo conepKannio reorpadHueckve KapTbl NOApasqemAwTCA Ha WBA OCHOBHEIX BHAA: O6Mereorpaduyeckue HM chelMatbHble KapTbt. K o6mereorpadu4ecKHM OTHOCATCH KapTbI, Ha KOTOPEIX Cc TOH uM HHO noaHOTOM, 3aBHcAuel oT MaculTa6a KapTbl, H306pa- XK€HBI BCe OCHOBHble S1eMeHTbI 3eMHOM MOBepXHOCTH, XapakTepH3yio- lune ee ycTpolictBo nH ocobeHHocTH reorpadHueckHx AaHAWMadTos. Mpwuem Stu 97eMeHTbI MOKasbiBaloTcA Ges MpeAMOUTHTeAbHOTO BbINe- ACHHA KaKMX-JIHOO M3 HX. Oxuum 43 HanGonee pacmpoctpavenubix B BOlicKax B4goB OOuLe- reorpauyeckuX KapT ABAAIOTCA TOMOrpapuyeckne KaprTbl. K uum otnocares kaprst macutra6os 1; 1000000 u xpynuee, monpo6xo u306paxkalolwe MeCTHOCTb—MNOBepXHOCTh 3eMHOH cylin c nopH- neraouleit « Hei npu6pexuol nonocoi mopef u oKeaHos. B oran- He OT HUX KapTbl, H306paxKalollue BOAHbIe MpocTpanctTBa c MmpHae- ralowel K HMM nofocoH# cylIH H XapakTepu3yloulHe axkBaTopHu, octpoga, ycnoBHa cyqoxogcrsa (MopenmapaHua) MT. TL, Hagbl- Balorca rHAporpaduseckKHuMM KapTaMu (MOpcKHMH, peu- HBIMH HT. mL). Cneunaabiple KapTb oTmuyaioTcA oT oGwereorpaduyeckux Tema- TuYeCKOl HanpaBseHHOCTbIO CBoero COLepKaHUA, Tak KaK HMeIOT 10 cpaBHenmio c HUMN Gonee ysKoe 1 KoHKpeTHoe HasHatenne. C oco6oit NOMHOTOH HM HAPARQHOCTHIO Ha TAKHX KapTax MOKasbIBalOTCA Te OOb- €KTH H ABMEHHA, KOTOPLIM B COOTBETCTBMM Cc Ha3HayeHHeM KapTbI Tpanaetes mpeofinanamines wauenne, HN KOTOPHe RORCe HE Men CTaBAeHI HAW H306paxKaloTCA HEAOCTATOUHO MOAHO Ha OOMereorpadn- weCKHX KapTax. Vis cneuvabubix KapT, HauO6omee mwupoKO HcMonbsyeMbIX B BOM- ckax, yKaxKem Ha creayrouue: — a9pOHaBuranvoHuble KapTH (4 MUKpOtpHABMBI c HHX), HpUMeHAeMble MPH MOZTOTORKe H BEINOAHEHHH MOreTOB aBHallun; —kKapro nyred cooOmenua M aBTOLOPOKABe Kap- Tb. OHH Henoabsyiorca MpH maaHHpoBaHHH 4 OcyulecTaMeHUA Nepe- ABwKeHUM BolcK H OpraHUsalluH BOeHHBIX NepeBO3OK. K cnemmannun orkocares TamKe 7: onorpadies: renorpagiee! © KApTLI ¢ 20- NOMHHTEAbHO BievaTAHHEIMH B HHX OFpavHeHHLIM THPAKOM pasBeLbl- BATeMbHBIMH DAHHBIMH O MpoTHBHUKe 4 MecTHocTH. TaKite KapTbl B HeOOXOAUMBIX CAYUaAX H3LalOTCA Ha OTMeMbuBIe palioHs! (mecanTupo- Banus, (PopcHpoBanuA BOAHBIX Mperpag 4 7. M1.) MpH NosroToBKe u B xowe Goeskix yelicrauli, Ou H3roToBAmoTcH OGbIUHO TO MaTepHataM 13BostyuHoro cbororpapuposakiA u uCMOAD3y!oTCA BOlicKaMH aA Go- Jlee JeTasbuoro u3yYeHHA MeCTHOCTH H OOCTAHOBKH B 9THX pafionax. K taku ciewwanbHyiM KapTaM OTHOCATCA, HampuMep, KapTbI H3- MeHCHHi MecTHOcTH B palioHax AJepHBIX yapoB, KapTH yuacTKoB peku, 30H 3aTonasemocTu un ap. Tas o6ecnesenua Bolick, nelicrsylo- ULHX B OCOGEIX YCHOBHAX, MOFYT H31aBaTbCA KapTbI TOPHEIX MPOXOLOB H MepeBagoB, HCTOWHMKOB BOLOCHAOKeHHA H Mp. Aas pa6ors peicwHx wra6os cosqalorca cnekHadbHEe 06- 30pHo-reorpaduyeckne KapTb, HanNnyYuuM O6pasoM OTBe- Halouine TpeGopastam coBpeMcHHOTO Ypopia ynpapacnua solicKama © HCHOAb3OBAHMeM ABTOMATH3HPOBAHHBIX CHCTew. Tonorpabuyeckne kapTbl Kak H3MepHTeIbHble AOKYMeCHTSI H OCHOBHbI€ HCTOUHHKH MHPopMallaM O MeCrHOCTH Cély2%KaT OAHHM 43 BarkHefiimux cpeacTs ynpaBazenua pofickamu. [lo HUM w3y4aloT MecT- HOCTb H OpHeHTUpyloTCA B OoeBbIX YCMOBHAX, BLINOAHAIOT HEOOXOH- Mble H3MepeHUA H pacdeTbl NpH H3yYeHHN 1 OUeHKe OScTaHOBKH, NpH- HATH pellenHi, OpraHHsallun GSoeBEIx gelicTBHl u NOCTaHOBKe GoeBbIX 3ana4 MOXYHNeHBIM BOcKaM. C MOMOLbIO KapT ocyiecrBAeTCA opraHusalua B3anMogelicTaus Bolick MpH BuINOAHeHH OoeBbIX 3anay. Tio HUM onpegearmiwT KopAHHaTEI Wesel HM MpousBOUAT ToMOreoResu- YeCKYIO TIPHBASKY S1eMeHTOB GoeBorO MOpaAyka BCeX polos BoOHIcK, @ TaKKe BHINOAHAIOT pasINYHbIe MpOeKTHEIE H BOCHNO-NHKEHCpHHE pacer. Tlo caouu Macmita6am, OcHOBHOMY MpegHasHayenuio H HCNOAbsO- BaHIO B PASTHYHEIX KOVAHIHO-WTAORBIX 3BCHDAX HauIH TOMorpadu- weckne KapTH yCNOBHO MOMKHO MoxpasaemuT (Ta6s. 1) Ta6anna 1 7 Keraccnincaunn Kap Macutra6id Kapt = _ ro wocttra6am fo oehoottomy nasnavernno £25000 Kpynomacmracuite Taxrnueckne 150000 1100000 ee 00 000 CpeanemacmTa6ubte 1500000 Oneparusnsie 1:1 000 000 Meaxomacurradubte Kaptn macuita6on 1:25000—1:100000 npeanasHauatorca naa pa6orbl KOMaHZHpos WH WTa6os Npu opranu3aunv, BexeHun Gon Hu ynpasaennn Bolickamu B 6oio. Oxu HanGonee WupoKO HcnoOAb3ytoTCA B KawectBe pa6ouux KapT B TaKTHYeCKOM 3BeHe ynpaBAeHuA Boil- cxamn. [lo nuM H3y4aloT H OWeHHBAaIOT MecTHOCTe MpH MosroroBKe 4HB Xome Goesbix seltcTRui, onpemetsiOT KOOPAWNATbI OFHEBbIX M03H- uuit pakeTHbIX BOHCK H APTHAepuu, TeEXHHYeCKUX CpeACTB pasBedKH, a TakKe KOOPMNHaIbl UeJteli, MpOu3BOIAT M3MepeHHA HN packeTbl NpH TPOeKTHPOBAHHH M CTPOHTEMbCTBe BOeHHO-HHXKeHEPHEIX COOPy»KeHHil H Apyrux oGbexTos. Kapta macmTa6a 1:25000 (o6pasey cm. npuaowenne V-1) Mpiimetinerca B BOliCKax NIA HeTaTbHOTO H3Y4eHHA OTMeAbHDIX HaHOo- nee BaxkuBlx pyOexell u yyacTKOB MeCTHOCTH Mpu cpopcupoBaHun BoA- ABIX mperpad, HecanTupopanan ut.n. Onn HCMOmb3yloTCA TAKKe AIA Goulee YOUHLIX HSMepeHul H pacueros upH upoeKrapuBaunu 4 crpou- TEICTBE BOCHHO-HiIMKEHEPHEIX COOPyKeHHH. Kapta macmta6a 1:50000 (cm. mpuaokenue V-2) mpume- acter raaBILIM O6pasom B ycnoBHAX OSopolLi, a D HacrynacHiAt mpeuMyllecTseH#O MpH npoptipe OGoponsi MpoTHBHHKa, cPopcupoBanny BOAHEIX Mperpad, BblcanKe BOSAYMIHBIX H MOPCKHX MecaHToB, a TakxKe 2 Gosx 3a HaceteHHBIe MyAKTHI. Tipu XelicrBuax B KPYNHBIX HaceweHHDIX MYHKTAX KOMAHAMpAaM HW wta6aM MOryT B MOMOTHeHHe K KapTaM BblaBaTbCA MM aHbl TO po- Zos macuira6a 1: 10000 wan 1:25000 (cm. upiaoxKeune V-7). Onn MpeqHasHaualoTca IA H3yYeHHA TOPOLOB HM MOAXOMOB K HUM, DIA OpHeHTHpoBaHua BHYTpH Topoa, WeAeyKasanMa HM yupaBaeHHA ROii- ckaMH B xone Goa 3a ropog. C SsTol weablO Ha maaHax.ykasaubl Na- 3BaHUA YAU, HOMepa KBapTatoB H BaKHEMMMe OOLEKTHI ropoma C UX KoM¥eCTBeHHO! H KayeCTBeHHOM xapaktepuctuKol. Ocuosuoli TakTu¥ecKolt KapToi npHHATO CUHTaTb KapTy Macilraba 1; 100000 (o6paseu, cm. npuaorxenue V-3). Kaptni macuita6op 1: 200000 u 1: 500000 (cm. mpunoxenna V-4 u V-5) npegHasHaualorca Jan H3yYeHHA H OWeHKH MeCTHOCTH MpH Muia- UHpOBallnn HM NOAroTOBKe ONnepaluii, Jaa ynpasacnna polickamn B xXofle onepalHu HW HAaHpoBanua NepezBwKeHHi Bolick. Kapta mac- mra6a 1:500000 ncnoabsyeres, KpoMe Toro, @ponTosol asHanuel B kauectRe noseTHoh KapTH Kapta macmta6a 1:200000 oco6eHHo yno6ua B KauecTBe Aopoxud!, Tak Kak HarAAAHO H AOcTATOYHO HOAHO AAA OpueHTHpoBa- HHA Ha MeCTHOCTH OTOGpamkaeT TOpoXKHy!O CeTb M XapakrepH3yeT ee MpHFOMHOCTh AAs ABMKeHUA aBTOTpancnopta u Goesoh TexuuKu. To stoi KapTe MOXKHO H3y4aTb H OMeHHBATD ROPOARHYIO ceTh HW OOMHA Xapakrep peabeta, BOAHBIX pyGerkell, TecHbIX MaccHBoB, KpyMHbIX HaC@MeHHBIX NYHKTOB. Iromy MoMoraior cmpaBKH © MecTHOCTH, No- MelleHHbIe Ha oGoporHot cropowe auctos KapTel. Cnpasku cogepxkat B OOOGUIEHHOM HM CHCTeMaTH3HpoBaHHOM BHe HEOOXOAMMbIe LOMOTHH- Teabiible CBELeHNA O XapaKTepe MecTHUCTM H UTRETbHBIX HadGouee BaXKHBIX ee OObEKTAX, KOTOPbIe He MOFYT OblTb OTOOpaxKenbi Ha camoit Kapre. Bo cex KoMaHqHO-TaOHEIX MHcTaHIHAX OT BaTaabona H bbe Kapta macuira6a 1: 200000 Hcnonbayetca maa opveHTupoBaHHa Ha MeCTHOCTH MpH cOBeptleHHH Mapweli. B MOTOCTpeAKOBLIX, TaHKOBbIX 4ACTAX H COCAMHEHNAX B XOME HaCTynTeHNs, OCOHeHHO Npu mpecaego- BaHHH NPOTHBHHKA, HcHONbsyeTCA B KayecTBe OCHOBHON KapTbi. 15Kapta macuta6a 000000 ucnoabayetca wta6aMu gn u3y4e- HHA QusnKo-reorpaduyeckux ycsioBnii obinpHEIX Tepputopuit An AAR Ou, npuOaMKeHHEX pacueTos no OGecteYeuMO GoeBLX yelicreuit Bolick pH NaHHpOBaHHH onepanni. § 4. MATEMATHYECKAA OCHOBA MOCTPOEHUA KAPT Uro6bl MpaBHAbHO H MOAHOWeHHO HcNoAb30BaTS KapTbI B KAyeCTBE H3MCPHTETbHBIX DOKYMEHTOB, HeOGXORHMO XOPOUIO YACHHTb Hx reo- MeTPHUeCKYIO CYIMHOCTD H MATeMATHYeCKHe MPUHUAM Hx NocTpoenns. 1, Teomerpnueckan cyuyocTb KapTorpaduyeckoro H306paxKeHHa. Teomerpua Kaptorpaduyeckoro u306paxkenna cpasana c Npes- cTaBienHem oO (urype 3eman—ee reometpHyeckol tbocpMe H pa3- Mepax. Teorpacpuueckoe nomoxKenne TOueK Ha 3eMHOH MoBepxHOCTH oONpe- geaACTCA, Kak HasecTHo, Hx KOopanHatamu, [ostomy MatemaTaeckaa 3aqa4a MOcTpoeHHA KapTorpaduyeckoro u3s06paxkeHua 3akmouaeTcCA B TOM, UTOGH CIpOeKTHpOBATD ¥ U306pasuTb Wlapoobpasylo MoBepx- Hocth Seman Wa MocKocTH (Kapre), CTPOTO cOBMIOZAA PH STOM Os- HOSHauHOe COOTBETCTBHE MeXKAy KOOPAWHaTaMN TOYeK Ha 3eMHOf No- BePXHOCTH H KOOPHHaTaMH HX U306paxKeHHA Ha Kapre. Takoe npoekrupoRanue competi © HenBxaRUMAcTAIO ATHECEHTA pesyAbTaToB MOseBLIX reokesH¥eckux usMepeHuit pH UX BEIMHCAH- TelbHoH O6pa6oTKe H OTOOpaxkenun Ha KapTax K OMpemeMeHHOH, xo- POO U3yYeHHOM B reOMeTPUYeECKOM OTHOWeHHH NoBepXHOCTH, KOTOpAaa HauGoree 61u3KO MOAXOAHT Mo cBoei opme H pasMepaM K pearbHoli burype Seman, Ho Gouee npocra Mo cpaBHeHHio c Helo. Tloa purypok 3emau monumator Matematuyeckylo durypy, OrpaHiuenwyto MOBepxHoctTbIO cpetHero yposis Muposoro oKeaHa B CHOKOHHOM erO COCTOAHHH, MbICHeHHO MposomKeHAyIO nox BCeMH KOHTHHeHTaMH. Sra BooGpaxkaeMaa ToBepXHocTh, nMepneuzukyaap- Hai B mMoOof ee TOUKe K HaNpaBmenuiO oTBeCHOf aMHHM (Ha- TipaBenkio cHuIbl TAKECTH), Ha3bIBaeTcCA OCHOBHOK yposen- HOH NOBepXxHOCTHIO, a hurypa Seman, oGpasopannan ei, — reounzom!, Teoma, Kak MokasaiH HCCAeqOBaHHA, HMeeT BCIOMY BEITYKAYIO, HO ACHMMETPHYHYIO, CAOKHYIO H HEMpaBHbHYIO B TeOMeTpHYECKOM OTHO- urcnan durypy (puc. | u 2), Koropas, omnako, secbma Mano oranua- eTca OT S/MHMCoNza Bpalllenus, 7. e. MpaBHabHoro reoMeTpHYecKoro Teja, o6pa3yemOro BpallleHvem S11uNCa BOKPyr ero Maaoi ocH. Ilo- STOMy TPH TeONeaMUECKHX MaMepennax W cocTanneHuM Kapr durypy SeMuM HW MpHHAMaIOT 3a TaKOi sIuNCONL, ' Or rpeveckoro: re=-3eman, ofiQoc—sna, t. 6, curypa, uMeloulan BHA Seman, 16OuAMNCOHA BpalleHHa, NoBepxHocts KoTOporo HaHGonee GaH3Ka K MoBepxHOCTH reoHa, Ha3biBaloT seMUBIM SaauncousoM!, WIM 3€MHbIM Chepouaom. ron Puc. 1, @urypa Sema: reoug # seMxoh aaammcoua (cthepona) Kaptax oty nosepxuce T ceTKa peacrasanc ©: MepHAHaHOB H Mapanaeneii 3emHOro 9maunconaa. Takan cetka Ha KapTax HasbiBaeTcA KapTorpaduyeckow cerxKol. TMpu cocras- jeHHM KapTbl Mpexkse crpost Kaptorpaduveckylo ceTky, a 3aTem, M nosepxnocms 3emny QO sonHOn Ona 20° 32 2amuucong Puc, 2, @usuveckan H Matemaruveckas noBepxHocrs Seman MOb3yACb C10 KaK KaHBOM, HaHOCAT MO MaTepHadlam Tonorpaduueckon CbeMKH, a9POCHHMKaM H ApyruM MatTepHataM W306paKeHHe scex o6nekTOB, KOTOPHe MOMKHBI ObITh NOKazaHEl Ha KapTe. Kaprorpafuueckue cerku paccunTHBaiorca u CTpoATCA Ha KapTax No TeM UH HHBIM MaTemaTHuecKUM opMy2aM, BbIpakKatouam onpe- 1 Orerynaenua no BuicoTe ToueK seMuorO saauiMcoHAa of MoBepxNOCTH reowaa aocraraior B cpemem 50 wu He mpepbiuiaior 150 m, 2 Boesuas tonorpabis W7REMCHHYIO AIA DawHOil KapTbl 3aBHCHMOCTS MexKAy reorpaduyecKkHMn KOOPAHHaTawMH TOveK Ha NoBepxHOCTH 3eMHOrO SulauNcouta MH m0- CKHMH MpAMOYPOABHbIMH KOOPAHHATAMH COOTBETCTBYIOWLMX HM TO4eK Ha Kapte. Takum o6pa3om, Havecenue Ha KapTy 306paxkenwa 3emnoli no- BePXHOCTH MpesctaBaseT co6ol mpouecc zBOlHOrO NpoeKTHpoBaHns, BKMOUAIOMUi UAHOBpeMeHHO MepeXOA OF AelCIBHTENDUbIX O4epraHal Noseprnocms JeMHOz0 en2unCo Gq Puc. 3, Fopusonrasonite mpoaoxerH® TOKE H pasaH¥Horo Buta RMHKE Ha MOBEPXoCrH seMHOr sAnMTconAa n306paxkaeMbix OGbeKTOB K HX TOPH3OHTATbHBIM I pOmoKe- HAM Ha NoBepxHoctu 3emHoro samuNcouga', T. e. MpoeKTHpoBaHue busuyeckoli mosepxuoctn 3emMau Ha 9AAHMCOND MO HOpMadsim (nep- MevAMkyiapam) K ero mopepxwocTa (puc. 3), H H306paxkenne Ha mi0- CKOCTH, T. €, Ha KapTe, STHX TOPH3OHTAMbHbLX MpoMOKeHHit B sanaH- HOM MaciiTaGe H 10 onpeneaeHHbIM Ata JaHHol KapTi MaTemaTiH4e- CKHM npapuaam. . Matematiuyeckn ompegeraembili cnoco6 nocrpoeHus Ha NaocKocTH Kaptorpaduyeckoii CerkH Toro HH WHOTO BULA, Ha OCHOBe KOTOpOH Ha KapTe W306paxKaiwT nOBepxXHoCTD Seman, HasbiBaercA Kap To- rpapuyeckoh npoexunel. 2. Uckaxkenna & KapTorpaduyecknx npoexuunx Tak %e, Kak rao6yc HeBO3MOXKHO pasBepHyTb Ha NAOcKOCTH-6e3 aa, pooSite rosopa, uosoSpasuTh na SA, BooSixc Tosopa, woocSpasuTL na Paspuisos w cKRAROK, Tax Hi KapTe 3@MHYIO HOBEPXHOCTh C NOMHBIM COOMOAeHHeM reoMeTpH4ecKorO nogo6ua scex ee ouepranuii. Mostomy Henpepsipuocth kapTorpadu- ueckoro u206paxeHuA NocTUraercn 3a CcueT HepanHoMepHolt ero Ne- | Topnsowtensiiim nporoxenuen, nai ropusouramioh npoenune, Kaxot-ai6o TOKH, ANNE HAN cbuTyPM Ha MaTeMaTHHeckoll NoDepxHocTH SeMsH HasIBaeTCA HX wa0Opaxkeniie, CNPOCKTHPOBANHOe Ha STY MOBePXHOCTS nO MepheHauKyqapam K Hell, 18cbopMaunn, HasbiBaemoh ncKaKenHAMH. [pu 9TOM B OLHHX Me- eray waprer u2o6pa. 6u pacrarunaerca, a B apyrux, Hanfo- pot, cKumaetca. A 970 3HauHr, YTO B PaASNMYHBIX MecTAaX KapTbl HepaBuOMepHO UcKaxKaloTcs AaHHa AuHyi, HX HanpaBrenne Hw Yrabl MeKAY HHMH, a Tak%Ke ovepTanuA HH pasMepbl noulaszel. Orcioza caenyeT, 4IO MacwTa6 H306paxenusA B Pa3sAN4HBIX MecTaXx KapTbl HEOLHHAKOB. Ora HensOexKubIe HCKaxKeHHA Ha KapTe Tem 3Ha4vTeabHee, YeM Oonbue H300paxKaemasd Ha Hei TeppnTopna. Ilosromy on Han6omee cKa3bIBaloTca Ha MeKOMaCIUTAOHBIX reorpadH4yecKuX KapTax, u306pa- *Kaloulnx O6un/pHBIe NpocrpactBa. Ha KpynHoMacmiTa6HbIx w%e TONO- TpacHueckHX Kaptax, Ha KOTOPbIX B Mpemeaax KaxKOrO aNCTa H306pa- Waelca CpaBHuTedbHO HeOOMbUOH YYaCTOK 3eMHOH NoBepXxHOcTH, UcKaKeHA BeCbMa He3HavHTeAbHB! WH MpakTHYecKH He BAMAIOT Ha ToUHOCTS H3MepeHni To KapTe Zan cocrasaenna Kapt MpuMenstorca pasanuable mpoexuun, Karx- Rol W3 HAX COOTBeTCTBYIOT BONE ONpeAetennDtit Bua KapTorpadH- yeckol ceTKN H BoOwHe onpemeneHHble uckaxkenua. B orH4x mpoeK- WHAX HCKAaKAalOTCA pasMepbl Niomateli H ANHHA AHHH, HO MOUTH He UckaxkaloTes yrabl. Take mpoeKnu nasbiBaloTca paBHOYroap HbIMH. B apyrax, Hao6opor, wapady ¢ AMHOM AHHH HCKamatorca Yruibl, a pasMepbl MAOMane (HO He HX opMa) mepedaiotcs Ges ucKa- wenuii. Take mpoeKH HasblBaloTca PaBHOMAOCWALHBIMH, HAW paBHoBeaukuMH. B rpetbux wcKaxkaloTes, HO O6bIMHO MeHee, YeM DB APyrHX MpockuNAx, Dee cTpyKTYpilLC JaeMCHTL HCpTexKa, ITO Tak Ha3biBAeMBle MPOUSBOAbNBIE MpPOeK MUM. Kaprorpapiueckaa mpoexuus, uauGoree Nonxonaulan No xXapaK- repy, BenHulve nu pacnpenerenmo ncKaxKennit aa To uM WHOM KapTbl, BbIOMPaeTcA B 3ABHCHMOCTH OT Ha3HayeHUA, coseprxKaHHA KapTbl, a TakKe OT pasMepoB, KOHMHrypauHH MH reorpatpuyeckoro 10- oxwkeHuA KapTorpadupyemoll TeppuTopun. Baxkuo moguepkuyTb, ¥TO, OAaroqapA HasNyMIO KapTorpaduyecKolt CeTKH, BCe HCKAKCHHA, KaK Obl BEMKH OHH He ObIIH, CaMH nO ce6e He BAMAIOT Ha TOUHOCTh ONpexeneHAA oO KapTe reorpacayecKoro M0- MOKeHHA (KOOPAUHAT) U306paKaeMbIX Ha Hef OObeKTOB. Bmecte c TeM KapTorpatbuyeckad CeTKa, ABAAACh rpacuyeckHM Bblparkexuem MpoecKHH, MO3BOAKeT MPH H3MepeHHAX NO KapTe YUHTHIBATS xapaK- rep, Beaauny u pacnpeazcacuue ucKkaxcuni. B stom cMnicne mo6aa reorpauueckaad KapTa mpedcTaBaseT co6oii TouHoe, MaTemaTHuecKH onpeaenentoe us06paxkeHne 3emMHoi moBepxHocTH. TIpoexuna u Macurta6 Kaptorpaduueckoro uao6paxkenus coctan- AgioT efO MATeMATHYECKYIO OCHOBY, B KOTOpy!O BXOgHT TakkKe OnOpHah reomesHuecKkam ceTb. 8, Onopuuic reoa 8, Cropinic reoagswiccRHe coTH. HcXogutiMu TOUKaMH, OTHOCHTEAbHO KOTOPBIX MPH CheMKaX Ht Co- cTaBleHHu KapT NO aspOCHHMKaM OMpeseamiOT MOTOKeHHe OCTATBHLIX TOWEK SEMHOM NOBEPXHOCTH, CYKAT Tak HasblBaemble reo Mes H4c- ckue NYHKTH, Ps 19Ouu upegctasanior co6ofi nalexkHo 3aKpenieHHble x o6o03Ha4eH- Hble Ha MECTHOCTH CNeUHabHBIMH COOpyXeHHAMH TOUKH, reorpadpH- uerKne MAnOKeHNE KOTOMAY (xOOpAUAATH) oMPeLenaoT 2a6naronpe- MCHHO H3 BBICOKOTOWHEIX reowesHyecKUX H3MepeHHi uU BbIuNCTeHHi, OTHECeHHEIX K TOBEPXHOCTH 3eMHOrO SAMuTCONAA. Coopyxenvn, KOTOPEIMH Ha MecTilocTH O603Ha4aloTca reonesH4e- CKHE MYHKTHI, OObIUHO HpeacTaBamioT coGoli AepeBAHHbIe HTH MeTaA- ANMCCKME BLILIKH —reoqesuueckMe CHrHaTbl, MMpaMMAbl, mon KOTO- PDIMH 3aM0x%KeHbI NPOYbie GeTOHHbIe, KUPIMYHDIe HIM KaMeHHBe KAag- KH, Hasbipaemble Le HTP aM. CopokynHocTh TaKHX NYHKTOB pagiH4YHOrO KAacca TOUHOCTH, Gomee HAH Melee PaBHOMepHO pasMellleHHBIX Ha TeppHTOpHH Haueli crpaHb H OUpeseAeHHDIX B eEAHHOM CHCTeMe KOOpAMHAaT, COCTaBAAeT TOC y- LapcetTBenuylo onopHyl reone3sH4uecKkyio cetb CCCP. Ona aBaaetca rnaBnoli m enuHol Aaa Bcefl TeppuTopun crpaHbi reo- Hesuseckoh ocHosoll TonorpadwyecKux m aspotototonorpadayecknx CbeMOK, MO MaTepianaM KOTOPLIX COCTABAMIOTCA KapTb pasMH4HbIx macitiTa6os. Touo Hanecenuple m0 KoopanuaTam Ha cbeMOWHBIe naanuerst TeoesuueckHe MYHKTbI Up CheMKAX H COCTaBAeHHH KapT 10 a3po- CHHMKaM HCMOab3yIOTCA Kak ONOpHBe TOUKH AA MpHBASKH K HMM, a cuemOBaTeabHO. UK eMMHOM cHcreMe KOOpHHaT Bcex reorpatbuye- CKHX 9eMEHTOB COepKaHHa KapTBl. Tem camerM oGecneunBaetcn mpi uso6paxkenun Ha KapTax nepexon oT usHyecKo nopepxnocTH 3emaH K MOBEPXHOCTH 3eMHOTO S11HMCOHA U MPAaBHAbHOe CoBMellenue nosy- 4aeMOro MpH STOM H306paxKeHua c KapTorpatpHyecKo ceTKOH co3na- BaeMoii KapTbl. Tocyaapcersenvaa omopHaa reogesHueckas ceTb mo TouHOcTH nog”- PasHeasetca Ha YeTHIpe Kacca. BbiculuM H3 HUX ABARETCA ACTPOHOMO- reogesit¥eckan CeTb I-ro xXaacca. OHa ciyXuT OCcHOBOH AIA pasBHTHA cerefi HUSIIHX KMACCOB, KOTOpHIe CrpoATCA no MpUHKUMY Nepexona oT cere Gove BbiCOROTO KAACCA K CeTAM HUSNX KNaccos. CeTa 2—4-r0 KaaccoB, a TakwKe TeodesH4ecKHe CeTH MeCTHOTO sHayeHHA CosmaloTcA nyTeM cryuleHHa ceTH MyHKTOB Jo Tpe6yemoll naornoctu . Tlauuste, xapaktepu3yloutme rocyzapcTsenHy!o onopHy!o reosesu- uecKYIO CeTb Pa3AH4HBIX KMaccoB, MpHBe_eNbI B Taba. 2. TocymapcrBeuuan omopHas reomesHyecKkad CeTb CAyKUT TakKe uCxOMHOH OCHOBOH BIA cosmaHHA reoOmesuuecKHX ceTeit MeCTHOTO 3Ha¥eHHA, HEOOXOAUMBIX AA O6ocHOBaHHA BeXOMcT- BeHHBIX KpynHoMacuiTa6HBIx cbemox. Ha ocHope rocyapcrsenioit reomesu4ecKOh ceTH co3fatoTCA CHeUHaAbuble Treone3snue- cxne cet. Onn ucnoabsyiorca polickaMu 218 TOUHO npusasKn aAeMeHTOB CBOeTO OoeBOrO NOpALKa H ONnpemeTeAUA NOAOKeHHA Lerel. Karasoru (cnucku) koopannatT reoxesHuecKHX NYHKTOB NoBogsTca no yacTefi H NompasqeneHHi, KOTOPBIM OHH HEOGXOLUMHL, H HCMOMb3ywTCA MMH Hapsdy c TonorpaduyeckuMu KapTamu. '[]morwocts reogesnuecknXx MyHKTOB xapaxrepuayerca KosHue- crmo KBAApATHBIX KittomeTpOB yuacTKa MecTHOCTH, MpHXOAAMLXCH B cpemiteM Ka onitit reonesuecki nyHkr, 20Ta6anua 2 Touwocts (cpeawite kaaaparnveckue OMLNOKH) Ha Kaace | imna eropox—pacerosnue — Mexay coceaiau ny aKTaMr cor cet, Bat yraos Mex2y croponaun aamune eropaw 1 He menee 20 1;300000 £0".4 2 7 20 1:50 000 T1",0 3 5-8 1:200 000 #15 4 2-5 1: 150 000 £2”,0 § 5. MPOEKUMM COBETCKHX TONOPPA®HYECKHX KAPT 1. Mpoekuna Kapt MacwtaGos 1:25 000—1 : 500000. Tonorpaduueckne Kaptu Macmra6oa 1:500000 1 xpynuee co- CTaBAAIOTCA B eTHHOM papnoyronbuoh npoekunun Tayeca, Ha3BanHoll Tak no Men ee anropa', Sra npoeKuHa NpHHsTa y Hac He TOIbKO MIA COCTABJIEHHS KapT yKa3aHHbIX MaciiTadoB, HO H ja BBIMHCEHUA MIOCKHX MPHMOYTOABULIX KOOPANHAT reomesH¥ecKHX nynkros. Koopannathi, BUNCHeHHbIe Ha MICCKOCTH B STO MpoeKuuH, naspipaioren KOOpAHHaTamH Tayeca, Teomerpuyeckan cyluocts mpoexunn Taycca sakmoyaerca B cae- nyloulem. Uro6pt cpecru weu36exuble ACKaxKeHHA MPOeKIHA K MBHUMYMY, He MpeBbiwalouleMy rorpewinoctn rpacuyeckux nocrpoenuii ua KapTax, TOBEPXHOCTh 3€MHOrO SAMHMCONAA DeaAT MepuanakaMn, oTcTOAMuMA Rpyr or apyra ka 6°, na 60 papupix aosrorHbix son (puc. 4) H KaxKAyIO H3 HHX MPH BbIMMCTeHHH MAOCCKAX KOOpAMHAT U CocTaBNeHUM Kapr PasBepTHIBAalOT Ha MMOCKOCTH He3aBHcHMO OT Apyrux 30H (pyc. 5). OTH 30HbI Ha3bIBaIOTCA KOOPAHHATHLIMU, Tak Kak KakKMaa 13 HHX MIpCAcTaBAeT CAMOCTOATEADHYIO CHCTemMy maOCKHxX sMpAMoyTOVIb- HBIX KOOpAuNaT Taycca, 3a Hayao KOTOpOl MpHHuMaetcH ToOuKa ne- peceveHia cpeavero MepHaMaHa 30HBI c 9KBaTOpoM. Cuer son uemerea ot Tpumauuckoro mepuamana. Teppuropua CCCP, pactanytan mo goarote npumepHo Ha 170°, oxpaTelBaer 29 30H, HauHHas c veTBepToi, U3 anx Ha nomto Exponefickoit vactu CCCP Upxonutes 6 20H—c ueTRepTO! No zecaTYIO BKMOTHTeALHO. Soubt passepriiBaloT Ha MOCKOCTH TAKHM O6pagoM, 4TOOLI cper- Hull, Tak HasbiBaembli oce Bol MepuaHaH 3OHLI na06paxanca Gea uckaxkeuia ero AAMuLI MpaMol auuuell, nepneHyuKyaapiol xK 9KBaTOPy, KOTOpbIii TakxKe H306paxKaeTcA NpAMoll, Ho c BecbMa He- ‘Kapa @pwapux Vayee (1777—1855)— svigaiomuiica wemeukuii MaremaTuK A acTpoHoMm. 2122 Puc, 4. Tlesene nosepxuoctn aemnoro SaAMTCOHAA Ma wlectHrparyenbe KoopmNaT- bie 30m Mepuouan 102 3 4 5& 6& Ts0Ha Pue. 8. Paaneprea (nao6paxenne) Koop: AuHaTHLX son Ha naOcKOCTHLSHAYHTeADHLIM HCKaKeHHEM (yBeARYeHHeM) ANHHI, MpHcyULMM Mpo- extn Taycca Octaabuble MepHquanbl H Napamieau B stoi npoeKUN ng0Opaxkalores Ha M1OCKOCTH KPHBLIMH AUHMAMAH uU TOKE c BechMa He6orpunM ybetHueHvem ux anh. Uckaxkenia sospactaiot m0 Mepe ylaneHHa OT Oceporo Mepusana, Han6oabuiue ucKaxeHHa M0- ayyawtca Ha Kpaax 3oHbI. OlHaKo W 3ilech OHH. Ha mupotax 30° 4 Bbille, He npesocxogat 0,001 zauni HaMepsemoit aumun. HcKaxenua 2ke YP0B He npeBatmawT 3’—4’, fIpu cocrasaenna KapT 8 npoekunn Taycca 3ouy pa3s6usaior Ha OTMebHble MHCTE. Kab ACT KapTbt nMeeT opMy pasuobownon Tpanewnu, orpasHyesuoh cpepxy (c ceBepHoii cTopoust) Hw cHH3y (c torcHoi cTopoltbl) Napamaetamu, a c 60Ko8 — Mepavanamu, Ha KpyNNOMAcHITaGaDIX TonorpaduveckHx KapTax pce CrOpoHLt sTHx Tpaneyni ws06paxkaiorca NpaMbimMH wHHUAMM. Ha KapTax oe Mac- wra6a 1: 100000 u Menbye npaMmonuueliusl Hib GoKoBbIe ¢TOpOHBI paMmox. 2. Mpoexunsa Kaprot Macuita6a 1: 1 000 000. PaMKu AHCTOB 3roM KapTbI HMeIOT pasMepbI: Mo Wourote 6° (T. e. Takue Ke, KaK y KOOPAWHATHBIX 30H), a m0 Wupote 4°, 1H B AnHel- Holi_ Mepe—oKon0 440 Km. Ecau 6b takat KapTa Co cToms sHayHTeaLuol xanHol cropou pa- MOK ee JHCTOB CocTaBAnach B MpoeKuuu Taycca, To Bce yeTbipe cTo- POHL paMKH, T. €. OTpesKH MepHquaHoB mM Mapadenell, pasrpanuwH- BAIOMX MHCTH KapTH, H20GpaauANc. KpHBLIMH THHHAMH. A 970 HCKMOGAAO 6b BOZMOXHOCTS CKeHBaTb HCTHI B 610KH. Tlosromy Kapta macuita6a 1|.1000000 cocrasaserca He B nmpoexynu Taycca, a B OMHOM H3 MpOH3BOAbHLIX MpocKUni, MO3sBoAMOel H306paxKaTb 3eMHY!0 NOBEPXHOCTb Ge3 cYHLECTREHHBIX HCKAKeHHit B Npememax Kax- oro aucta, [pu stom aucTbl nomyuaioTca B paMKax, MonycKalomax cksjleHBanve OAOKOB H3 HeCKOJbKMX AucTOB (40 9 AHcToB —2—3 paga no 2—8 aucTa B KaxKjoM). Puc, 6, Paspse Memay auicraMy KapTe Mac- urra6a 1:1 000 000 Toerpocuue Kapri a sTofi mpockunH ocHonano Ha jeveHHH geM- Horo SaMNCoMLa He Ha 30HM, Kak 9TO RedaeTCA APH cocTasneHNA TonorpapuyeckHX KapT OCTaabHLIX Macita6on, a Ha paBHobounbie chepoumuecke TpaneUH yKa3aHNLIX BbIMe PasMepoR, H KaxAyIo 43 HHX H306paxKaloT Ha OTAeAbHOM JucTe KapTbl. 23B srof mpoekunn n306paxKenve Bcex MepHaHaHos, a cslesoBa- TCADHO, H GOKOBLIX CTOPOH Tpanenuit MoMyuaerca B BULe APAMLIX AH- HUH, a Napadenel —B Bue Lyr OKPYKHOCTCH pPasAH4HbIX pagquycos. Tlostomy mpa cxaefke septukaapHol KONOMHEI WAH ropusoHTaabuoro pata AcToOB BCe JIHCTHI TOYO COBMetaloTCA No cwexKHbIM cTOpolaM pamox. Tipu cksefike *e AMCTOB, OTHOCHINMXCA K PasHbiM pawaM H KOJIOHIIAM, MCKAY HUMH OOpa3ylOTcs paspbIBbI, Kak MOKA3auO Ha Puc 6. Oawaxo 8 GaoKxe 43 4—9 aucTOB 9TH PaspbiBbl HesHAYHTeAHLI, H HX Serko yeTpawuT pu ckselike, HecKOAbKO pacTaruBan Gymary. Bestuunna annelubx w yriosnx ueKakenai B 9toh upoekuna pH MepHO roro %Ke MOpAgka, YTO HM Ha TONorpapHyecKHX KapTax Gonee Kpynubix macura6os. Onn ne mpespimaor 0,14% gaa saun anna u 7 gan yraos Bonee ue uexaxactes aauua aun no Kpaluay na- pastensim sucta, T e 10 BepXHeit H HHKHeH cropolaM paMBH, a Take TO AByM MepHalanaM, pacnowo«KeHHDIM Ha 2° 3anaqHee H BOCTOUHEe cpesuiero Mepiquatta Meta, § 6. PASTPA®KA M HOMEHKJATYPA TOMOPPA®MMECKHX KAPT Cuerewa neneums Kapri ua ormenbume aueTiA Haatinaetes pa3- rpapKoi KapTbl, a cuctema o6o3HaueHHa (HYMepauHH) AMCTOB — ux HOMeHKaaTy pon. 1, Cuctema pasrpaKn kaprT. Panee ormeyalocb, 410 10NorpadHuecKHe KapTbl AevlATCA Ha OT- ACMLULIE AUCTH TMNAMA Mepuguados H Mapaanenen TaKoe zenenue YAOOHO TeM, YTO paMKH ANCTOB TOUHO yKa3biBawWT MOAC-KeHHe Ha 3eM- HOM 93JMIHMCoM_e yYacTKa MeCTHOCTH, H306paxkeHHoro Ha AaHHOM ACL, EO OPHCHTHPOBKY OTHOCHTEAbHO CTOpOH FopusouTa CranjapTuble pasvepbl THCTOB KapT pasM4HbIX wacuiTa6os yKa- 3aHbl B Taba, TaGanua 3 Paswepss amera Ha Wocrtoct# coorsererayer (npitvepi9) Macitiaé — auinte 6okon08 mromaait auera tio umpore | wo xoarore | pawxe auera, wa | (ira umpore 51°), KB KM 1.25 000 5 75 9 75 1:50 000 10° 15 18 300 1 100000 20° 30° 37 1200 1 200000 40° je m4 5000 1 500.000 2 3° 220 44000 3:1 000.000 " 6 440 175.000 Cxema paarpapxu kapret macurra6a 1°1000000 (mnannonnolt KapTb) Mokasawa ua puc. 7. [pakuun pasrpa@Ku kKapT ocTasbHbIx, Gonee KPyNHbIX MacwTaGoB MoKa3aH Ha puc 8 HY, V3 ta6a. 3 4 3TUX PHCYHKOB BHAHO. YTO AHCTY MHHOHHOM KapTbl COOTBETCTBYeT Hetoe YHCIO AMCTOB OCTaMbHbIX MaculTaGoB, KpaTHoe 24