Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • DIN 4024 - Machine Foundations - Flexible Structures That Support Machines With Rotating Elements - 1988

    Uploaded by

    mohammad kassar
    56 views10 pages

    Original Title

    DIN 4024 - Machine Foundations - Flexible Structures that Support Machines with Rotating Elements - 1988

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    56 views10 pages

    DIN 4024 - Machine Foundations - Flexible Structures That Support Machines With Rotating Elements - 1988

    Uploaded by

    mohammad kassar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 10
    STU UDC 62-218.2-62-13 :001.4 DEUTSCHE NORM April 1988 Machine foundations Fiexible structures that support machines with rotating elements Maschinentundamente; elastische StUtzkonstruktionen flr Mascrinen mit rotlarenden Massen Supersedes DIN 4024, January 1985 edition. Inkeeping with current practice In standards published by the International Organization fer Standardization (ISO), acomma thas been used throughout as the decimal marker. ‘The DIN 4024 series of standards currently comprises the following Parts: DIN 4024 Part 1 Machine foundations; flexible structures that support machines with rotating elements DIN 4024 Part 2 (at present at the stage of draft) Machine foundations; rigid structures that support machines with periodic excitation In this standard, the term ‘load’ Is used for forces acting on a system from the outside; this applies equally to compound terms that include the component ‘load (cf. DIN 1080 Part 1. Contents z 1. Scope and field of application 2 Concepts Vibration Types of vibration Damping Action-effects Model Machinery ‘Types of foundation 3. Materials and ground 3.1 Reinforced concrete 32. Steel 33. Ground 523 Simplified representation 5.3 Natural vibration . 5.3.1 Natural frequencies and modes of vibration 5.32 Assessment of vibration behaviou: on the basis of natural vibration 5.4 Analysis of vibration due to unbalance 54.1 General 542 Forced vibration 5.4.3 Natural modes of vibration © Further design crit 6.1 Design action-ettects 82. Reinforced concrete foundations 63. Steel foundations 64 Grouns 7 Detailing . 7.1 Reinforced concrete toundations 71.4 Table foundations 7.1.2 Spring foundations 7.1.3 Slab foundations .. 7.1.4 Platform foundations 72. Steel foundations 721. Table foundations 7.22. Spring foundations 728 Platform foundations 724 Corrosion protection ‘Standards and other documenta referred to General 442. Static loads 4.1.3. Dynamic loads 42. Foundation 42.1 Permanent loads 422 Imposed loads : 4233 Creep and shrinkage of reinforced concret 424 Etfects of temperature, wind and earthquakes. 5 Design 6.1 General 81.1 Objectives 5.12 Static anaiysi 5.1.3. Dynamic analysis 5.2 Model study 5.2.1 Principles 8.22 Requirements a af 3 H BSI OFFICIAL COPY Continued on pages 2 to 10 $323 Reproduced wih permission of the Copy hole, 3263 Further reproduction fs in vation of copyright ewe. ‘oa Vorag Gran Benn has te eisuae igh ofan German Sarawas (ON NOTA) DIN 4024 Pant Engl Price groupe ‘eno Salo 108 Page 2 DIN 4024 Part 1 1 Scope and field of application This standard specifies requirements for steel or reinforced concrete structures that support mechanical systems (machine foundations’, for short), Such mechanical sys tems are understood to be machinery with mainly rotating ‘elements, the foundations of which are capable of generat ing flexural vibration in at least one plane. For the purposes ofthis standard, a distinction is made among the following types of machine foundation. 2) table foundations; ») spring foundations; ©) slab foundations; 8) platform foundations ‘The requirements specified here are intended to prevent the static and dynamic loads from transmitting unaccept able vibration to the environment or causing damage to the machinery and its foundation. This standard establishes rteria for determining vibration behaviour, deals with design action-etfects,and covers principles ot construction. ‘based on experience to date with machine foundations 2 Concepts 24 Vibration For the purposes of this standard, vibration is a process in which @ mechanical quantity, q,varies as a function of time (Gee figure 1) alternating at least once between a minimum negative and a maximum positive (peak) value a Figure 1. Vibration The mechanical vibration quantities of concern are. 2) displacement (e.g. deflection, deformation); ») vibration velocity ©) vibration acceleration; 4) restoring forces and moments (associated with dis- placement); ©) damping forces and moments (usually associated with vibration velocity} 1) inertia forces and moments (in proportion to the vibra: tion acceleration); 9) external forces and moments (‘excitation). 2.2 Types of vibration 2.2.1. Periodie vibration Periodic vibration is @ process in which the magnitude of 8 quantity, g, periodically varies with time (see figure 2), this being expressed by the following formula’ a itn) o where 1 is a whole number and T is an increment of time ‘The reciprocal of T, ins, is the frequency, f.in Hz, Figure 2. Periodic vibration 2.2.2 Harmonie vibration Hatmonic vibration is @ periodic vibration pracess in which ‘2 quantity, q's a sinusoidal function of time (see figure 3), this being expressed by the following formula: Qi) =4-8in (Wt + 90) @ where @ is the amplitude; @ is the angular frequency based on the equation 2m oa on 90 is the zero phase angie 4 tow Figure 3 Harmonic vibration 2.2.3 Transient vibration ‘Transient vibration is a temporary state during which the peak values or the duration of vibration are not steady (e.g.when the machine is turned on or off,when a vibration process starts or ends, or during short-circuit) 2.2.4 Free vibration Free vibration is that which results when a linear system is ‘excited once, e.any loads varying with time cease to acton the system. This process involves system-related natural modes of vibration and the associated natural frequencies, the lowest of which being referred to as the fundamental atural frequency. 22.8 Forced vibration Forced vibration is a state of vibration caused by external forces that vary with time. 2.3 Damping Damping isa system characteristic by which kinetic energy is dissipated and either irreversibly converted to other forms of energy, particularly heat, or conducted away to the environment. Tne forms of damping of concern ate: 2) material damping, where the damping force is given by: ® Cr, when allowing for stiffness: Fontes “ @ 2) viscous damping, where the damping force is given by Fo=dy-z © or, when allowing for siness: Fomky-c-8 © The quantities used to characterize the damping are: 8) damping factor (Lehr damping factor), D') a ® ® (19) ) logarithmic decrement 2n 2 (11) where, in equations (3) to (11), Q Is the excitation frequency, dp, dy", ky) and ky are damping characteristics (quan- tities with different units), e Is the elastic (spring) constant (ofa single-degree-of-freedom system), m is the mass (of a single-degree-ot {freedom system), # is the vibration velocity 2.4 Action-effects Forthe purposes of this standard, action-ettects are forces, moments and quantities of displacement that occur as @ result of static or dynamic loading. 2.5 Model For the purposes of this standard, a model is a represen tation of the actual mechanical system, used for the calou- lation of essential system characteristics. Each possible Independent displacement of a material point or a mode! element, within a spatial configuration, is defined as a degree of freedom, Where vibration in any one coordinate Influences vibration in other coordinates, the system may be represented by several, mutually independent models (deeoupiing?, .quency (rotational speed) The service frequency isthe rotational speed under service conditions, expressed in §-" (or in min”) 2.6.2 Service trequency range The service frequency range is the range of rotational speeds under service corditions. 2.6.3. Excitation frequency Excitation frequency Is the frequency at which dynamic loads act on the system. itis often the same as the service frequency. DIN 4024 Part 1 Page 3 2.6.4 Balanced quality The balanced qualityofa systems a measure, Q.ofthe rotor unbalance, expressed as Q =e (2,where els the eccentric: ity of the rotor (ct. VDI 2060), 2.6.8. Driving moment The driving moment is the torque at the input of a driven machine (e.g. turbine) 2.6.6 Output moment ‘The output moment isthe torque at the output of @ driving machine (e.g. a generator), 26.7 Vacuum force Vacuum forces are static loads that result when vaouum in the condensor of a steam turbine is produced. 2.6.8. Terminal short clrcult and loss of synchronisation Terminal short circuit and loss of synchronisation ar transient malfunctions that ocour as a result of a rapid change in the magnetic forces in the air gap of an electric machine. 2.7 Types of toundation 271 Machine wpport ‘A machine support is a flexible structure in the form of 8 slab oF a configuration of beams on which the machine systems rests and is anchored. 2.22. Table foundation ‘A table foundation consists of a slab placed on props that are usually arranged in pairs. The props usually rest on a reinforced concrete base, the latter resting on the ground. 22.3. Spring foundation [A spring foundation is made up of spring elements, usualy Consisting of several prefabricated springs having defined spring constants, and the supporting structure, which is, defined 9s the structure beneath the spring elements, including the ground, 2.24 Slab foundation {A slab foundation is made from reinforced concrete and rests directly on the ground. 2.28 Platform foundetion ‘A platform foundation is a construction that is made of ‘Jabs or beams,on which the machine system directiyrests, and that is integral with a multi-storey structure, 3 Materials and ground 3.4 Reinforced concrete Concrete of at least strength class 825 as specified in DIN 1045 shall be used, For the dynamic analysis, the static moduli of elasticity as 7542); however, depending on the analysis model, the number of natural frequencies to be calculated, m, shall comply with the following {8} =10fortwo-dimensional models in which onty vertical displacements are considered and in which symmetric and antimetcic vibration are not decoupled; b) m= 6 fortwo-dimensional, symmetrical models in which only vertical displacements are considered and in which ‘symmetric and antimetric vibration are decoupled. 5.3.2 Assessment of vibration behaviour ‘on the basis of natural vibration [An assessment of the vibration behaviour of a machine foundation, in respect of the objectives given in sub. clause 5.1.1, may, as a simplification, be based on the rela tionship of the natural frequencies, fq, to the sevice frequencies, fi both conditions 1and2 below are metfor each decoupled ‘model, subsequent analysis may be dispensed with 1, First order natural frequency 21.25 fm 3) 15 08-fy aa 2. Higher order natural frequencies 4) Higher order natural frequencies that approach the Service frequency: In $0.9 -Im and «9, Ines 200 fn ~ ANU ) Itcondition 2as not met, it shall sutfice that fn is tess than fay where 1 is equal to 10 or 6 (cf. sub- clause 531), ‘Where conditions 1 and 2 aré not met, a more precise assessment of vibration behaviour can nonetheless be attained by analyzing the excitation potential of the natural modes of vibration. For this purpose, the highest natural modes, assuming they lie within the frequency range defined by cxnditions 1 and 2 above, may be analyzed for the magnitude of the relative displacement, x, at the bearings,i,of the machine shett. Each natural mode ot vibra: tion shall be checked separately for each bearing, i for ful- fllment of the following condition: BR R-A It this condition is nat met. then forced vibration shall be analyzed in accordance with subciause 5.4 Note that analysis as specified in subclause 54 is recom merded for steel/concrete composite foundations for machines whose service frequency, /m.(s less than 75 Hz of where fm is greater than fp (where 7s equal 10 10 oF 6 aS given in'subclause 53.1) <3 08 5.4 Analysis of vibration due to unbalance 5.41 General It the vibration behaviour cannot be adequately assessed using the methods given in subclause 53, an analysis, of forced displacement as set out in subclause 54.2 is required on the basis of the excitation forces declared by the machine manufacturerIn the absence of such informa: tion, the forces as determined in accordance with sub= clause 5.422 may be introduced in the calculation, The dis placement values thus obtained may then be compared with the data given by the manufacturer, if any, or with the values obtained in accordance with subclause 5.43, taking the operative state and, i necessary, the malfunctioning slate, into account. ‘The forces due to unbalance, in both the operative and mal functioning states, may be determined in accordance with subclause 6.4.2, 5.4.3 or 5.4.4 5.4.2 Forced vibration Itinformation on forces due to unbalance (in the operative ‘and malfunctioning states) has been provided by the machine manutacturer, they may be used to establish displacements and forces using the model formed to deter: ‘mine natural frequencies, following the principles set out below, In the absence of such information, the forces may be cal- culated in accordance with VD! 2060, on the basis of balanced quality, as follows, a) Operative state The balanced quality shall be assumed to be one grade lower than that forthe relevant machine group as speci fied in VOI 2080. ) Maitunetioning state ‘The forces due to unbalance shall be assumed to be six times the value established for the operative state The excitation forces shall be analyzed for each bearing, taking into account the balanced qualily selected, the service frequency as the excitation frequency, and the rotary mass component. As a simplification, since the phase pattern of the excitation forces is unknown, the forces at the Bearings may first be assumed to be unidirectional, fand then to act in opposite directions. if the natural frequencies lie within the range of 0,95 10 1.05 fy, the exci tion frequency may be assumed to be shifted to either of DIN 4024 Part 1 Page 7 the two adjacent natural frequencies, provided that they le Within the specified range and that the magnitude of the ‘excitation force is kept constant. 5.4.8 Natural modes of vibration H calculating the displacement can be dispensed with, the forces may be determined on the basis of the natural modes of vibration adjacent to the service frequency, this being intended to simplify the analysis that would be re- Quired for forced vibration. On the basis of the satural ‘modes and the associated action-effects, foreach member that incorporates a bearing. maximum’ amplitudes and forces for the operative and malfunctioning states shall be assumed, and the forces obtained by conversion. For members that do not incorporate bearings, the action- etfocts shall be determined by superimposing load dis: placement curves. ‘The following amplitudes, effective at the bearings, may be ‘assumed for the parlicular machine group in accordance with VDI 2056. 8) Operative state The value associated with the operating hrequency tor the assessment criterion given in VDI2056 which sane Grade higher than that guaranteed by the manufacturer shall be taken as the amplitude under service condi tions at the particular bearing, ) Maltunctioning state The amplitude in the case of malfunctioning shall be ‘assumed to be six times that values used for the opera: tive stata, 5.4.4 Equivalent-load method In the case of siab- or Deam-type foundations of simple geometry, the dynamic analysis may be simplified by ‘assuming equivalent static loads, based on the unbalance during the malfunctioning state, 50 that results err on the sate side for the operative state Starting with a balanced qualty,e 2, equal to 2.5 mm/s for the relevant machine group (see VDI 2060) in the operative state, a balanced quality equal to 38mm/s is assumed, Which is six times that of the next highest grade, The un: balance force, K,is then a function of the rotor weight force, Land the operating frequency, fr, $0 that Jes K to 17) 12 be an The static equivalent load, Fs a function ofthe frequency ratio, fn To where fis the nearest natural requencyin the plane being considered, s0 that 1 taal with F a maximum of 15 K F shal then be assumed to act atthe bearings according to the rotary mass component To determine the action-effects, an equivalent system should be used thet has wed bearings A the nodes ofthe natural modes of vibration being ivest Gated. The signs (+ or) of he equivalent-load component of the beatings should be selected to produce the maxi ‘mum possible amount of deformation within the system (18) K co) 8.5 Analysis of transient vibration 5.53 General Transient vibration that oan affect the balanced quality of the system may occer when the machine is turned on oro, ‘of during certain other transient operative states. It may be Page 8 DIN 4024 Part 1 ‘assumed that the action-effects determined for the mal functioning state in accordance with subclause 5.4 also account for the lozds that occur during transient vibration, ie, these need not be analyzed separately. Inthe case of electric machines, however, there are certain ye malfunction states (e.9. terminal short-circult, mains short-circuit followed by shut-down, or loss of synchronisa- tion) that can result in very large antimetric loads on the system which are transmitted to the foundation via the lachine casing. A two-pole terminal short-circuit in an electric machine running at ahign speed of rotation is tobe considered representative for such loads. Analysis of the resulting action-effects is described in subciause 5.5.2. 5.5.2 Short-clroult The short-circuit moment affects the foundation via the ‘generator or motor casing in the form of opposite pairs of Vertical forces, the moment vector being parallel to the shaft axis. The resulting displacements and loads can be calculated as a function of the excitation/time relationship or by using the equivalent-ioad method. Where the machine manufacturer has not specitied the short-circuit moment, Mj, as a function of time, analysis may be based on the following equation for three-phase machines: My(0)= 10M (e¥* «sin yt > sin 20y-0) = Mo (128 20) where ‘Mg_ isthe resulting nominal torque from the actual power gonerated:; 2x, is the mains frequency (not always the same as the operating mains frequency): fs time, in 5 For determining forced vibration, the natural frequencies ‘shall be taken to be at least 1,2 times the maine frequency. Where the natural frequencies of antimetric natural modes. Of vibration lie within the range of 0.95 to 1,05 Qx, the exci: tation frequency (2. mains trequency) shall be shifted to these natural frequencies for calculation purposes. {Loads from short-crcult may also be determined in a simpli tied manner by the equivalent-load method, for which a value that is 17 times the maximum short-circuit moment is ‘assumed If the machine manufacturer has not specified the latter, the maximum value of My maybe assumed to be 12 Mo, 5.6 Loads on the foundation and ground ‘The effects of dynamic loads during normal operation and

    You might also like