JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 5, NO.

8, AUGUST 2010 977

Performance of Adaptive Hysteresis Vertical

Handoff Scheme for Heterogeneous Mobile
Communication Networks
Yung-Fa Huang
Chaoyang University of Technology /Dept. of Information and Communication Engineering, Taichung County, Taiwan
Email: yfahuang@cyut.edu.tw
Hsing-Chung Chen
ASIA University/ Dept. of Computer Science and Information Technology, Taichung County, Taiwan
Email: shin8409@ms6.hinet.net
Hung-Chi Chu, Jiun-Jian Liaw and Fu-Bin Gao
Chaoyang University of Technology /Dept. of Information and Communication Engineering, Taichung County, Taiwan
Email: {hcchu, jjliaw, s9730620}@cyut.edu.tw

Abstract—This paper studies the performance of adaptive
vertical handoff schemes for overlay WCDMA and wireless
LAN (WLAN) heterogeneous networks. Simulation results
show that the proposed adaptive hysteresis vertical handoff
(AHVH) can increase lots of average data rate than the fixed
hysteresis vertical handoff (FHVH) scheme. Moreover, the
proposed AHVH scheme can reduce the ping-pong handoff
rate as well.
Index Terms—WCDMA; WLAN; heterogeneous networks;
hysteresis vertical handoff; adaptive hysteresis vertical
handoff
I. INTRODUCTION
Cellular structure is the main arrangement for mobile
communication system [1], in which a mobile station
often moves through different base stations. When mobile
stations move to new base stations, the call connection
will be reconnected to new base stations. Such a process
is called handoff. In the same communication networks,
the proceeded handoff is called horizontal handoff.
However, in heterogeneous communication networks the
proceeded handoff is called vertical handoff [2]. When
the received signal strength (RSS) of mobile station from
the service base station is too low, the disconnection
probability [2] will increase. While the connection quality
for users is reduce to be lower than the requirement, the
connection will be broken. Therefore, a good algorithm
for the handoff should be performed to maintain the
connectivity. Moreover, if the handoff algorithm can be
proceeded at appropriate time, not only the signal
strength is strong enough, but also the number of handoff
can be reduced.
When the mobile station moves near the junction area
Corresponding author: Yung-Fa Huang with Chaoyang University of
Technology, Dept. of Information and Communication Engineering,
Address: 168, Jifong E. Rd., Wufong Township, Taichung,. Taiwan.
Email: yfahuang@mail.cyut.edu.tw.
of two base stations, the received signal strengths from
the near around base station will be very close. Moreover,
the strength of signal will be more susceptible to
shadowing effect, and be likely to cause handoff between
the two base stations back and forth constantly, which is
known as the ping-pong effect. By using a fixed
hysteresis value [1,2], or threshold values [3] the ping-
pong effect can be significantly reduced. When the
hysteresis value is higher, the handoff time will become
more delays, thus reducing the ping-pong effect and
reducing redundant handoffs. However, the received
signal strength of mobile station will be greatly lower [2].
Therefore, in this paper, the adaptive hysteresis handoff
algorithm will be proposed for mobile stations to not only
reduce the ping-pong effect, but also improve the
shortcomings of low signal strength.
In recent years, for seamless communication, the
integration of indoor wireless local area network (WLAN)
and outdoor third generation (3G) wideband code-
division multiple-access (WCDMA) system should be
error free to achieve the next generation multimedia
wireless networks [3]. The seamless and efficient handoff
between different access technologies, vertical handoff is
essential and remains a challenging problem. All previous
studies on vertical handoff [4-6] are using received signal
strength (RSS) which is proportional to the distance
between Access Point (AP) as the basic handoff decision
indicator, in which handoff decisions are made by
comparing the RSS with the preset threshold values.
. Using RSS based vertical handoff, a mobile device
will handoff to another network, when it did not receive
the pre-established minimum receiving power from the
original network [1]. Use of RSS based vertical handoff
in integrated WLAN and WCDMA networks to support
multimedia services cannot provide the user with the
multimedia throughout. This may result in premature
handoff from a WLAN to WCDMA, even though the
user achievable data rate from WLAN is still much higher
than it may get from WCDMA [7-10]. Therefore, using
the throughput as the handoff indicator, we can obtain the

© 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER

doi:10.4304/jnw.5.8.977-983
978
performance of the integrated wireless networks. To
provide seamless handover between WLAN and
WCDMA, a bandwidth based vertical handoff that can
support high data rate is desirable. The proposed new
vertical handoff algorithm can allow them achieving the
maximum throughputs during vertical handoff.
In heterogeneous wireless network, it is essential to
also have a SINR based vertical handoff [4]. However,
the SINR is difficult to be effectively estimated.
Therefore, in this paper, we constructed an approximated
achievable data rate of a mobile device is a function of
RSS for the WLAN users. Simulation results further
confirm that the RSS-data rate based vertical handoff
improves the overall system throughputs.
The ping-pong effect will occur due to the shadowing
fading in mobile wireless communication channels. A
hysteresis added during the handoff decision can prevent
the overhead handoff [11-16]. However, the delay
becomes larger. Moreover, the adaptive hysteresis
vertical handoff (AHVH) algorithms can not only
effectively reduce the ping-pong handoff but also avoid
the problems of late handoff.
II. SYSTEM MODELS
In heterogeneous networks, there exist several mobile
stations (MS). Therefore, to perform the vertical handoff,
there should be multiple interfaces in the MS. Moreover,
due to the different mobility in MS, the data rate would
be adapted to the system throughput of networks.
Therefore, it is important issue to balance both
performance of the system capacity and throughput.
This paper explores the heterogeneous wireless
communications networks as shown in Figure 1. In Fig. 1,
there are seven micro cells with access points (APs) in
WLAN and a macro cell with base station (BS) in
WCDMA 3G networks. In this paper, the range for APs
would be about 120m and the area of a cell in the 3G
networks is assumed by 2000m×2000m.
When the mobile station moves from the service of AP
in WLAN networks to 3G networks, the received signal
strength will be decreased due to the distance. However,
the MS still is in 3G systems with the same received
signal strength. In addition, as mobile station's received
signal will be affected by nearby buildings or other large
obstructions block to communication path. This effect is
called shadowing fading effect [2].
To reduce the ping-pong phenomenon, a fixed
hysteresis will be added in the handoff decision as
RSS new _ 3G > RSS old _ AP + h , (1)
where h is the hysteresis value. In the handoff decision of
(1), when the RSS from 3G base station is higher than the
service AP in WLAN over hysteresis value h (dB), the
handoff will be carried out. Then the handoff delay will
increase, and indeed effectively reduce the ping-pong
effect. However, The fixed hysteresis value for handoff
and the delay time in handoff are quite difficult to choose.
When the hysteresis value is too large, the ping-pong
effect can be largely reduce, and allow fewer number of
© 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 5, NO. 8, AUGUST 2010
handoff. However, it is likely to cause too huge handoff
delay and degrade the service quality. While the
hysteresis value is too small, the delay in handoff can be
shorten, yet it will easily lead to ping-pong effect and
increase the number of handoff. Therefore, a fixed
hysteresis value is not adequate. The adaptive hysteresis
value handoff mechanism [4], would be better to
effectively take into account the number of handoff and
the handoff delay.
The proposed adaptive handoff algorithm on the
assumption that conditions are known from the case when
the mobile station and base station use different distances
to change to a different hysteresis value, hysteresis value
is defined as the
   d γ  
h = max c 1 −  i  , 0 (2)
   R   
where di is the distance between the MS and old_AP, R is
the radius of the AP, c and γ are the scaling factors for the
hysteresis. The adaptive hysteresis method would be
superior to fixed hysteresis method due to the adaptivity
on the value compared to the larger fixed hysteresis value,
the mobile station changing hands more later, when the
fixed hysteresis value of more hours, then the sooner the
mobile station changing hands, while the adaptive
hysteresis value can be changed probability concentrated
in the hands of two base stations among the border, from
peacetime locations to observe the probability of
discovery, adaptive hysteresis value has a value greater
than the fixity changing hands lag time.
Figure 1. Heterogeneous networks of WLAN and
WCDMA systems.
In this paper, the area of WLAN AP is divided to four
rings by the access bandwidth as shown in Fig. 2. Due to
that the received bandwidth in WLAN is varied with the
distance between the MS and AP, we construct a
bandwidth model as shown in Fig. 2. In Fig. 2, the area of
AP is divided to four rings. The bandwidth of near rings
is higher than that of the far rings. In the neighborhood
ring of AP nearer than 19.5 m, the maximum bandwidth
is set 5.5 Mbps. Then in the first ring, the distance to AP
is from 19.5 to 27.5m, the the maximum bandwidth is set
2.75 Mbps. The maximum bandwidth of other rings can
be shown in Fig. 2.
JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 5, NO. 8, AUGUST 2010 979

The ping-pong effect will occur due to the shadowing

fading in mobile wireless communication channel. A
hysteresis added during the handoff decision can prevent
the overhead handoff. However, the delay becomes
larger. Moreover, the AHVH algorithms can not only
effectively reduce the ping-pong handoff but also avoid
the problems of late handoff.
In his paper, two types of vertical handoff scheme are
proposed to be compared. One is fixed hysteresis vertical
handoff (FHVH), the other one is AHVH scheme. Two
FHVH decision procedures can be described with Move-
In (MI) and Move-Out (MO), respectively.
At first, the FHVH scheme for MI can be described as
the followings.
When the ith MS moves from 3G networks to the qth
Figure 2 The bandwidth division rings for an AP AP in WLAN, the handoff is decided by
Then, the received data rate of the ith MS, Bi can be
obtained by Bi + ∑ Bm′ > GB + ∑ Bm + h (7)
m∈ APq m∈ APq
Ri − Pj
Bi = BW j + × ( BW j −1 − BW j ), (3) where B' m is the bandwidth obtained by the ith MS from
Pj −1 − Pj
qth AP after handoff, Bm is the bandwidth obtained by the
ith MS from the qth AP before handoff, q=1,2,…Q, and
where BW j is the received data rate of the ith MS in the Q is the total number of APs. The GB is the bandwidth
jth ring, j=0,1,2,…,4. B0 = BW0 =5.5Mbps. When the obtained by the ith MS from 3G networks before handoff.
distance between the ith MS and the qth AP is di,q, the Ri The hysteresis, h, is a constant set to delay the handoff
is the RSS of the ith MS from the qth AP obtained by procedure and to reduce ping-pong effect. Moreover, the
B' m is defined by
−β
 d i ,q 
Ri = Pt ⋅   ⋅X (4) Mq
 d0  Bm′ = Bm × , (8)
M q +1
where X is zero mean Gaussian random variable with
standard deviation σ (4-10 dB). The transmitted power is where Mq is the number of MSs in the qth AP before
P t. Moreover, in (3), the Pj the received power of the ith handoff.
MS in the jth ring of the AP only effected by path-loss Besides, the FHVH scheme for MO can be described
can be obtained by as the followings.
When the ith MS moves from the qth AP in WLAN to
−β
dj  3G networks, the handoff is decided by
P j = Pt ×  
 , j = 0 ,1, 2 ,.., 4 , (5)
 d0  ~
∑ Bm < GBr + ∑ Bm − h (9)
m∈ APq m∈ APq
where d0= 1 m, d1=19.5m, d2=27.5m, d3=38m and
d4=53m as shown in Fig 2. ~
where Bm is the bandwidth obtained by the ith MS from
Therefore, when the number of MSs in the qth AP is
Mq, then the received maximum bandwidth of the MS in the qth AP after handoff, Bm is the bandwidth obtained by
the 1st, 2th, 3th and 4th ring of qth AP can be obtained by the ith MS from the qth AP before handoff, q=1,2,…Q,
11Mbps 5.5Mbps 2.75Mbps and Q is the total number of APs. The GBr is the
BW0 = , BW1 = , BW2 = , bandwidth obtained by the ith MS from 3G networks
Mq Mq Mq
before handoff. The hysteresis, h, is set to a constant to
1Mbps 0.5Mbps delay the handoff procedure and to reduce ping-pong
BW3 = , and BW4 = , respectively. ~
Mq Mq effect. Moreover, the Bm is defined by
Moreover, when the MS is farer from AP than 53.5m,
the received bandwidth of the ith MS can be expressed by ~ Mq
Bm = Bm × , (10)
M q −1
Ri
Bi = BW4 × (6)
P4 where Mq is the number of MSs in the qth AP before
handoff.
In the AHVH scheme, the handoff procedures also can
III. VERTICAL HANDOFF ALGORITHMS be described with Move-In (MI) and Move-Out (MO) as
with FHVH. However, the hysteresis, h, in (5) and (7), is
adapted by the different situations of the MSs. Then, In

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980 JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 5, NO. 8, AUGUST 2010

the AHVH scheme when the ith MS moves from 3G where Mq is the number of MSs in the qth AP before
networks to the qth AP in WLAN, the adaptive hysteresis handoff.
ha,I can be decided by the position by We define the performance in the handoff algorithm,
average handoff rate by
  B  
ha, I = max1001 − ( Ta, I )γ  , 0 , (11) M

  BTb, I   ∑ N h,i
ηh = i =1
, (19)
M
where BTb , I = ∑ Bm,PL , γ is the scaling factor, and where Nh,i is the number of handoff of the ith MS, M is
m∈AP
the total number of MSs.
Moreover, to consider the system performance in
BTa , I = ∑ Bˆ m ,PL + GBr , (12)
heterogeneous networks, the average data rate is defined
m∈ APq
by
where the estimated bandwidth, Bˆ m , PL for the mth MS M

from the qth AP can be obtained by ∑ Bi

Average data rate = i =1
. (20)
Mq M
Bˆ m , PL = Bm , PL × , (13)
M q +1
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
where Mq is the number of MSs in the qth AP before
handoff. Then, to estimate the bandwidth obtained from To investigate the performance for vertical handoff,
the AP which is related to the distance between the MS the heterogeneous networks environments are simulated
and the AP, we obtain the estimated bandwidth for the ith by computer program as shown in Fig. 3. In Fig. 3, it is
MS in the jth ring of AP by observed that there are 16 APs deployed in the macro
cell of 3G networks.
Ri , PL − Pj +1
Bi , PL = BW j + × ( BW j −1 − BW j ) , (14)
Pj − Pj +1
MS
where the received power of ith MS only affected by path
loss can be expressed by
−β
 di, j 
Ri , PL = Pt ⋅   , (15)
 d0 
where di,j is the distance between the ith MS and the jth
AP, do=1m.
Furthermore, when the ith MS moves from the qth AP
in WLAN to 3G networks, the adaptive hysteresis ha,O
can be decided by the position by

  B   Figure 3 Simulation environments for the overlay WCDMA and WLAN

ha ,O = max 1001 − ( Ta ,O ) γ  , 0 , (16)

  BTb ,O   networks.
 
The simulation parameters are shown in Table 1.
There are total 200 MSs randomly deployed in the macro
where BTb ,O = ∑ Bm ,PL + GBr and area. The MSs are assumed to move straight with
m∈APq constant speed and random direction. In one simulation
time, the MSs’ movement continues 180 second. In our
~ simulation, when MS connects to WCDMA networks, the
BTa ,O = ∑ Bm,PL + Bi ,PL , (17)
data rate is assumed to be 144 kbps with a perfect power
m∈APq
control scheme.
At first, we investigate data rate during the handoff as
where the bandwidth obtained by the ith MS from the qth shown in Fig. 4 without hysteresis. From Fig. 4, it is
~ observed that the data rate after handoff is mostly higher
AP after handoff, Bm , PL , is defined by
than that before handoff. Moreover, the total number of
MS in AP or WCDMA is calculated as shown in Fig. 5
~ Mq for one AP neighborhood. Thus, by comparing Fig. 4 and
Bm, PL = Bm , PL × , (18)
M q −1 5, it is observed that when the number of MS in AP is
higher than in 3G networks, the data rate becomes higher.

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JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 5, NO. 8, AUGUST 2010 981

It is reasonably that because inside the AP the MS

obtained much higher bandwidth than 144kbps as shown
in Fig. 3.

Figure 5. The total number of MS in AP or WCDMA comparison in one

AP area 200m×200m.

Moreover, Fig. 8 shows the comparison on the

Figure 4. The data rate comparison between before and after vertical average data rate for FHVH h=0-100 kbps and the
handoff in an AP with h=0. proposed AHVH algorithms as shown in Fig. 8. From Fig.
8, it is shown that with high hysteresis h=100 kbps, the
The performance of data rate for FHVH scheme with average data rate decrease to 280 kbps which is about 45
h=0 and the proposed AHVH algorithms is compared in kbps lower than the proposed AHVH scheme.
Fig. 6. From Fig. 6, it is obviously that the proposed
adaptive hysteresis can effectively obtain higher data rate
than the FHVH scheme.
Moreover, the performance of ping-pong effects for
FHVH can be improved by increasing the hysteresis.
Therefore, the higher hysteresis, h=20 for FHVH is
further compared with AHVH scheme as shown in Fig. 7.
From Fig. 7, it is obviously that the proposed AHVH
scheme can still adaptive hysteresis can effectively obtain
higher data rate than the FHVH scheme.
TABLE I. SIMULATION PARAMETERS FOR THE VERTICAL HANDOFF IN
OVERLAY WCDMA AND WLAN NETWORKS.

Figure 6. The comparison on the performance of data rate for FHVH

scheme with h=0 and the proposed AHVH algorithms.

Figure 7. The comparison on the performance of data rate for FHVH

scheme with h=20 kbps and the proposed AHVH algorithms.

© 2010 ACADEMY PUBLISHER

982
Figure 8. The comparison on the average data rate for FHVH scheme
with h=0-100 kbps and the proposed AHVH algorithms.
From Fig. 9, it is observed that the proposed AHVH
algorithms can increase data rate but average handoff rate
maintained moderately.
FHVH
AHVH
Average handoff rate
Hysteresis (kbps)
Figure 9. The comparison on the number of handoff rate for FHVH
scheme with h=0-100 kbps and the proposed AHVH algorithms.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we investigate the performance of
adaptive hysteresis vertical handoff scheme for overlayed
WCDMA and wireless LAN (WLAN) heterogeneous
networks. Simulation results show that the proposed
adaptive hysteresis vertical handoff can increase lots of
average data rate than the FHVH scheme. Moreover, the
proposed adaptive hysteresis vertical handoff scheme can
reduce the ping-pong handoff rate as well.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank the National Science
Council, Taiwan. This work was supported in part by a
grant under Grant No. NSC 98-2221-E-324 -009.
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Yung-Fa Huang was born in Hung-Chi Chu received the B.S.

Changhua County, Taiwan, in 1961. and M.S. degrees in Computer
He received the Diplom-Eng. in Science and Engineering from
electrical engineering from National Tatung University, in 1995 and
Taipei University of Technology,
Taipei, in 1982, M.Eng. degree in
1997, respectively and Ph.D.
electrical engineering from National degree in Computer Science from
Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, National Chiao-Tung University
Taiwan, in 1987 and Ph.D. degree in in 2006. He is currently an
electrical engineering from National Assistant Professor in Department
Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, of Information and
Taiwan, in 2002. During 1982-1984, Communication Engineering, Chaoyang University of
he joined the Air Forces for the military service in Taiwan. Technology. His research interests include wireless local
During 1987-2002, he was an instructor in Chung Chou Institute area networks, wireless sensor networks and artificial
of Technology, Yuanlin, Taiwan. From February 2002 to July
2004, he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
intelligence.
Chung Chou Institute of Technology, as an Associate Professor.
From August 2004 to July 2007, he was an Associate Professor
Jiun-Jian Liaw was born in Taichung
in Graduate Institute of Networking and Communication
County, Taiwan, in 1974. He received
Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung,
the B.Sc., the M.S. and the Ph.D.
Taiwan. From August 2007 to July 2008, he was the
degrees in polymer engineering from
Department Head of Computer and Communication
National Taiwan University of Science
Engineering and the Institute Chair of the Graduate Institute of
and Technology in 1997, 2001 and
Networking and Communication Engineering, Chaoyang
2005, respectively. He is an Assistant
University of Technology. Since Aug. 2008, he has been the
Professor in Department of
Department Head of Information and Communication
Information and Communication
Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology. His current
Engineering, Chaoyang University of
research interests include multiuser detection in OFDM-CDMA
Technology, Taichung, Taiwan. His research interests include
cellular mobile communication systems, communication signal
computer vision, pattern recognition, and wireless sensor
processing, fuzzy systems and wireless sensor networks. Dr.
networks.
Huang is a member of IEEE Communications Society and
IEICE Communications Society.

Fu-Bin Gao was born in Taipei City, Taiwan, in 1987.

Hsing-Chung Chen received the He received the B.E. degrees in Electronic Engineering
B.S. degree in Electronic from Longhua University of Technology in 2008. Now,
Engineering from National Taiwan he is an Graduate Student in Department of Information
University of Science and and Communication Engineering, Chaoyang University
Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, in of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan. His research interests
1994, and the M.S. degree in
Industrial Education from National
include mobile communications and cellular systems.
Normal University, Taipei,
Taiwan, in 1996, respectively. He
received the Ph.D. degree in
Electronic Engineering from
National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, in 2007.
During the years 1991-2007, he had served as a System
Engineer at the Department of Mobile Business Group,
Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. From February 2008–present, he
has been the Assistant Professor of the Department of Computer
Science and Information Engineering at Asia University, in
Taichung County of Taiwan. Currently, he is interested in
researching Multi-session Cryptography, Role-based Access
Control, Fuzzy Control, Grey Theoretic, and Wireless
Communications. He is a member of the Chinese Cryptology
and Information Security Association (CCISA). He is also a
member of the International Fuzzy System Association (IFSA),
the member of the Chinese Grey Systems Association. He joins
the international committee on International Conference on
Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology (ICCIT)
series.

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